Iipateni Ukungenela. NgokoMthetho kwelona qondo

iiphatheni Ukuphazamisa - kuba imivumbo ukukhanya okanye mnyama ukuba zibangelwa yi imitha iindlela zam kwisigaba okanye lesigaba kunye nabanye. amaza okukhanya kwaye ezifana adityaniswe xa isetyenziswa, ukuba izigaba zabo lingqamane (kwicala ukwanda okanye ukuhla), okanye ukurhoxisa abanye ukuba sele antiphase. Ezi into ibizwa ngokuba ukuphazamiseka eyakhayo etshabalalisayo, ngokulandelelana kwazo. Ukuba beam ukukhanya monochromatic, onke amaza banayo ubude efanayo, ucanda slits ezimbini ezincinane (ukucikideka lwenziwa kuqala ngo-1801 ngu Thomas Young, IsiNgesi ingcali yenzululwazi, owathi, ngenxa kuye wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba uhlobo yomtshangatshangiso wokukhanya), ezimbini umqadi onesiphumo ingabhekiswa ngqo kwiscreen flat leyo endaweni amabala ezimbini sifana akhiwa iintshinga uphazamiseko - ngokufanayo alternating ipateni yokukhanya kunye neendawo ezimnyama. isetyenziswa Le meko, umzekelo, kuzo zonke interferometers ezamehlo.

superposition

I inkcazo uphawu superposition lamaza elichaza indlela yokuziphatha ngamaza kongezwe kulo. Umgaqo lwayo usendleleni yokuba xa kwisithuba a enyanzeliswa phezu amaza ezimbini, ukuphazamiseka eliphuma ilingana isixa aljibra ye ezibangelwa ngamnye. Maxa wambi perturbations enkulu lo mthetho kantu. Le ukuziphatha elula kukhokelela kwiqela yeziphumo ezibizwa izenzakalo kokuphazanyiswa.

Le mba we uphazamiseko luphawulwa ukuzibaxa izinto ezimbini. Amaza ezimbini eyakhayo akholise idibana, kwaye bona lesigaba kunye nabanye. Ngesiphumo superposition kukomeleza kudambe. Le awo onesiphumo iliza mixed ilingana umdibaniso ngezantya ngamnye. Kwelinye icala, ukuphazamiseka embi ezona lwamaza omnye ingqamana ubuncinane yesibini - baba bachasayo. Le awo lencinibakazi kuhlanganisiwe elingana umahluko phakathi ngezantya yamalungu ayo candelo. Kwimeko apho bayalingana, kuba ziphelele ukuphazamiseka entshabalalo, perturbation bebonke medium ngu zero.

eksperimenti Young

Indlela uphazamiseko le mithombo emibini ibonisa ngokucacileyo phambi namaza zidlulela. UThomas Young wacebisa ukuba ukukhanya - nokulatyuza leyo ophulaphula umgaqo superposition. Impumelelo yakhe edumileyo yaba umboniso yolwazi eyakhayo etshabalalisayo ukuphazamiseka yokukhanya ngo-1801 Inguqulelo yanamhlanje eksperimenti Young kaThixo kwindalo kwahlukile kuphela ukuba usebenzisa imithombo ukukhanya lwesihloko. Laser nombala esikhanyisa slits ezimbini ezinxuseneyo kumphezulu ngaphaya kwawo. odlula Light kubo, kukho screen ekude. Xa ububanzi phakathi slits ngokuphawulekayo mkhulu ngamaza, imithetho ngokukhanya zejometri bakubona - kubonakala kwi mimandla screen ezimbini olukhanyayo. Noko ke, indlela slits diffracted ukukhanya kunye kwikhusi amaza enyanzeliswa phezu kwezinye. Diffraction ngokwaso ngenxa lencinibakazi uhlobo lokukhanya, ukanti omnye umzekelo yale isiphumo.

Le ipatheni uphazamiseko

Umgaqo superposition limisela onesiphumo unikezelo ngobunzulu kwiskrini olukhanyayo. Indlela uphazamiseko kwenzeka xa umahluko umendo ukusuka noqhoqhoqho kwisikrini uyalingana lonke inani kwamaza (0, λ, 2λ, ...). Lo mahluko iqinisekisa ukuba xa bebhiyozela kufika ngexesha elifanayo. ukuphazamiseka entshabalalo kwenzeka xa umahluko indlela elingana inani elipheleleyo le kwamaza zincitshiswe ngesiqingatha (λ / 2, 3λ / 2, ...). Jung wasebenzisa iimpikiswano zejiyometri ukubonisa ukuba superposition kukhokelela uthotho bands bebekwe ngokulinganayo okanye iindawo eziphakamileyo ukwanda ehambelana kwimimandla uphazamiseko eyakhayo, ezahlulwe iindawo ezimnyama ngokupheleleyo yingozi.

