Uphi na umgangatho kilogram amazwe?

Ukuchaneka ayikho akufuneki. Yiloo nto ehlabathini lonke waza wadala inkqubo zobukhulu ngamazwe, ochazwa imilinganiselo yonke imilinganiselo ezaziwayo lomntu. kilogram standard kuphela kwabelwa iiyunithi emgceni. Ngapha koko, ukuba umntu wenyama prototype ngokwenene-ubomi kuphela. Yintoni na ubunzima kunye kilogram international standard igcinwe kwilizwe, siya kuphendula kweli nqaku.

Kutheni sifuna imilinganiselo?

Kilogram, ezifana iiorenji, yena umlinganisi efanayo Afrika eRashiya? Impendulo ngu - ewe, phantse. Kwaye zonke ngenxa kwinkqubo ngamazwe yokufumanisa umgangatho reference kilogram, imitha, okwesibini, kunye nezinye emzimbeni iparameters. imigangatho yomlinganiselo kuyimfuneko ukuba isintu ukuqinisekisa uqoqosho (urhwebo) kunye nokwakhiwa (umanyano imizobo), kushishino (aluminiyamu umanyano) kunye nezenkcubeko (ubumbano yamaxesha osasazo), kunye nezinye iinkalo ezininzi. Ukuba kwixa elizayo ndiwaphule iPhone yakho, kusenokwenzeka ukuba oku kwenzeke ngenxa yotshintsho ubunzima umgangatho main ubunzima.

imigangatho History

impucuko nganye imilinganiselo yayo kunye namazinga, apho waphumelela enye emva kweenkulungwane. E Egypt yamandulo, ubunzima bezinto kulinganiswa e Kantara okanye kikkarah. EGrisi yamandulo, yaba italente kunye idrarhima. Kwaye eRashiya, ubunzima iimpahla ulinganiswa poods okanye spools. Kodwa abantu ezifana iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho nezopolitiko uvumile ukuba iyunithi yokulinganisa ubunzima, ubude, okanye ezinye parameters aya kuthelekiseka neyunithi isivumelwano esisodwa. Yintoni umdla into, nkqu limnqole kumaxesha wamandulo kunokuhluka i eyesithathu abarhwebi abavela kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

Physics nemigangatho

Amalungiselelo basoloko ngamazwi anokuvela babesebenza de kube lelo xesha loo mntu engaganwanga kwinzululwazi esinzulu kunye namashishini lobunjineli. Ngenxa ukuqonda imithetho physics kunye chemistry, kuphuhliso lwamashisini kunye nokudalwa kwibhoyila zomphunga nophuhliso urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe apho kukho imfuneko yokuba imilinganiselo yechaneke ngaphezulu efanayo. umsebenzi wolungiselelo elide kunye kukhathaza. Yemvelo, zezibalo, yaziwa kulo lonke ihlabathi baye basebenza nzima ukufumana umgangatho iphela. enye emzimbeni parameters umgangatho kilogram ngamazwe, ngenxa yokuba ubunzima umlinganiselo yokugxotha (Amps, volts, Watts) - First kunye kuqala.

isivumelwano-manzi

A isiganeko ebalulekileyo kwenzeka kwimimandla Paris ngo-1875. Okokuqala ngqa, amazwe 17 (naseRussia phakathi kwabo) usayine Ingqungquthela Meter. Kuyinto isivumelwano samazwe elinika umanyano imigangatho. Namhlanje yayivuma amazwe 55 njengamalungu ngokupheleleyo yaye 41 amalungu nabo uthanda. Ngelo xesha waseka International iKomiti International for nobuNzima Measures, umsebenzi engundoqo eliza ukulandela umanyano emgangathweni ehlabathini lonke Bureau of nobuNzima Measures kunye.

Imigangatho ye-indibano yokuqala nemitha

iimitha Standard waba nentsapho ingxubevange ye platinum kunye iridium (9 ukuya 1) ubude amane ukuya kwenye inxalenye Paris okuyi. Etalon ngekhilogram ingxubevange efanayo obabulingana ubunzima litres (decimeters cubic) amanzi kubushushu 4 degrees Celsius (esiphezulu) ngokugabadelayo noxinzelelo olusemgangathweni. Standard imizuzwana 1/86400 yaba yinxalenye ubude ngomhla kakubi elanga. Onke amazwe amaqela 17 ukuya endibanweni ufumene ikopi umgangatho.

indawo Z

AMAGQABAZA ▸ kunye reference original ngoku egcinwe kwi Chamber of nobuNzima Amanyathelo e Sevres, kufuphi eParis. Kuyinto kwihlomela-Paris, kwaye yindawo apho reference igcinwa kilogram imitha candela (ngamandla ezikhanyayo), ampere (current), Kelvin (lobushushu) kunye nolovane (njengeyunithi into, akukho ireferensi emzimbeni). Inkqubo zemilinganiselo amanyathelo, olusekelwe phezu ireferensi ezintandathu, ebizwa i-International System of Units (SI). Kodwa imbali imilinganiselo oku ngaphezulu, iye nje iqalile.

