UPyotr Chaadaev - umbhali Russian, sobulumko nzulu ngezinto

UPyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev abafundi rhoqo kwazi ngakumbi nangakumbi njengomhlobo kunye nola ka Pushkin, imbongi omkhulu wanikezela ezinye kwimibongo yakhe. Ezi buchopho amabini adibana ngehlobo lowe-1816 xa iqela e Karamzin. ngonyaka ilishumi linesixhenxe ezelwe uAleksandr Pushkin nangoku kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ngelixa, mabini anesithathu Petros Chaadaev ngeli xesha wayeligosa yokulwa brilliant, nevumba kwazo kweli dabi Borodino kunye nenxaxheba amaphulo angaphandle yasemkhosini. UPetros waba Ubomi Guards Hussar webutho, wamisa kwi Tsarskoye Selo. Yenza abahlobo ukuba sele kancinane kamva, xa Pushkin waphumelela izifundo zakhe Lyceum.

Chaadaev Pet Yakovlevich kunye uAleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin

Chaadayev wafumana imfundo yekhethelo, waba nengqondo engaqhelekanga kwaye ngoko nempembelelo ukuyilwa kwinkangeleko Imbongi oselula nxanelwe ulwazi. Baba ezininzi iincoko smart kunye neengxoxo-mpikiswano eshushu, ekugqibeleni yonke kufikwa phantsi yedwa eRashiya zonke elisilela - ukungabikho inkululeko, serfdom, imeko enzima yaye abantu becinezelwa namandla kuyo yonke ngelo xesha. I Lezwe abakuthandayo nabo na umzuzu babekulungele ukunikela 'umphefumlo zemimoya wakhe omkhulu' ( "Ukuze Chaadaev", 1818).

Baye nabo abavumelekanga ukuba siphumle, kwaye ingcinga yentanda noncwadi. umhlobo kwabo Ya. I. Saburov wathi Chaadayev nomphumela omangalisayo Pushkin, ebangela nzulu ngeengcinga yentanda kuye. Peter Y. waba ngomnye abakhulu ka-Alexander, yaye wathabatha inxaxheba isicelo olwenze isigwebo sakhe xa wawa ukuzithandisa nokumkani. Ngako oko ndiya ekuthinjweni, kuqala eSiberia okanye woonongendi Solovetsky, Noko ke, ngaba isiphumo engalindelekanga yaba ikhonkco emazantsi kunye inkonzo translation ngo Bessarabia.

Ukuguqulwa wethamsanqa

Ubuhlobo phakathi abadumileyo ezimbini waqhubeka oonobumba, apho Pushkin ngokufuthi wavuma ukuba ubuhlobo bakhe Chaadayev indawo ulonwabo kunye nokuba umntu athande umphefumlo wakhe ngenxa yengqele imbongi. Ngowe-1821, Alexander uzinika kuye nemibongo yakhe, "Kwilizwe apho azilibale ixhala kwiminyaka edlulileyo ..." "Yintoni kwamathandabuzo ezibandayo?" (1824). Zonke ezi okuzenza womyoleli ukuya ihlombe Pushkin ukuba umhlobo wakhe omdala emcebisayo, awababiza egqirheni amandla abo engqondo.

Chaadaev waba umsebenzi brilliant, kodwa emva kokuba mvukelo bake webutho, wayeka (njengoko uPetros Y. wabonakalisa inkcaso isikhundla sakhe). Iminyaka emibini elandelayo ayichitha niyahiliza, emva koko washiya ukulungisa impilo yabo eYurophu, yaye oku wamsindisa kaDisemba esiphangweni. Yonke iminyaka elandelayo, akavumelanga intlungu engqondweni, le ntlekele yokomoya elinamandla, ezinjengokwaphuka kakhulu okubangelwa ekhoyo lokusingqongileyo yedanisayo. Yena njalo wacinga malunga okumiselwe Russia. Zonke yezikhulu liphezulu, zithandwa kunye nabefundisi wabiza ukunyoba, ningazi, amakhoboka egxugxileyo ezirhubuluzayo ebukhobokeni.

Xa kwentwasahlobo 1826 e Moscow phantse ngaxeshanye wabuyela Alexander Pushkin kunye Pet Chaadaev. Abahlobo sadibana umngane S. wakhe A. Sobolevskogo, apho imbongi wayeqhelene umbongo yakhe yonke "Boris Godunov 'kwaye ngoko ke batyelela salon Zenaida Volkonsky. Kamva, Pushkin wamnika umhlobo wakhe uPetros, lo msebenzi mkhulu.

