Yintoni intsingiselo Copenhagen?

Copenhagen ukutyhilwa - ingcaciso ukukhanda quantum, owasungulwa Niels Bohr kunye Werner Heisenberg ngo-1927, xa izazinzulu ziye zasebenza kunye eCopenhagen. Bohr and Heisenberg bakwazi ukuphucula umsebenzi iphupha probabilistic, owasungulwa M. Born, yaye wazama ukuba uphendule uthotho lwemibuzo, kukuvela apho kungenxa itshangatshangiswe-yamasuntswana mbini. Eli nqaku liza kuxubusha izimvo eziphambili Copenhagen ukucaciswa ukukhanda quantum, kunye nempembelelo yazo physics mihla.

iingxaki

Utoliko ubucukubhede quantum ekuthiwa iimbono zeentanda-bulumko yohlobo ubucukubhede quantum na imfundiso echaza ihlabathi eziphathekayo. Ngoncedo lwabo, unako ukuphendula imibuzo malunga nohlobo ezikhona ngokwasemzimbeni, inkqubo yesifundo yayo, uhlobo kudaleka kunye Determinism, kwakunye nohlobo manani kunye nendawo yayo ubucukubhede umyinge. ubucukubhede Quantum ithathwa livakale lethiyori kakhulu kwimbali inzululwazi, kunjalo, kuvumelana yokuqonda yayo enzulu nangoku azikho kwaukubakho. Kukho inani utoliko ukukhanda quantum, yaye namhlanje sijonga kakhulu ethandwa ngabo.

Imiba ephambili

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba umhlaba wenziwe izinto quantum kunye nezixhobo ezivunywa yokulinganisa. Ukutshintsha lezixhobo karhulumente uchaza inkqubo statistical utshintsho vuhlayiseki neempawu ezincinane. Xa micro-object esinxibelelana atom lwesixhobo sokulinganisa, kunciphisa ukuya superposition enye, ngamanye kukho kunciphiso umsebenzi nokulatyuza yokulinganisa into. Schrödinger equation ayichazi le yoko.

Ngokwembono engokuGuquguquka nokutolikwa ukukhanda quantum ayichazi ezabo micro-izinto kunye neempawu zazo, ezo ebonakaliswa macroconditions, ukudala izixhobo umlinganiselo sokugqibela phantsi kweliso. Ukuziphatha izinto atomic akakwazi ukwahlula ukusuka intsebenziswano yabo kunye izixhobo kumlinganiselo, leyo ukulungisa iimeko nemvelaphi nesenzeko.

A look at ubucukubhede umyinge

ubucukubhede Quantum ke imfundiso static. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba imilinganiselo micro-object kukhokelela utshintsho imeko yakhe. Ngoko ke kukho inkcazo probabilistic yemeko lokuqala into echazwe umsebenzi ngumtshangatshangiso. Complex umsebenzi wave - ingcamango ephakathi Boomatshini quantum. Umsebenzi wave kutshintshwe somlinganiselo entsha. Isiphumo sale lomlinganiselo kuxhomekeke umsebenzi yomtshangatshangiso, ngendlela probabilistic. Ixabiso nokungqubana kuphela modulus isikweri umsebenzi yomtshangatshangiso, nto leyo engqina ukuba nokwenzeka ukuba bafunda micro-object na indawo ethile emajukujukwini.

Xa ukukhanda quantum, umthetho kudaleka lwenziwa ngokuphathelele umsebenzi yomtshangatshangiso, ixesha-angafaniyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko sokuqala, kwaye xa kuthelekiswa uququzelelo le Velocity yamasuntswana, njengoko ekutolikweni wezinto ubucukubhede. Ngenxa yokuba ixabiso emzimbeni sinikezwe kuphela isikweri umsebenzi yomtshangatshangiso, ixabiso layo lokuqala lingenakuqinisekiswa, kuloo mgaqo, oko kukhokelela ukungakwazi ethile ukufumana ulwazi oluchanileyo malunga nenkqubo quantum isimo sokuqala.

