Ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo: iintlobo ezingcolisayo kunye abayichaza

Kuzo zonke izigaba zentuthuko, indoda yayisondelelene kakhulu kunye nendalo. Kodwa njengokuba kuvela kunye nokwakhiwa kombutho wezoshishino, ingxaki yehlabathi lamanje iyanda ukungcola kwendalo.

Iintlobo zokungcola zihluke kakhulu kwiimpembelelo zazo kwaye zibonakaliswe ngengozi yokusasazeka kwimoya yomoya, kunye namanzi nomhlaba.

Izizathu zendalo

Kukho ezimbini iintlobo zemithombo yokukhutshwa komonakalo emkhatsini -mvelo kunye nokwenziwa komntu. Ezi ziyintloko zayo. Ukungcola kwendalo, isicwangciso esinikezwe ngezantsi, yingxaki ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe.

Iintlobo zokuqala azikho nxu lumene nemisebenzi yabantu kwaye zenzeka ngokwemiqathango ethile yemvelo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukungcoliswa kwale ntlobo kwenzeke ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuvela koluntu, ngoko ukusingqongileyo kunye "neentsimbi" ezinjalo ziphikisana ngokugqibeleleyo.

Oku kubangelwa kukuba iindawo zokudalwa kwemvelo (izivunguvungu, ukuqhuma kwe-volcanic, imililo yehlathi, ukuchithwa kwezilwanyana ezifileyo kunye nezityalo) sele zenziwe ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukungcoliseka ngendalo kunokubhekwa njengongcoliseko lwendalo. Iintlobo zokungcola kolu hlobo ziquka, okokuqala, iimveliso ezibalulekileyo zomsebenzi wendalo yonke.

Ukungcola kwendalo kungaboniswa ngemizekelo elandelayo:

Death Valley. Kwinqanaba le-volcano Kikhpinych (Kamchatka) ilula intlambo, egcwele i-volcanic hydrogen sulphide gases. Xa kungabikho umoya phezu komhlaba, igesi iqokelela, kwaye zonke izilwanyana kunye neentaka eziwela kule ndawo zibulawa. Oososayensi ababandakanyekayo ekufundweni kweNtlambo yokuFafa akufundanga nje le nto, kodwa bahlambulule ummandla wezidumbu. Oku kuyimfuneko ngokunxulumene nenyaniso yokuba abahlaseli abafikanga kwintlambo, engenakonakalisa kuphela isilwanyana esiphilayo, kodwa isasaza isifo kubafileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, lolu hlobo lokungcola lunempawu ecacileyo enemimandla efana neyongcoliseko lwendalo ngendalo.

"I-Red Tide." Ekubeni kunxweme umbala omdaka wenziwa, ufana negazi. Oku kwenzeka malunga nokuzaliswa kohlobo oluthile lwe-algae, oluhlobo lwabo luyingozi kakhulu. Izinto ezinobuthi zifaka ukhenketho lokutya kubemi baseLwandle, okubangela ukuba lo mva afe.

Kukho imeko xa iinqanawa zee nqanawa ezidlula kule ndawo zifumana utyhefu olunzulu ngokutya iintlanzi ezibanjwe kwiindawo "ezinobuthi" okanye i-mollusks. Iingcali zenzululwazi zidibanisa ukubonakala kwe-algae enesifo esinobuthi kunye nenani elikhulu lokukhishwa kwamakhemikhali emanzini olwandle.

Imithombo yeAnthropogenic

Ukuzaliswa kwendalo kunye nezinto ezinobungozi ngumntu ofanelekileyo ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo, kuba ayinakunqanda ukubola okanye imililo ngenxa yephuso labantu. Ukwahlulelwa kweentlobo zokungcola kokusingqongileyo kulo mzekelo, lunoku:

- aerosol;

- smog (umtshini we-photochemical);

- ukuwa

Ukungcola kwamanzi okungabonakaliyo;

- eziphilayo;

Iintlobo zee-thermal;

- ukungcola komhlaba;

- ukuzalisa nge-pesticides;

Imvula ye-asidi (ngenxa yolubudlelwane nomjikelezo wamanzi kwindalo).

Zonke ezi ndlela zintlobo zongcoliseko lwe-anthropogenic yendalo, oko kukuthi, isiphumo somsebenzi wabantu.