Peter Chaadaev: "zefilosofi Iileta"

Kwiminyaka 1829-1830 kunye ukugxeka lwentlalo ezibukhali uwe phezu Nikolaev yekhasi Russian yaye babhala odumileyo "zefilosofi Iileta 'yakhe. Eyokuqala isincoko, ileta uPetros Chaadaev, Pushkin, imbongi ekhankanywe ngayo kwileta yakhe eya kumhlobo phakathi kwasehlotyeni 1831. Papasha sele ngo-1836 kwi "iteleskopu", ngoxa A. I. Gertsen wabhala ukuba esi siganeko wadutyulwa acula ebusuku emnyama.

Pushkin wagqiba lokuphendula wabhala ileta ukuphendula umbhali, kwaye ihlala engathunyelwanga. Kuyo wathi ukugxekwa Chaadaeva ngokuphathelele ubomi boluntu Russian, ngeendlela ezininzi kakhulu oyinyaniso yaye naye bendingenamdla nesibakala sokuba ngeenxa ukuhamba, kodwa Pushkin izifungo imbeko ukuba enoba oko kwakuza Awunakutshintsha kwilizwe lawo yaye akazange afune Bendiya kuba imbali eyahlukileyo kwimbali ookhokho bakhe, wabathumela kuThixo.

Ngenxa yoko, "Telescope" lalivaliwe, umhleli N. I. Nadezhdina wathunyelwa eSiberia, yaye Chaadaev wathi ongenangqondo, wabeka phantsi zonyango kunye namapolisa kweliso rhoqo. Chaadaev wayesoloko kakhulu Pushkin njengoko umhlobo wakhe omkhulu, wathi wayezidla nto, ndiya bayazise ubuhlobo babo Pushkin ngokuba "misebenzi bendawo." Kwiminyaka elandelayo, nangona baqhubeka kudibana eMoscow, kodwa ukuba owayesakuba ubuhlobo friendly ukuba bemkile.

biography

Peter Chaadaev, ogama engobomi linikwa kwi nqaku, wayevela kwintsapho unguwo abazizityebi kunye nomgca koomama yaba umzukulwana-mbali kunye academician M. M. Scherbatova. Wazalwa ngo May 27, 1794 kwaye yintandane ekuqaleni, uyise wafa ngemini emva kokuzalwa kwakhe, kunye nomama wakhe - ngo-1797.

UPetros, kunye nomzalwana wakhe Michael wazithabathela ukusuka kummandla Nizhny Novgorod kwimfundo e Moscow Umam - Princess Anna Mihaylovna Scherbatova. Umlondolozi abantwana baba umyeni wakhe - Prince D. M. Scherbatov. Babehlala iSilver Lane, phezu Arbat, kufutshane St Nicholas Church Jawlensky.

career

Kwiminyaka 1807-1811 waya izifundo e Yunivesithi Moscow, waba abahlobo kunye A. S. Griboedovym Decembrist N. I. Turgenevym, I. D. Yakushkinym kunye nabanye. Eyahluke nje ingqondo kunye nesimilo yehlabathi, kodwa ke undiliseko neyo, yaye eyinzwana. Ngowe-1812, wakhonza kwi bake, ngoko e Akhtyrka hussar butho. Yena inxaxheba Idabi Borodino, yaye emva kwemfazwe waqalisa ukukhonza lenkundla kwaye ngo-1819 wafumana isikhundla nenduna.

Emva uqhushululu kwi bake webutho, wazithoba ibhatyi yakhe, yaye ngowe-1821 waye wajoyina i-Society of the Decembrists ngo-1823 wahambela kwelinye. Apho kuyo izifundo yi-sobulumko Schelling, wancama ubuhlobo kunye naye kwaye zingahlaziywa njani iimbono zakhe sengqondo.

ihlazo

Emva kokubuyela kwakhe eRashiya ngowe-1826, Peter Chaadaev wahlala phantse wazifihla. Nguye kuphela ke akazange abhale odumileyo "zefilosofi Iileta" wakhe, nto leyo wayeneminyaka esibhozo kuphela. incwadi yakhe yokugqibela emva kokuba ushicilelo kwi "Telescope" ngo-1836 kuya ngokunzulu kuxoxwa ngazo ekhaya yonke. Intsingiselo yeyokuba eRashiya alishiye ihlabathi inkcubeko yabantu Russian - oku umsantsa ngendlela efanelekileyo ubukho boluntu. Herzen wayengomnye abambalwa abaxhasa izigqibo bulumko malunga Russian ezimbi. Chaadayev nizuzane nale ingqumbo kwabasemagunyeni, waza ke yena wathi ngokusesikweni ngamageza.

Loo abasabela ngayo amagunya kwaye ekugwetyweni zoluntu engaziwayo Chaadaeva kwanyanzeleka ukuba iphinde iimbono zabo, yaye kamva kunyaka wabhala "Ukuxolisa ye ophambeneyo", apho sele kukho kukho abanethemba ngakumbi ngekamva Russia.

Iminyaka yakhe yokugqibela waphila kwizitrato New Basman athobekile kwaye yedwa, nangona uluntu eMoscow liyahambisana kuye freak elingaqhelekanga, kodwa ngaxeshanye, ulwimi lwakhe elibukhali, abaninzi boyika kakhulu.