Yentsusa nefilosofi

Ukusuka kwindawo yentanda lwembono, isiseko Copenhagen ukutyhilwa siseko epistemological zezi:

1. Observability. kubume bayo siyifumana ngaphandle ingcamango ebonakalayo iinkcazelo ayinakuqinisekisa ubonwa ngqo.
2. Additionality. Oku kubonisa ukuba yomtshangatshangiso kunye nenkcazelo corpuscular iinjongo microworld ezihlobeneyo.
3. Ukungaqiniseki. Ithi ukuba Inanai elihambiselanayo lika i-micro-izinto noncedo lwabo lingenakuxelwa ngokwahlukileyo, kwaye ngobuciko epheleleyo.
4. Determinism static. Kuthetha ukuba urhulumente yangoku nkqubo sempilweni kuxhomekeka kwimeko yayo edlulileyo nje kuphela, kodwa kuphela amathuba iintsingiselo ezendeleyo ngaphambili.
5. Compliance. Ngokwalo mgaqo, imithetho ubucukubhede umyinge eziguqulelwe kwi imithetho ubucukubhede yamandulo, xa kunokwenzeka sityeshele ixabiso umyinge amanyathelo.

buhle

Physics quantum, ulwazi malunga izinto atomic ezifunyenwe setups yovavanyo uhlobo lolwalamano namanye. Ukungaqiniseki ubudlelwane Werner Heisenberg lubonwa ukulingana obuphakathi ezingachanekanga ukulungisa izinto agciniweyo kunye neguquguqukayo ezibonakalisa imeko inkqubo wenyama ubucukubhede yamandulo.

Olunye uncedo ebonakalayo Copenhagen nokutolikwa ukukhanda quantum yinto yokuba akukho nto usebenza ngqo kwi kwiingxelo eneenkcukacha omyinge unobservable ngokwasemzimbeni. Ukongeza, kunye ubuncinane ngumba azakhayo inkqubo sengqiqo, ngokubanzi ichaza ubungqina zovavanyo ziyafumaneka mzuzu.

Intsingiselo umsebenzi yomtshangatshangiso

Ngokutsho ukutyhilwa Copenhagen, umsebenzi yomtshangatshangiso kunokuba kuxhomekeke iinkqubo ezimbini:

1. kwemvelo owodwa, ichazwa yi-Schrödinger nxaki.
2. Yesikali.

Kodwa azikweli phezulu kwinkqubo yokuqala zange abe nabani ngokuthandabuza kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, kwaye inkqubo yesibini iye yabangela mpikiswano kwaye iye yabangela inani ukuyityhila into, nkqu ngaphakathi uninzi Copenhagen nokutolikwa sezingqondweni. Kwelinye icala, kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba umsebenzi yomtshangatshangiso nto yimbi ngaphandle kokuba into yokwenene emzimbeni, kwaye xa ukhula ekuweni ngexesha lenkqubo yesibini. Kwelinye icala, umsebenzi yomtshangatshangiso ngeke iqumrhu yokwenene, yaye isixhobo abangabancedani zemathematika, injongo kuphela apho kukunika ithuba ukubala namathuba. Bohr wagxininisa into yokuba eyona nto linakho ukuqikelelwa - sisiphumo ngamava emzimbeni, ngoko yonke imiba zasesekondari kufuneka ayibizi inzululwazi ngqo, kunye bulumko. Wathi akuvuma yokusebenza kwazo ngexesha ngefilosofi positivism, befuna ukuba yesayensi kuxoxwa ngokwenene kuphela izinto ezingqinisisekayo.

lwenzeke kabini noqhoqhoqho

Kwi-kabini-noqhoqhoqho lokulinga ukukhanya udlulayo slits ezimbini, kokuwa ikhusi apho kuvela imiphetho ezimbini: emnyama kunye nokukhanya. Le nkqubo kubangelwa kukuba amaza okukhanya banokuba kwezinye iindawo olugunyazisa macala, yaye abanye - ukurhoxisa omnye komnye. Kwelinye icala, olu lingelo ibonisa ukuba ukukhanya inxalenye iipropati kwemali kunye electron unakho ukubonisa iimpawu yomtshangatshangiso, ngaloo ndlela evumela iphethini uphazamiseko.