SI

Inkqubo kwemigangatho ukuba usebenzise - SI (SI), ukususela kwi French Systeme International d'amanyeneyo ase - kubandakanya iiyunithi base ezisixhenxe. Le imitha (ubude), kg (ubunzima), ampere (current) candela (ngamandla ezikhanyayo), Kelvin (amaqondo obushushu), Mol (ubungakanani kweziyobisi). zonke ezinye izinto eziphathekayo ezifunyenwe izibalo ezahlukeneyo zezibalo usebenzisa iiyunithi ezisisiseko. Umzekelo, iyunithi efanayo kg x m / s ^2. Onke amazwe, ngaphandle eUnited States, Nigeria ne eMyanmar, esebenzisa i-SI inkqubo yokulinganisa, nto leyo ethetha sithelekisa ubuninzi ezingaziwayo umgangatho. A standard - iinqobo elingana emzimbeni, apho bonke baye bavumelana ukuba ichanekile ngokupheleleyo.

Umgangatho ke iikhilogram ezininzi kangakanani?

Kubonakala lula - umgangatho we-1 kg na ubunzima ilitha 1 yamanzi. Kodwa enyanisweni oku kuyinyaniso. Yintoni ukwenza le obunzima buyikhilogram umgangatho AMAGQABAZA ▸ malunga 80 - umbuzo inzima kakhulu. Kodwa ithuba ngeyona ndlela ingxubevange ukubunjwa eyakhethwayo, eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-100. ubunzima Standard ikhilogramu eyenziwe i ingxubevange ye platinum (90%) kunye iridium (10%), kunye itankana ogama ububanzi uyalingana ukuphakama kwaye 39,17 iimilimitha. Nawo wenza ukuba zingumfanekiso wezikolo yakhe, inani lamaqhosha 80. Iikopi kilogram standard Bona ibekwe kumazwe inxaxheba kule Convention. Kodwa reference eziphambili zigcinwa amadlelo ka Paris, bakhonza philisi ezintathu itywiniwe. Apho lo kilogram standard, ngamathuba baqhuba kuluxolelaniso ukuya benchmark ngamazwe lubalulekileyo elishumi.

The main benchmark

Umgangatho kilogram yezizwe uphose ngo-1889 kwaye ligcinwa Sevres eFransi kwindawo ekhuselekileyo ye-International Bureau of nobuNzima Measures, wayifulela iminqwazi ezintathu olwandeleyo ngeglasi. Iindlela esefini ukuba kukho ezintathu kuphela bureau esiphezulu. Kunye nale benchmark ephambili esefini ngayo kwaye utshintsha zakhe ezintandathu okanye abamlandelayo. Nyaka ngamnye, umlinganiselo engundoqo ubunzima leyo kucishwe njengoko kilogram standard, leyo isuswe ukuze uviwo. Kwaye unyaka wonke kuba kuyahlwa ukubhitya kunye thinner. Isizathu soku ilahleko ubunzima - isampula athom ukwahlukana ngexesha gesi.

version Russian

Ikopi yale standard kuyinto eRashiya. Uya kugcinwa kwi Research Institute of leMitroloji. Mendeleev e St Petersburg. Ezi kwase ezimbini platinum-iridium - № 12 kunye nenani 26 Baya zibekwe kwi isiseko zwi, wayifulela uphahla ezimbini iiglasi kunye wayigubungela ngazo metal ekhuselekileyo. lobushushu lomoya ngaphakathi philisi 20 ° C, ukufuma 65%. umatshini Domestic uba ubunzima ngeekhilogram-1 000 000 087.

kilogram Standard ulahlekelwa ubunzima

Ukungqinisiswa asemgangathweni wabonisa ukuba ekuchaneni imigangatho yesizwe zomyalelo micrograms-2. Bonke bephela zigcinwa phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo, kwaye izibalo zibonisa ukuba ngekhilogram umgangatho, iminyaka emakhulu kwehle ubunzima 3 x 10 ^-8 ubunzima. Noko ke, ngokwenkcazelo, ubunzima njengomgangatho esilingana 1 kilogram, kunye naluphi na utshintsho kwi yokwenene ngobuninzi kukhokelela eqhelekileyo ukuba kutshintshwe amaxabiso kilograms. Ngo-2007, kwaye kwacaca ukuba lombhobho kilogram waqalisa ubunzima micrograms 50 ngaphantsi. Kwaye ke ukuncitshiswa ubunzima bayo iqhubeka.

lobuchwepheshe ezintsha umlinganiselo omtsha standard ubunzima

Ukuba bangenzi ziphoso uhlola isakhiwo elitsha kilogram eqhelekileyo. Kukho uphuhliso kwinkcazelo umgangatho umthamo othile lesilicon-28 Isotope. Kukho iprojekthi "ngekhilogram Electronic." I-National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005, USA) wayila isixhobo isekelwe phezu imilinganiselo amandla ukudala endle magnetic ukuba zinokuzisa 1 kg. Ukuchaneka ngokwemilinganiso ezinjalo - 99.999995%. Kukho uphuhliso inkcazelo ubunzima ngokunxulumene nobunzima abanye neutron. Zonke ezi ziganeko kunye technologies ziya kunceda baqhele ngokuzibophelela kwi-ngobuninzi umgangatho emzimbeni ukuphumeza ukuchana ephezulu kunye amathuba uxolelaniso naphi na ehlabathini.