Ukukhishwa kweAerosol

Emoyeni ngokumalunga nokusebenza koluntu kukho ubuninzi bezinto ezingcolileyo, ezinokuthiwa ngothuli lwe technogen. Ibonakaliswe ngombono, inkohlakalo okanye umsi oqhelekileyo. Njengomphumo wokutshisa izinto ezithile kwimveliso, iifutha ezinobuthi kunye nama-carcinogenic compounds akhululwa kwimeko.

Imithombo ephambili yokuveliswa kothuli olwenziwe ngumntu yizityalo ze-metallurgical, ii-oil refineries, i-soot nezinye izinto ezifanayo ezisetyenziswayo ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezitshatileyo. Kwakhona, iindidi eziphambili zongcoliseko lwendalo ngeprojekithi ye-aerosol ziquka ukukhululwa kothuli kunye nezinto ezinobuthi kwi-industry.

Ekubunjweni kweempahla zokufakelwa (ukuchithwa) ukusuka ekugqibeleni kwi-extraction of minerals in the atmosphere, isixa esikhulu semiphumela yokucubungula siphume. Iintlobo ezinobungozi zikhutshwa kwimeko kunye nangemisebenzi yokuqhuma.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuqhuma kwamandla aphakathi, ukuya kwi-2 000 cubic metres ye-carbon monoxide kunye ne-150 tons of dust. Ngexesha lobugcisa beenkqubo zokucubungula iimveliso ezigqityiweyo zokuveliswa kwemveliso yesamente, izinto ezininzi zeekhemikhali kunye nenkunkuma yomhlaba nazo zikhutshwe emoyeni.

I-Aerosol inokuthiwa yiindidi zokuthuthwa kothutho lwendalo. Ngenxa yokushisa kwexabiso (i-petroli okanye i-diesel fuel), ikhutshwa iigesi: i-carbon oxides, i-hydrocarbons kunye ne-nitrogen. Ubungakanani bemixube emoyeni ngaphambi kokuba ukubola kwabo kwendalo kuvela kwiiyure eziliqela ukuya kwiminyaka emininzi.

Inkohlakalo yezithombe

I-Smog yenziwe ngokuhlanganisa ukukhutshwa komonakalo okwenyuka emkhathini kunye namandla ombane welanga. Ngenxa yoko, ukuphendulwa kwe-photochemical ye nitrogen oxides, i-hydrocarbons kunye nezinye izinto eziyingozi zenzeka.

Ingqungquthela, ngoko, ibonisa uhlobo oluthile lokuzalisa izinto ezinobungozi, eziqulethe iintlobo zokungcola kwamachiza kwimeko.

Ukuphendulwa kwekhenketho yokuguqulwa kwe-nitrogen dioxide kwi-nitric oxide kunye ne-oksijeni ye-atomi kufuneka kubangele i-ozone (idilesi ye-molekliya ne-oksijini ye-oksijini). Ukuphendula kwe-nitrogen oxidation yile ngxube kufuneka inikwe i-oksijini ye-molecular kwaye ngenxa yoko, i-nitrogen dioxide. Nangona kunjalo, i-ozone xa ivela ngokukhawuleza iphendula ngegesi zokukhupha emoyeni, okubangela inani elithile lamathom edibeneyo kunye neamoleksi ye-oxygen.

Eli qela, ukuphendula ngokungcola emoyeni, iifom ze-oxidants kunye ne-radicals yamahhala, eziyimpawu zesifo. Iimveliso ezinokuthi umoya ugoceke ngokwenene unempembelelo embi kwiinkqubo zokujikeleza kunye nokuphefumula kwabemi, ngenxa yoko umntu angafa.

Ukungena kwemisakazo

Olu hlobo lokungcola luyingozi kakhulu kuluntu nakubomi bonke ehlabathini. Ukunxila, okuqulethe i-particle e-radioactive, umswakama obumnyama kunye nothuli.

Iinqununu ezinkulu kakhulu zezinto ezinokusasaza ngokukhawuleza zihlala ngokukhawuleza phezu komhlaba, iindawo ezikhanyayo zinezibonelelo zokugcinwa emoyeni kwaye zithuthwa kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo.