Chaadayev wafa April 14, ngo1856, waza wangcwatywa kumangcwaba le Donskoy Monastery eMoscow.

Iinkqubo ifilosofi

Yena wathi: "bulumko yobuKristu." bulumko Petra Chaadaeva kunokuba ayicacanga ngqo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukufunda omnye kuphela imisebenzi yakhe. Oku kufuna ukufunda uluhlu ngokupheleleyo kwiincwadi zakhe kunye nembalelwano zabucala. Emva bafumana nje ukuba into ephambili isikhundla sakhe waba inqubo yonqulo olungelulo ngaphakathi kwemida ubuKatolika, Protestantism Orthodox. Ukususela ngokwengqiqo imfundiso omnye umKristu wayefuna ukuba ukunika ingcaciso entsha zonke inkcubeko yezembali nentanda-bulumko. izifundo zakhe zonqulo bulumko wayekholelwa unqulo elizayo, yenzelwe iintliziyo futhi engumlawuli ishawa enzulu, yaye loo nto idibana kunye nabefundisi iicawa. Apha uba efanayo Tolstogo Lva Nikolaevicha, ngubani ngendlela efanayo kunzima kakhulu kwaye sel 'ubunzima nentlekele ngokomoya.

Peter Chaadaev wayesazi iZibhalo, kwaye wayeyazi kakuhle kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo ongundoqo ukuba ufuna ukufumana impendulo yaba 'imfihlelo ixesha "kunye nentsingiselo kwimbali yabantu. Zonke iimpendulo wayefuna ku ubuKristu.

"Kanye nje iliso of yasnovidyasche inceba - yiloo intanda of Christianity" - wabhala uPyotr Chaadaev. Quotes umncede azifumanele ungubani ngakumbi ngokunzulu, xa omnye wabo kukhangeleka ngathi umprofeti, ngenxa yokuba ubhala ukuba iSocialism kuphumelela, ngokwembono yakhe, kungekhona ngenxa yokuba kulungile, kodwa ngenxa yokuba abachasi abachananga.

ibandla United

Wayekholelwa ukuba umxholo ongundoqo kunye ngenjongo yokuba uluntu kufuneka ukusekwa ubukumkani bukaThixo emhlabeni ngophuhliso yakhe yokuziphatha, kwaye iqhuba le nkqubo yezembali ngolwalathiso lobuthixo. Ngaphandle of Christianity, akazange ukumela ubukho zembali kunye incarnation yobukumkani bukaThixo ngaphandle ecaweni. Kwaye apha kufuneka ukuba siyigxininise indawo yokuba apha Chaadayev wathetha ecaweni mnye, hayi yahlulwe kumahlelo ahlukeneyo. Kungenxa yokuba wabona eyona ntsingiselo le mfundiso ngokholo kwicawa single - ngokusebenzisa ifowuni umyalelo ofezekileyo emhlabeni, ochazwa ngokuba ubukumkani bukaThixo. Ukuba ngoko nangoko ukuba wakhumbula ukuba ukholo Orthodox, uBukumkani bukaThixo - yingcamango eyimfihlakalo ukuba kwenzeka emva kokuba ubomi benene emhlabeni (emva Apocalypse).

Chaadaev wayecinga ukuba sifanele Inkolo yamaMuslim kude inyaniso. United Christian Church, leyo kwahlulwa zingamahlelo - oko ke komzimba oluyinene lukaThixo. Kuzo zonke iinkolo ke ngesiquphe ukhetha ibandla engundoqo yamaKatolika, okuthiwa ubukhulu becala wenziwe icebo likaThixo. Le ngxoxo engundoqo wabiza uphuhliso aphezulu lenkcubeko yaseNtshona. Ngokutsho kwakhe, iRashiya nto ebeyinikiwe nenkcubeko yehlabathi "ezilahlekileyo indlela yayo ehlabathini." Yena utyhola abantu Russian yaye ebona isizathu sokuba iRashiya iye yamkela Orthodox ukusuka Byzantium.

isiphelo

Kodwa ke ngenyameko kakhulu kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba zonke ezi iingcinga zakhe ubukhulu becala yeengcingane ngokwendalo, kuba bonke ubomi bakhe ingqalelo ngokwakhe Orthodox, kwaye wacaphuka gqitha xa kukho amarhe malunga lenguqu lwakhe ukholo yamaKatolika.

Bit olufakiweyo lwabiliswa ngayo ingqalelo yakhe yentanda emva ukwalela Providence kwi bayahlelwa weRashiya, ngo-1837, kodwa ngequbuliso ababhale iphepha osihloko sithi "Ukuxolisa ye ophambeneyo", nto leyo esele sithetha ngalo isiphelo enkulu Russia, indima yalo ekhethekileyo eyabelwe yiNkosi.