Yintoni na le nokuhlelwa kweendawo nokwenza

nokuhlelwa ngendlela kuvumela ukuba kubiza abameli kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo oganikhi khompawundi. Kuxhomekeka ubulungu iqela elithile kwezinto, kukho kujonge izinto ezithile amagama apho kufuneka zikhankanyiwe. Ncokola malunga nendlela nokuhlelwa inkqubo isebenza hydrocarbon kwezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye iikhompawundi ioksijini-equlethe.

Ukwahlukanisa oganikhi khompawundi

Njengoko uhlobo chain carbon ngokuqhelekileyo lahlulwe izinto eziphilayo ukuze elibujikele kunye acyclic; elizele eyaneleyo, heterocyclic kunye carbocyclic. Wabiza iikhompawundi acyclic ukuba akukho isakhiwo kwimijikelo zabo. athom kwekhabhoni iikhompawundi ezifana ahlelwe kuthotho ukwenza ikhonkco ngqo okanye branched unclosed.

Yaba hydrocarbon ifumile, leyo abe iibhondi omnye carbon, kwakunye iikhompawundi kunye multiple (, triple kabini) izitropu.

Nokuhlelwa of alkanes

nokuhlelwa ngendlela kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa algorithm ethile lweentshukumo. Ukuthobela imithetho ivumela akukho zimpazamo ukunika amagama hydrocarbon kwizinyibilikisi. Xa ufuna umsebenzi, "Ubizo indlela nokuhlelwa ocetywayo ezizizembiwa" kuyimfuneko ukuqalisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulilungu udidi alkanes. Okulandelayo kufuneka ujonge isakhiwo chain mde.

Xa atom carbon akhawunti ukuba amanani radicals kufutshane bangela bakwazi ukungenela kwikhonkco eliphezulu, inombolo kunye negama. nokuhlelwa ngendlela kubandakanya ukusebenzisa attachments ezongezelelweyo, ezicacisa inani radicals ezifanayo. ukuma kwawo kuboniswa amanani, limisele inani, kuthiwa ke radicals. Ngelo xesha lokugqibela, le carbon chain elide, waqhuba iphindwe nesimamva. Ngokomzekelo, omnye ezizizembiwa, CH3-CH2-CH (CH) -CH2-CH3 nokuhlelwa indlela kuthiwa-3-methylpentane.

Nokuhlelwa of alkenes

Ezi zinto phezu kwamagama nokuhlelwa ngendlela ebizwa nge uphawu imbopheleleko yenu sezibonelelo ezininzi iibhondi (kabini). Organic chemistry, kukho ulandelelwano ezithile izenzo, nto leyo inceda ukunika amagama alkenes. Ukuze uqale kwikhonkco carbon ecetywayo buchazwa yi umbhalo mde equlathe ibhondi kabini. Inani carbons ezikwi lwenziwa ukusuka kwicala kufutshane phezulu apho sibekwe bond ezininzi. Ukuba wanika lo msebenzi: "Oko ndaba yenkqubo nokuhlelwa", oko kukuthi kuyimfuneko ukuze kube nokugqitywa ubukho ecetywayo isakhiwo hydrocarbon radicals.

Ukuba akunjalo, tsalela ikhonkco ngokwayo, esongeza Isimamva -eka, ebonisa indawo ngemfano iqhina kabini. Kuba abameli alkenes ezihluthiyo, eziquka ezo radicals abakhoyo, kufuneka ukhankanye iinombolo zabo indawo, ukongeza isimaphambili ecacisa inani, uze kuphela ukuqhubeka igama uninzi kwikhonkco hydrocarbon.

Ngokomzekelo, sinikela isihloko umchiza ngesakhiwo zilandelayo: CH 2 = CH-CH (CH3) -CH2-CH3. Sisazi ukuba molecule unalo ibhondi kabini, a ezizizembiwa ezinkulu, igama layo liya kuba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 3-metilpunten-1.

diene hydrocarbon

Uluhlu yale yeklasi hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo luphawulwa awohluke ezithile. Iimolekyuli iikhompawundi diene luphawulwa ubukho izitropu ezimbini kabini, ngoko ke kwisihloko zibonisa indawo nganye kuzo. Nanku umzekelo compound yelo iklasi, uyinike igama.

CH2 = CH-CH = CH2 (1,3 butadiene).

Ukuba ikhona kwi radicals molecule (iintlobo esebenzayo), ngoko ke amanani abonisa athom zabo indawo ezibalelwa umxokelelwane eziphambili ngakwicala leyo ekufuphi phezulu kwayo. Ukuba molecule athom ezizizembiwa ezininzi kusetyenziswa xa uhide isimaphambili thu, ikhangele, tetra-.

isiphelo

Kunye nokuhlelwa ngendlela kunokwenzeka ukunika igama abameli zonke iiklasi oganikhi khompawundi. A algorithm jikelele izenzo ukubiza ivumela iisampulu isinyibiliko hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo. Kuba asidi carboxylic, zikhoyo kwi ukwakhiwa carboxyl iqela esebenza, inqubo ye chain ephambili yenziwa nayo.