Ngenxa yomjikelezo wamanzi kwindalo, i- radionucleotides equlethwe emoyeni ngendlela yeemvula, iqhwa, okanye inkungu.

Xa loo mpupha ihlasela ulusu lomntu, i-atom e-radioactive ingena emzimbeni, iyitshabalalise ngokusuka ngaphakathi.

Iintlobo ezingaqhelekanga

Iintlobo zokungcola kwendalo yendalo nazo zimelelwe "iindlela" ezingaqhelekanga.

Ngokubhekiselele ekuphuhliseni imboni, inkunkuma iveliswa emanzini, eyenziwa ngexesha lemisebenzi yeefektri kunye namashishini ekuvuneni nasekusebenziseni imithi, emsebenzini kwimigodi, kwimigodi, kwaye ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezithuthi.

Ngokomzekelo, ekukhuselweni kwamanzi, oko kungena ngamanzi, iqulethe inani elincinci lamanxuwa e-synthetic detergent. Ezi zinto, ukungena kwinkqubo yokuhlanjululwa kwamanzi, asuswanga kwaye abuyiselwa kumanzi.

Iintlobo zokungcoliseka komngcipheko kwimeko yendalo zibandakanya, kulo mzekelo, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kunye nemimandla yezinto ezifana ne-cadmium, i-arsenic, i-lead, i-mercury kunye nezinye izinto ezingekho nengozi.

Ezi zixhobo zixutywa ngabemi abancinane abahleliweyo bamanzi kwaye zihanjiswa kunye nokutya kokutya kwizinto eziphilayo ezicwangcisiweyo.

Ukuchithwa kweMichiza kunepropati yokutshintsha i-pH yamanzi kwimeko enjalo ukuba abemi baseManti abanakuphila kwaye bavelise ngamanzi.

Nangona kunjalo, amaninzi angama-invertebrates, ahlala kwindawo yamanzi, akwazi ukuqokelela izinto ezinomathotholo kunye neentshefu. Kungenxa yoko bakhonza njengendlela yokubonisa ukuba zeziphi iindidi eziphambili zokungcoliseka kwendalo ezonakalisa ukungcola kwendawo.

Nangona kunjalo ukuba amanzi anepropati yokuzihlambulula, ngenxa ye-ingress yenani elikhulu lamakhemikhali kuwo, izilwanyana ezinika ukuhlanjululwa ziyafa. Ngako oko, ezinye iindlela zokwahlukana kweengqungquthela ezinobungozi kumanzi ziyadingeka, kodwa, ngelanga, oku akunako.

"Inkunkuma"

Iintlobo zokungcoliseka kommandla ojikeleze umntu, kwaye zibandakanya imvelo yazo. Ezi ziquka ioli, iqukethe i-hydrocarboni egcweleyo.

Ekubeni kwimibala yeoli phezu kwamanzi, abemi beelwandle, kunye nezilwanyana kunye nezityalo zommandla wonxweme, bayafa.

Oku kubangelwa ukuba ioli, ukufikelela kwiintlanzi okanye kwiiflanzi zamanzi, zibavulela ngefilimu emnyama emdaka obomvu, yingakho ukuhlanjululwa kwemvelo kweentaka (okanye iintanga zeentlanzi) kuphazamiseka.

Ngaphambi kokuba abantu bafunde ukukhupha lovimba bemvelo, ioli nayo yawela phezu kwamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, kwizilwandle nolwandle, kukho iibhaktheriya ezincinci ezingakwazi ukwenza "igolide elimnyama" ngokuzondla kubo. Kancinci, i-stain evela kumhlaba iyalala, kwaye iibhaktheriya ziba zizidalwa ezidityanisiweyo.

Ubunzima obusondeleyo ekutshatyalaliswa kwemvelo kwimibala yintlawulo enkulu yeoli, echithayo xa ama-tankers ephazamiseka okanye izingozi kwiiplatifomu. Ibhaktheriya ayinaso ixesha lokuyisebenzisa, kwaye into enokutsha iyakwazi ukungena kwezinye iindawo zokukhupha, ukusabalala phakathi kolwandle.

Uhlobo olushushu

Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi okushisa-amanzi angcolileyo angcolileyo kumlambo namachibi ngamagunya enegunya - lo mzekelo ubonisa uhlobo olunjengeentlobo zongcoliseko lwamandla lwendalo.

