Ukugcinwa kolwazi medium of izikhondo ngenduku. media Ancient yokugcina

Sinazo phantse yonke ukusetyenziswa imihla CD-disks, flash drives, kunye nephepha, kodwa engaboni nakubona ukuba ezi media imbali yayo. Ngaphezu koko, imbonakalo yazo kwakhokelwa nezinye iindlela ukugcina yokudlulisela imiyalezo, iisampuli apho ngoku kufunyanwa, mhlawumbi, kuphela iimyuziyam. Old eendaba ngcono kuphuhliso lwezakhono zoluntu. kwaba lula kwaye ngempumelelo ngakumbi yangaphambili imbonakalo yazo ngasinye esitsha. Namhlanje i medium yokugcina ngeziqu asengcongolweni, izikhumba bamandulo, okanye amacwecwe odongwe ndithi oososayensi lukhulu ngobomi ngaphambili kude. Abanye babo kude ngaphambi nucleoside mihla ngexesha yokugcina ulwazi.

Xa izithunzi nemiqolomba

Eyokuqala eendaba, izazinzulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle - eli image eludongeni. Abahlangana emiqolombeni kwindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Ekuqaleni, isicelo mhlawumbi kusetyenziswa kokwakheka imibala. Ekuhambeni kwexesha kwabonakala ubu iipatheni ezinjalo, yaye njengoko ngensimbi sisixhobo esisetyenziswayo amatye ezibukhali. Bona phina iindonga petroglyphs (igama livela amagama lesiGrike "iliwa" yaye "intambo"). Imixholo ephambili zobugcisa rock - ozingela, izilwanyana, izigcawu uhlobo. Namhlanje, siyayazi injongo lichaza imizobo ezinjalo. Bavakalisa inguqulelo ukuba zonqulo kwindalo okanye ngohlobo lokuba bahombise amakhaya, kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba indlela ukugqithisa ulwazi amalungu.

Le mizekelo yamandulo zobugcisa rock unembali ende kakhulu. Abembi bezinto zakudala bakholelwa ukuba ezazenziwe kwiminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane amawaka eyadlulayo.

ubumba

Evolution of eendaba phezu umendo wophendlo izinto, isebenziseka lula yaye bayakwazi ngaxeshanye Ukugcina umyalezo ixesha elide kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Endaweni petroglyphs kunye ubugcisa rock beza amacwecwe odongwe. imvelaphi yazo edibene imvelaphi yokubhala eYiputa eMesopotamiya. Yintoni le eendaba? Table yayiquka amacwecwe nala maleko ubhityileyo ngodongwe. abalinganiswa mbhalo esetyenziswayo ilitye okanye izinti ngamaplanga. Wabhala udongwe emanzi kunye tablet ke loma. Okulandelayo kuyo ungenza enye ngeendlela ezimbini: nokuba ukushiya yaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukuze ukucima lo mbhalo, yokunyakamisa ngamanzi okanye ubhaka. Kwimeko yokugqibela, ulwazi igcinwa ixesha elide, phambi kokuba kutshatyalaliswe yenethiwekhi. Iintsalela macwecwe, abembi angatyhila namhlanje. Le ziphumo zibaluleke kakhulu onokukuxela okuninzi malunga ababephila ngayo ookhokho bethu.

Kukho kwakhona amacwecwe ngodongwe olunoonobumba abatsobhileyo, kuqaliswa kuqala kummandla yiSumere yamandulo yesithathu yeminyaka BC. Abantu abaninzi basebenzisa olu hlobo lolwazi yenethiwekhi de imbonakalo yephepha.

wax

Mandulo neRoma run kwakukho amacwecwe ngumthwebeba. Baye zazenziwe boxwood, beech okanye ngethambo baba isibotho eparafinini. Ngu wax nabo ngosiba, ngentonga yentsimbi ziloliwe. Ezo mpawu ngokulula ziphinde zisetyenziswe-: ngokulula iimpawu zingacimeka. Ngelishwa, iimeko ubushushu azivumelekanga ukuba inkoliso oqo- kumajelo ezinjalo. Noko ke, ezinye iisampulu ziye kufikelela namhlanje. One of them - polyptych (amacwecwe yesikhumba neziziba wax ezininzi yesondo) equlathe i Novgorod Codex, afumaneka kwi ummandla kwidolophu endala.