Hole izithuba

I parameter ebalulekileyo geometry kunye slits mibini lulwahlulo λ ukukhanya kwamaza kwaye umgama phakathi imingxuma d. Ukuba λ / d kuba ngaphantsi kakhulu kwe-1, umgama phakathi bands ziya kuba encinane kunye neziphumo zidlulela nje ulandelwe. Ukusebenzisa slits ngokusondeleyo wesikolo bebekwe ngokwahlukeneyo omnye, Jung wakwazi zahlule ukukhanya kunye neendawo ezimnyama. Ngoko ke, wagqiba amabanga imibala bokukhanya. ixabiso labo encinane kakhulu ichaza isizathu sokuba ezi ziphumo kwabonwa kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ukuba bahlule iindawo sokuphamazisa eyakhayo kwaye entshabalalo, umgama phakathi umthombo amaza okukhanya kufuneka lincinane kakhulu.

bubuyisela

Ukuqwalasela yeziphumo zingaphazanyiswa uphikisa ezinye izizathu ezibini. Uninzi imithombo ukukhanya ikhala okuqhubekayo kwamaza spectrum, nto uluhlu lweepateni uphazamiseko ezininzi enyanzeliswa phezu komnye, ngamnye kwesihlandlo nangobetho. Oku kushenxisa neziphumo ezininzi zomlomo wakhe, ezifana neendawo yobumnyama ngokupheleleyo.

coherency

Ukuba kukho uphazamiseko zikho ixesha elide, kuyimfuneko ukuba basebenzise imithombo ukukhanya lwesihloko. Oku kuthetha ukuba imithombo imitha kufuneka silondoloze ulwalamano kwisigaba rhoqo. Umzekelo, amaza ezimbini harmonic yobuninzi efanayo ngaso kwisigaba ubudlelwane fixed ingongoma ngamnye kwisithuba - nokuba kwisigaba okanye kwisigaba eliphikisayo, okanye imeko ethile eliphakathi. Noko ke, inkoliso imithombo ukukhanya isenza iliza lokwenyaniso harmonic. Endaweni yoko, wenze ukukhanya, apho random utshintsho kwisigaba livela izigidi ngomzuzwana. radiation enjalo ibizwa hoywa.

umthombo Ideal - laser

Ukuphazamisa sisasetyenziswayo babona xa enyanzeliswa phezu amaza kwisithuba imithombo ezimbini hoywa, kodwa iipatheni uphazamiseko zinokwahluka ngokungakhethiyo, kunye kwisigaba utshintsho ejikelezayo. abenzi boluvo ukukhanya, kubandakanya amehlo, akanako ukubhalisa umfanekiso atshintsha ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kuphela ngobunzulu avareji ixesha. I-laser umqadi phantse monochromatic (m. E. iquka kwamaza omnye) kunye highly-. Lo mthombo ukukhanya asenokungakulungeli ngokujonga iziphumo uphazamiseko.

Ukuzimisela zobungakanani

Emva Jung 1802 ngokuncamisileyo kwamaza yokukhanya kube nokubonakala ngamazinga ngesantya echanileyo ngokwaneleyo bokukhanya ekhoyo ngelo xesha ukubala frequency kwalo cishe. Umzekelo, ilingana 6 × Oktobha ¹⁴ Hz ukukhanya okuluhlaza. Oku imiyalelo ezininzi wukulu swinene ku tlula nezihlandlo of intlokoma mechanical. Thelekisa, umntu uve isandi kunye ezitsho ukuya ku-2 × ¹⁰ April Hz. Yintoni kanye kuyahluka ngeqondo kusekho imfihlakalo kule minyaka-60 ezayo.

Ukuphazamisa films obhityileyo

Iziphumo baphawula ukuba ayiphelelanga wew noqhoqhoqho kabini esetyenziswa yi Thomas Young. Xa kukho ibonisa kwaye refraction ye imitha evela iindawo ezimbini ezahlulwe sisithuba umgama efana kunye kwamaza, kukho uphazamiseko olunjalo films obhityileyo. Indima umboniso phakathi iindawo angadlala lwepolitiki, umoya, amanzi okanye naliphi na iqumrhu esiqinileyo ngaphaya. Ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo iziphumo uphazamiseko anqongophele yi kubukhulu a micrometers ezimbalwa. Umzekelo ezaziwayo zonke ifilimu kwiqamza. Ukukhanya kuboniswe kulo, i superposition lamaza ezimbini - enye ibonakaliswa ukusuka ngaphambili, kwaye eyesibini - ngasemva. Bona zilala phezu kwISithuba kongezelelwa omnye komnye. Kuxhomekeka Ebubanzini ifilimu isepha, amaza ezimbini inokusebenza eyakhayo okanye destructively. A ukubala epheleleyo ipateni uphazamiseko ibonisa ukuba ukukhanya kunye kwamaza λ uphazamiseko eyakhayo uyabonakala ukuba ubukhulu ifilimu λ / 4, 3λ / 4, 5λ / 4, njalo njalo, kwaye etshabalalisayo - .. Ukuze λ / 2, λ, 3λ / 2, ...