Ekuboneni kokuqala, ukunyuka okuncinci kwamanzi okushisa akufanele kungalimazi imeko yendalo. Nangona kunjalo, inani lamanzi anjalo kunye noshintsho oluqhubekayo kunye nokungazinzi kobushushu bamanzi kwiindawo zokukhusela zikhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuchithwa kwamanzi phakathi komgangatho kunye nezantsi.

Ekubeni kukho ukuphulwa komjikelezo ofunekayo ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi we-phytoplankton kunye ne-algae, ukuhlala kwintlobo yesakhiwo samanzi kuyahluka.

Ukungcola komhlaba

Umhlaba womhlaba uyindawo ebalulekileyo yendalo. Le ngqobhoko iqokelela nje izinto eziphilayo, kodwa namandla. Ubukho bomhlaba njengelungu le-biosphere ngenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwayo. Ngenxa yoko, iingxaki zokungcola komhlaba malunga neekhemikhali (eziphilayo kunye nezendalo), kunye nezinto ezizodwa (izibulala-zinambuzane) zidinga ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwizenzululwazi.

Ukugqitywa kunye neerticide

Ekubeni i-pesticides ekhethekileyo yokunyanga kwezityalo iveliswa kwaye isetyenziswe ngabantu, kunokutsho ukuba ukungcola komhlaba ngalezi zinto kunokubonisa iintlobo zokungcoliseka komzimba kwimeko.

Nangona eli qela leemichiza liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwezolimo ukwenzela ukulima ngokubanzi kokutya kwezityalo, ezo zifo zibeka ingozi enkulu emhlabathini.

Iiproticides zinepropati yokuqokelela emzimbeni apho zibophelelwe khona kwaye, njengezinto ezichithwa ngama-radioactive, zonakalisa impilo yabantu ngaphakathi, kwaye zikhokelela ekufeni kwamaninzi amaninzi. Ukuchithwa kwenkqubo yemvelo yenkqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenzeka, phakathi kwezinye izizathu, ngenxa yokungcoliseka kommandla.

Iintlobo zokungcola, ezinokuthi zibandakanyeke kunye nokuzaliswa kwezidalwa ezinambuzane, kubangele ukungalingani kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukhetho lwendalo. Ngethungelwano lokutya, iikhemikhali zingena emzimbeni womntu kwaye azifumaneki kuphela kwizitho zangaphakathi zabantu abadala, kodwa nakwiintsana. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-pesticides eqokelelwe kwinkqubo yobomi ingahanjiswa ngokusuka kumama ukuya kumntwana.

Kuza kube yimhla, phuhlisa kwaye uvavanye iikhemikhali ezithi, emva kwesicelo, zibe neenkqubo eziyimfuneko, zenzeke ngokuzimeleyo kwizinto ezikhuselekileyo. Kubalulekile ukugcina umyalelo wendlela yokuphendula ngamakhemikhali, kungabandakanyi ubukho bezinto ezinjalo, ezinokuphazamisa inkqubela yemvelo yokuchithwa kwezinto ezinobungozi kwiziko lokuqala.

Imvula yamanzi

Ngenxa yokusebenza komntu, inani elikhulu lee-oxide zezinto zamakhemikhali likhishwa emoyeni, okubangela ukungcola kwendalo. Iintlobo zokungcola zingachazwa ngokwemimiselo njengekhaya kunye nezoshishino.

Xa zivutha izinto ezinokutsha ezijoliswe kwiimfuno zasekhaya nakwiimveliso, kukho ukwahlukana kwee-oksijini ze-nitrogen, isulfure, i-carbon kunye ne-hydrogen sulphide. Xa udibanisa kunye nomswakama oqulethwe emoyeni, le mixube iyancipha ibe yi-acids, leyo iyancipha njengemvula.

Ukuba iimpazamo ezinjalo zisongelwa, kufuneka kuqaphele ngokugqithiseleyo, ekubeni ukuphuma kwe-asidi ebantwini, kwintlanzi encinci, kubangela ukutshisa imichiza. Xa sele iwele phantsi kwemvula ye-acid, umntu akakwazi nje ukulahlekelwa yinxalenye yeenwele zakhe okanye ukuphazamisa isitya sakhe, kodwa kwakhona ukutshiswa kobuso okanye umzimba wonke.