Ukugcinwa kolwazi medium of izikhondo yeziqholo

Kuzo zonke iintlobo amacwecwe, kwaye kananjalo waye iincwadi yeplanga enye ethile - bahlaziya lukhulu. Akumangalisi ke ngoko, ukuba uphuhliso ngakumbi iindlela yokugcina kwaye edlulisa ulwazi waya kwisiseko umendo wophendlo lighter. AmaYiputa basungula isisombululo. Kwisiqingatha sesibini BC yesithathu, eza kunyuka kunye medium yokugcina izikhondo ngenduku. Loo yeengcongolo, nto leyo yenziweyo ukusuka kwisityalo efanayo. Nangona le usisizalwane sedge yasasazwa iNayile Delta. Namhlanje, iintlobo zasendle yeengcongolo sele beziphantse ukumka.

ubuchwepheshe

Le yenethiwekhi ulwazi ngeziqu ngeengcongolo wadala kumanqanaba eziliqela. Okokuqala, nyulu ukusuka kwisityalo ixolo kunye nomxholo lwayo isikwe imicu ezibhityileyo. Okulandelayo, ku babeka kumphezulu othe tyaba umaleko lwabo ashinyeneyo. Emva koko, inxalenye oonotsheluza lwabekwa phezu wabola kwi engile. Zonke ligqunywe ngelitye tyaba, yaye emva kwexesha elithile ishiywe elangeni. Xa sheet ngenxa iba ngokwaneleyo koma nabo, izando bakucaphukele kwaye Walungisa.

Ibungu amaninzi zidityaniswa kunye, ethe kunye. Kuba amarhibhili side kakhulu, nto leyo agcinwe kule fom imiqulu. I-ngqangi yokuqala ngokuba "protokolon". Ubuso mqulu lowo apho imicu baba tye.

esebenza

Yeengcongolo, a photo ungabona nakweyiphi website elungiselelwe imbali waseYiputa, isoloko isetyenziswa ngaphezulu kwesinye. Xa ulwazi oluqulethwe phezu kobuso, iba amangeniso awungeni okanye nje engeyomfuneko zizaliswe ingeniso. Rhoqo ke wagcinwa imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo zoncwadi. Maxa wambi iba okubhaliweyo okungeyomfuneko evela kwicala lasekunene ndahlamba.

Papyrus eYiputa yamandulo kunye neetekisi engcwele obekwe neerekhodi ezinxulumene imisebenzi yasekhaya ngemihla. Le yenethiwekhi ulwazi ngeziqu asengcongolweni, kuyabonakala ukuba, yena wavuka apha ngexesha elinye kunye ngokuzalwa yokubhala, ngexesha predynastic. Kudla ifunyanwa kumaphepha ingafunyanwa umfanekiso imisongo.

Found

Ngqangi - hayi umgcini inokuthenjwa. ke Ndisindise kubo uhlobo kutshintsha kunokwenzeka kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezithile, kwiimyuziyam kunokubonwa zingafakwa kwiibhokisi ezineglasi ngaphakathi apho lobushushu eyimfuneko nokufuma. Ala asetyenziswa yonke indawo Greece neRoma, kodwa wasinda iikopi kuphela, zigcinwe eYiputa: imozulu yale lizwe ninxibe impahla inkxaso ethe na isiphumo kangako umonakalo.