Kokuba kucingelwa ukuba amava lwenziwa wampompoza photon (okanye electron) na ngamandla kangangokuba, emva kwexesha ngamnye kudlula yokubeka yamasuntswana enye kuphela. Noko ke, ngokudibanisa amanqaku photons ukubetha ikhusi, xa kuthelekiswa okufanayo amaza ipateni uphazamiseko, nangona amava ukuba amasuntswana inelungelo eyahlukileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba siphila "amathuba" iphela, apho yonke isiganeko kwixesha elizayo peredelennuyu kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kunye nokwenzeka ukuba kwixesha elizayo kuya kubakho into engalindelekanga ngokupheleleyo, incinci kakhulu.

imibuzo

amava noqhoqhoqho kuphakamisa imibuzo efana nale:

1. uya kuba yintoni na imithetho yokuziphatha kwamasuntswana ngamnye? Imithetho wokulungisa quantum ezichaza indawo screen apho amasuntswana ziya kuba ngokweenkcukacha. Amvumela ukuba ukubala indawo oonotsheluza ukukhanya apho, kusenokwenzeka ukuba oluninzi kwamasuntswana, kunye bands mnyama, ekunokwenzeka ukufumana amasuntswana amancinane. Nangona kunjalo, imithetho elawula ubucukubhede umyinge akakwazi ukuqikelela apho ukuthanda kanye amasuntswana ngamnye.
2. Kwenzeka ntoni kwisuntswana ngexesha phakathi ukukhutshwa nobhaliso? Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ngokuqwalasela, ukuze bacinge ukuba yamasuntswana ilala intsebenziswano kunye kwiindawo zokubeka ezimbini. Kubonakala ukuba oku saphule imithetho yokuziphatha kwe yamasuntswana indawo. Zonke ngakumbi ke xa kuba indawo yamasuntswana ubhaqo.
3. Phantsi yempembelelo apho isuntswana litshintsha ukuziphatha wayo ukusuka ezingashukumiyo ukuya non-engatshintshiyo, yaye vice versa? Xa yamasuntswana idlula umsantsa, ukuziphatha kwalo kubangelwa wavefunction non-localized wayedlula ngexesha elinye kuzo zombini slits. Ngexesha ubhaliso amasuntswana usoloko makabhalwe ngongoma, yaye ndihlala zingakhukhuliseka lencinibakazi zepakethe.

iimpendulo

I-Copenhagen nokuchazwa theory quantum ukuphendula imibuzo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Enyanisweni, akunakwenzeka ukuba kupheliswe uhlobo probabilistic of ukusetyenziswa iingqikelelo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba akakwazi ngokuchanileyo ukubonisa indlela zokunciphisa ulawulo ulwazi lwabantu naziphi variables ezifihliweyo. physics Classical ibhekisa amathuba kwezo meko xa oko kuyimfuneko ukuchaza inkqubo ezifana iyisa idayisi. Oko kukuthi, amathuba ithatha ulwazi ayiphelelanga. I-Copenhagen ukucaciswa ukukhanda quantum, Heisenberg kunye Bohr, kwelinye icala, uthi ukuba iziphumo zemilinganiselo ukukhanda quantum luphawu non-deterministic.
2. Physics kukuba isayensi lifunda iziphumo zeenkqubo yomlinganiselo. Ukucingisisa kwenzeka ntoni kuphando lwabo mthethweni. Ngokutsho ukutyhilwa Copenhagen, umbuzo wokuba apho isuntswana phambi ukubhaliswa kwayo, kunye nezinye okunje kukhona lutho, kwaye ke ngoko kufuneka ngaphandle ingcamango.
3. umcimbi womlinganiselo okwabangela ukuwa nangoko umsebenzi otshangatshangiswayo. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo womlinganiselo ngokungakhethiyo ukhetha omnye kuphela bezinto ezinokuzuzwa, evumela umsebenzi yomtshangatshangiso yale status. Kwaye ukubonisa olo khetho, umsebenzi yomtshangatshangiso kufuneka itshintshwe ngokukhawuleza.