I-acid, ukukhawulela kwindlela yokuchithwa kwemvula, ingonakalisi abantu kuphela, kodwa kunye nomhlaba, oko kukuthi, kubangela ukungcola kokusingqongileyo. Iintlobo zokungcola, ezinxulumene neziganeko zokujikeleza kwamanzi kwindalo, kubangelwa ukuphakanyiswa komhlaba ngokusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo. Umhlaba kwixesha elizayo awukwazi ukugcina iimpawu zendalo ezisebenzayo. Xa kwenzeka ukuba izityalo zivela kuloo mhlaba, zithathwa ngokutya, zingonakalisa impilo yabantu.

Ukongezelela, amanzi emvula ase-asidi, angene ngaphakathi emhlabathini, angena emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba. Ngabo bachitha i-chemical compounds kwiimitha ezide, eziza kubangalisa nakwezinye iindawo ezikude kwindawo apho i-acid precipitation iwile khona.

Ukuthungelwa komsindo

Umntu akakwazi ukuhlala ngokuthula, kunye nezandi ezivakalayo. Ukungalingani kwatshintsha utshutshiso olungapheliyo kwaye lukhokelela ekuphazamiseni umzimba wonke.

Ngokumalunga nale mimpawu yobume bomntu, ukungcola kwengxolo yendalo akukwazi ukwahlukana, okungabonakaliyo.

Ingxolo eveliswa ziintlobo ezininzi, uomatshini, izitimela, iimoto, ezenza abantu abahlala kwiidolophu ezinkulu okanye abantu abaphoqelelwa ukuba basondele "kwimpumelelo" yomntu kubaluleke kakhulu.

Iimpembelelo zezandi ezinjalo ziphazamisa ukusebenza kwezemvelo zangaphakathi, izitya, njl., Apho kwimeko enzima kunakhokelela ekugugeni nasekufeni.

Iindlela zokulwa

Iintlobo zemithombo yokungcoliseka kwendalo yinto eyahlukileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kuyaqatshelwa ukuba zonke zihambelana nemisebenzi yabantu. Ezinye iindawo ezihlambulula ngqo umoya, umhlaba okanye amanzi anezinto ezinobuthi, abanye - kuphela ukuphazamisa inkambo yemvelo yeziganeko zendalo. Kule meko, le nkqubo isoloko iyancipha, ukutya okubalulekileyo kunye nezinye iintambo ziphukile, utshintsho luya kwenzeka.

eziphilayo zemvelo - bamo, kwaguqulwa ngokupheleleyo ukukhula kwiimeko zongcoliseko olomeleleyo. Ngasinye seli kuhlaselwa zinambuzane kangangokuba zatshintsha, ezingenakulinganiswa (ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo) ukuze simelane nemiphumela bako of the izinto ezininzi ezinamandla.

Kodwa musa ukulibala ukuba umhlaba wethu akukho ngokufanelekileyo ukufunxeka "lula" impucuko, ngoko namhlanje akusekho uyaphuhliswa izinto eziyingozi ezintsha neutralizers zabo.

Amachiza ezintsha okanye neenkcubeko silwanyana zenzelwe kuphela umonakalo, kodwa ukukhuthaza yokubola okukhawulezayo zibe ngamasuntswana engenabungozi ezi izinto ezicetyelwe ukuba zisetyenziswe.

Sakhalin buckwheat

Ibhaqa kwaye usebenzisa iimpawu zendalo kwizityalo eziphilayo kumzabalazo ekuhlambululeni planethi. Umzekelo, Sakhalin buckwheat empahla esemagqabini - oko kuhluma kunye okwentyatyambo emhlabeni akunika wona Igcwele nesinyithi enzima.

Ngokutsho iziphumo amalinge amaninzi, ezo izityalo kuba unyaka-1 kuphela "athathe 'ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya ku-1 kg isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, 24 kg yepeyinti 322 kg ye zinc. Into kwenye kolundi zomkhosi apho bavavanywa izixhobo zeekhemikhali, wabonisa ukuba emva kweminyaka emi-2 emva kokutyala buckwheat emhlabeni emhlabeni yaba uhlambulukile ngokupheleleyo.