Iifomula zokubala

kokuphazanyiswa phenomenon waba ukusetyenziswa ezininzi, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba baqonde equation esisiseko enxulumene noko. Ezi zibalo zilandelayo ukuvumela ukubalwa amaxabiso ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene ne uphazamiseko, kuba kwiimeko zayo zimbini ziqhelekileyo.

iziqwengana Indawo ukukhanya eksperimenti Young, .. Ie sites ukuphazamiseka eyakhayo kungaba ibalwe kusetyenziswa ibinzana elithi: y _kukukhanya. = (ΛL / d) m, apho λ - kwamaza; m = 1, 2, 3, ...; d - umgama phakathi slits; L - umgama kujoliswe.

.. Indawo bands mnyama, oko kukuthi, iindawo yentsebenziswano otshabalalisayo siyinikwe: y _umnyama. = (ΛL / d) (m + 1/2).

Kweminye ukuphazamiseka iintlobo - iifilimu obhityileyo - ubukho superposition eyakhayo okanye etshabalalisayo kugqiba isigaba shift kwamaza lubonakala, leyo kuxhomekeke Ebubanzini bhanya kunye isalathiso zokunganyangeki kuyo. I equation yokuqala ichaza kwimeko engekho ukutshintsha okunjalo, kwaye eyesibini - ukutshintsha yesiqingatha kwamaza;

2nt = mλ;

= (M + 1/2) λ 2nt.

Apha, λ - kwamaza; m = 1, 2, 3, ...; t - indlela onqamlezwe zefilimu; n - index ye refraction.

Ukwakhelwa endalweni

Xa ilanga likhanya kwi kwiqamza, ungabona nangobetho eliqaqambileyo ezinemibala, ekubeni kwamaza ezahlukileyo kuphazanyiswa etshabalalisayo kwaye lisuswe vangama. Ukukhanya kubonakala ezishiyekileyo ivela njenge ukususwa umbala ezisebenzisanayo. Umzekelo, ukuba ngenxa yokuba ukuphazamiseka etshabalalisayo yingxenye engekho ebomvu, nomfanekiso iya kuba oluhlaza. Ezicekethekileyo umboniso yeoli phezu kwamanzi uvelisa nemiphumo efanayo. Kwindalo, uboya ze ezinye iintaka, kuquka Lunenceba yengwamza kunye iingcungcu, kunye kweqokobhe kwezinye zabonwa kubonakala ngokuba mhlophe, lo gama ukutshintsha umbala xa utshintsha engile ukubukela. physics okubonakalayo apha ukungenela amaza okukhanya ziboniswe kwiziseko sekhombuya obhityileyo okanye kwimiboniso ezibonisa iintonga. Ngokufanayo neeperile iqokobhe zizinto iris, ngenxa superposition zezinto ngoomaleko ezininzi of pearl. amatye anqabileyo ezifana yihakinto, umboniso Iipateni uphazamiseko ezintle ezibangelwa besasaza ukukhanya kwiziseko rhoqo lisekwa amasuntswana ezincinane ukulenza.

isicelo

Kukho izicelo ezininzi nethekhinoloji ngezenzeko uphazamiseko ukukhanya kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Zisekelwe optic physics camera. Eqhelekileyo lens antireflection ukutyabeka i obhityileyo umboniso. balo babulingana nesandla kunye refraction semitha bebesenjenjalo bakhetha ukuvelisa uphazamiseko etshabalalisayo okubonakala bokukhanya. Ipeyinti olulodwa eziquka ezahlukahukeneyo bhanya-bhanya ezingcakacileyo yenzelwe odlula radiation kuphela ngaphakathi emxinwa uluhlu kwamaza kwaye kungoko asetyenziswa izihluzi. Ipeyinti Multilayer ekwasetyenziselwa ukwandisa reflectivity nezipili ngeeteleskopu ngeenkwenkwezi, kwakunye resonators laser optical. Interferometry - oluchanileyo iindlela ulinganiso lokubhalisa utshintsho ezincinane Umgama isalamane - usekelwe phezu kokwakhelwa shifts yokukhanya kunye bands ezimnyama eveliswe ukukhanya kubonakala. Umzekelo, yokukala njani ipateni uphazamiseko litshintsha, ivumela ukucwangcisa ugobile evele izakhi ezamehlo ngendlela isithinzi kwamaza optical.