ulwimi

Amagama nentsingiselo eCopenhagen uhlobo yayo yoqobo yabangela ukwahluka eziliqela. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo kwezi isekelwe indlela iziganeko engaguqukiyo kunye iingqiqo ezifana decoherence quantum. Decoherence ikuvumela ukuba ukubala umda ungapheleli phakathi olukhulu kunye microcosms. Ezinye iinguqulelo ziyahluka xa iqondo 'ngokoqobo lencinibakazi behlabathi. "

ukugxekwa

Indlela eziluncedo ngayo ukukhanda quantum (Heisenberg kunye Bohr kaThixo impendulo yombuzo wokuqala), akubuzwa kwi eksperimenti ingcinga, olwenziwa yi-Einstein, Podolsky kunye Rosen (kephofu EPR). Ngoko ke oosonzululwazi wayefuna ukungqina ukuba ubukho yemida efihliweyo kuyimfuneko ukuze imfundiso ingakhokeleli sheshisa and non-ndawo "emva kwexesha elide". Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha kuhlolwe EPR-indida, nto leyo ethe wenza umbulelo ukuba ukungalingani Bell kaThixo, kwaye yabonisa ukuba ubuchwephetshe quantum lichanekile, yaye iingcamango ezahlukeneyo parameters efihliweyo yesiqinisekiso zovavanyo.

Kodwa ke yingxaki kakhulu impendulo Heisenberg kunye Bohr kwi umbuzo wesithathu ebuzwa inkqubo yokulinganisa kwisigxina esikhethekileyo, kodwa ayinakubhaqa iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kuzo.

Izazinzulu ezininzi, zesayensi kunye zobulumko, ngaw 'omane ukwamkela engokuGuquguquka nokutolikwa physics quantum. Isizathu sokuqala yaba kukuba Heisenberg kunye Bohr xa kuchazwa nga deterministic. Nowesibini - kukuba sazisa ingqikelelo nenkalo elingenammiselo aguqula imisebenzi amathuba kwiziphumo ethembekileyo.

Einstein wayeqinisekile ukuba inkcazelo leyinene emzimbeni enikwa ukukhanda umyinge ekutolikeni Heisenberg kunye Bohr, ayilunganga. Ngokutsho Einstein, wafumana inani ekuqiqeni ekutolikweni Copenhagen, kodwa nethuku zenzululwazi wala ukuyamkela. Ngoko ke, Einstein ayikwazanga ukunika phezulu ukufuna ingqiqo ebanzi.

Kwincwadi yakhe eya Born, Einstein wathi: "Ndiqinisekile ukuba uThixo ukuphosa idayisi!". Niels Bohr, izimvo eli binzana, Einstein wathi akazange akhombe kuThixo ntoni. Xa incoko wakhe noAbraham Paysom Eynshteyn wathi, "wena ngokwenene ucinga nenyanga ikhona kuphela xa ujonga kuyo?".

Erwin Schrödinger weza kunye nokuhlola cat ucinge ngazo wayefuna ukubonisa kwabuya of ubucukubhede quantum ngethuba lenguqu ukusuka eathom ukuya kwiinkqubo ezincinane. Noko ke, ingxaki yayigqalwa kuyimfuneko ngokuwa umsebenzi otshangatshangiswayo esithubeni. Ngokutsho kwithiyori Einstein ngayo kwezinto, nangoko kwaye ngaxeshanye sengqiqweni kuphela ngumbukeli kwi isakhelo esinye. Ngoko ke, akukho xesha, nto leyo iza kuba efanayo kumntu wonke, kwaye ke ngoko, ukuwa ekhawulezileyo zingenakuqinisekiswa.

ukwanda

Uphando sikweni olwenziwa ngabahlali yezenzululwazi 1997, wabonisa ukuba lisalawula phambi ukutyhilwa Copenhagen, ngokufutshane kuxoxwe ngasentla, exhaswa ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha abaphenduli. Nangona kunjalo, iye amarhamente ngaphezu kwezinye iinguqulelo ngokwahlukileyo.

enye

zesayensi abaninzi kufutshane ukuchazwa ngamnye ukukhanda quantum, eyaba eyaziwa ngokuba "hayi." Umongo wale ukutyhilwa sibone kuchazwe ilizwi likaDavide Mermin-: "ovalelweyo ibalwe!", Yiyiphi lidla wenziwa uRichard Feynman okanye Paul Dirac.