Ezinye iiprojekthi ezithembisayo

Yaye ngoxa ihlabathi ngokukhanya inzululwazi igqiba indlela yokusombulula le ngxaki inokuthenjwa, uthathwa iprojekthi nathembisayo apho ubunzima akayi kutshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kule ekuza lwezindlu umzimba atom Isotope carbon-12 kunye nobude ngeesentimitha eziyi-8.11. Le cube iza kuba 2250 x 281 489 633 athom carbon-12. Abaphandi ukusuka eUnited States of Standards and Technology National Institute zinika ukuchaza kilogram eqhelekileyo, esebenzisa Planck kaThixo rhoqo kunye nefomula E = mc ^ 2.

inkqubo metric Modern

imigangatho Modern akufani owawukade. Meter zingqamene ekuqaleni kunye achazwe apha kulo mhlaba namhlanje ekwafanekisa komgama umqadi ukukhanya kunabela in th 299792458 enye ngomzuzwana. Kodwa ke wesibini - eli lixesha ngexesha bekuza 9192631770 intlokoma ye atom atom. Iinzuzo Quantum ukuchana kulo mzekelo Kucacile ke, ngenxa yokuba idlalwe naphi na ehlabathini. Ngenxa yoko, lo mgangatho kuphela ekhona, ihleli nekhilogram eqhelekileyo.

Yimalini umgangatho?

Ubuqale wanazo iminyaka engaphezu kwama-100, umgangatho sele okuninzi, njengesifundo, yaye kwinto ekhethekileyo. Ngokubanzi, ukuba amisele elingana nexabiso ukubala inani athom kwekilogram ngegolide ecocekileyo nganye. Inani efunyenwe indlela amanani 25 kwaye oku ngaphandle kuthathelwa ingqalelo amanani ezizinzululwazi le bhokisi. Kodwa ngoxa intengiso kilogram standard kusekutsha kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba uluntu lwehlabathi akakafiki Wazisusa oseleyo kuphela inkqubo emzimbeni njengomgangatho leeyunithi.

Ndiyamangala ukuba imilinganiselo

Kuzo zonke xesha yekhasi ixesha planet UTC ichazwa ngokunxulumene ixesha lehlabathi elilawulwayo (umz, UTC + 4: 00). Okumangalisayo kukuba, akukho izifinyezo ukuze ziqonde ukuba eyamkelwe International Telecommunication Union ngowe-1970. iinketho ezimbini babebuzwa: IsiNgesi AGENDA (Ixesha Yehlabathi Enxulunyanisiweyo) kunye TUC French (Temps Universel Coordonné). We khetha avareji abbreviation cala.

Sea wasebenzisa komlinganiselo "elisisiseko". Ukulinganisa isantya wenqanawa usebenzisa lag olukhethekileyo kunye iindawo kwi kumgama enye, nto leyo eyaphoselwa ngaphandle kwaloo nqanawa, kwaye Ababalwayo kubo ngenani lawo nodes ngexesha kwexesha elinikiweyo. izixhobo zale mihla kakhulu nobunzima kakhulu ngaphezu intambo kunye amaqhina; kodwa igama ezintendeni.

ILizwi ngokucophelela, ixabiso apho ngobuciko obukhulu kunye nokuchaneka, oko ngolwimi yegama amandulo Greek umgangatho ubunzima - scruple. Yena wayelingana 1.14 grams yaye yasetyenziswa zalishumi iingqekembe zesiliva.

Igama imali rhoqo zivela amagama amanyathelo ubunzima. Ngenxa yoko, e-UK isilivere omhle ekuthiwa coin kwaye loo ngqekembe ubunzima 240 lbs. Mandulo Rus run zaba "isilivere hryvnia" okanye "hryvnia igolide" nto leyo ethetha inani elithile zemali, wavakalisa njengoko elingana weight.

Strange nokulinganisa amandla izithuthi enjini na imvelaphi kakhulu yokwenene. Umsunguli le injini Dzheyms Uayt wayezimisele ukuba ukubonisa ukugqithisela fyabo kwesithuthi zokutsalwa kwimithwalo. Wabala indlela ihashe lingakhetha zibe iimpahla ngomzuzu kwaye yonyulwa enjini inani elinye.