Ngenxa iimeko ezizodwa kwiNtlambo umNayile, Abembi bezinto zakudala bakwazi aqhelane i "siseko baseAthene" uAristotle, umbongo Latin "Alcestis Barcelona", eminye imisebenzi Menander kunye Philodemos Gadarskogo. Scrolls nala iisampuli iincwadi zamandulo ezifunyenweyo eYiputa.

ukugqitywa era

Evolution, ezibe eendaba yamandulo, akazange ukuma. Lemibhalo zaye ngokubanzi asetyenziswe East de BC ngenkulungwane VIII. Noko ke, eYurophu ngamaXesha Aphakathi kwakusasa kungena amanye eliphakathi zokurekhodisha ulusu izilwanyana. Wakhuthaza njengendlela emfutshane lokugcinwa kwezinto yeengcongolo (wayegcina akukho ngaphezulu kwama-200 yeminyaka), kunye nokunciphisa inani lezityalo eYiputa.

Isikhumba yezilwanyana njengomgcini

Izikhumba wabonakala kwinkulungwane V. BC. e. ePersi. Ukusuka apho ke Mandulo eGrisi, apho waba esebenzayo nale BC ngekhulu II. Oko ngeli xesha, Egypt uye wavalwa ukuthunyelwa yeengcongolo evela lizwe. Eso sigqibo kuya kukhokelela ekuphakanyisweni Library of Alexandria kuthelekiswa ibekwe ePergamo eAsia Minor. Ngoko ke amaGrike namaPersi wakhumbula icebo yabo, ziye zaphucuka ubugcisa kwaye baqalise ukusebenzisa izinto ezintsha. Kule nkalo, i-medium yokugcina ngesikhumba sesilwanyana waza wabizwa ngokuba "sasibiza". EGrisi, kuba imveliso yawo kusetyenziswa neentsuba baphathwa ngokukodwa iigusha neebhokhwe.

era iphepha

Izikhumba esetyenziswa koyintloko izinto yokubhala ukuya nucleation yokushicilela. Kwaye ngoko kangangexesha elithile behlinza izilwanyana ezisetyenziswa ngaxeshanye kunye ephepheni. Noko ke, ukuntsonkotha ngokuveliswa ngesikhumba kuye kwakhokelela ngokuthe ngcembe ukuba bashiye kuba wayenomdla imidiya entsha.

Iphepha, ngokutsho yemihla Chinese, lwasungulwa AD ngenkulungwane yesibini kusasa, Cai Lun. ngabembi, kunjalo, abonise ngemvelaphi ngaphambili zokufunda (malunga II BC). Cai Lun, ngokutsho concepts mihla, iteknoloji advanced wenza iphepha Akubizi kakhulu kwaye ixesha elide ngakumbi. Inkqubo yokuvelisa okubhala ngoko yagqityezelwa: i impahla ephambili ekrwada (ngelaphu, uthuthu, hemp) waqalisa ukongeza iiarhente iglu, starch umbala. Noko ke, Ngokubanzi, ukwakhiwa iphepha bale mihla eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka yokuqala.

Xa XI-XII kwiinkulungwane kwafika imidiya entsha ulwazi eYurophu wawagxotha ekulobeni. Ngophuhliso zokushicilelwa imveliso iphepha baqala ukwandisa kakhulu. inguquko yale ophethe inkcazelo iye ngenxa ubukhulu becala kwiindlela ngcono production, utshintsho kancinane ukusuka manual ukuya ukwenziwa imishini.

Namhlanje iphepha ngokucotha andigweqe yi kunezixhobo ngemivo elektroniki. Eyona uphawu kumajelo eendaba ngexesha lethu - Ubungakanani benkumbulo ezakusebenziswa. Paper kuxhaphaka yokulahlekelwa intsingiselo yalo, nangona eveliswayo nangoku abaninzi. Izikhumba zomkhanzi, iifoto lula afumaneka kwi-intanethi, nto elidlulileyo, nangona owayesakuba isetyenziswa namhlanje abaculi. Imbali eendaba kubonisa umnqweno abantu ukuba inkqubela, kwaye maxa wambi nkqu iimpawu ezininzi yesiqhelo yobomi.