Izinto eziphilayo iimpawu zazo kunye nokuhlelwa

izinto eziphilayo - ezi zihlanganisi leyo iqanjwa atom carbon. Kunjalo kwi zigaba zokuqala kuphuhliso chemistry, zonke izinto bohlulwa ngamaqela amabini: izimbiwa kunye organic. Ngaloo maxesha kwakucingwa ukuba ukuze nokulungelelanisa izinto eziphilayo kufuneka ube "amandla obomi" ibonwe ezikhethekileyo ukuba uphila eziphilayo. Ngoko ke Yindibanisela oganikhi khompawundi ukusuka wokumbiwa engenakwenzeka. Kwaba kuphela kwenkulungwane ye-19, F. Weller umohlwayileyo uluvo ekhoyo kunye urea kuhlelwe ukusuka ammonium cyanate, oko kukuthi, wafumana lo mbandela ephilayo evela wokumbiwa. Ke inani izazinzulu kuhlelwe chloroform, aniline, acetate acid kunye nezinye iikhemikali.

izinto eziphilayo asisiseko kukho izinto eziphilileyo, kwaye ke ukudla kutyiwa ngabantu kunye nezilwanyana. Uninzi organic kukho izinto oshishino awohlukeneyo - ukutya, imichiza, ukukhanya, emithini njalo njalo

Okwangoku, kukho ezingaphezu kwama-30 ezigidi. Iindidi ze-oganikhi khompawundi. Ngoko ke, izinto eziphilayo Zimele iklasi kakhulu olubanzi iikhompawundi chemical. Iintlobo ngeentlobo oganikhi khompawundi ezinxulumene iimpawu ezizodwa kunye nesakhiwo Carbo. Carbo atom ezikufutshane ezinxulumene kunye (, triple kabini) iibhondi esinye okanye ezininzi.

izinto eziphilayo. Chemistry.

organic luphawulwa ubukho covalent iibhondi C-C, yaye imixokelelwane polar covalent C-N, C-O, C -Hal, uC zesinyithi, njl Ukusabela ezenzeka ebandakanya izinto eziphilayo iimpawu ezithile xa kuthelekiswa wokumbiwa. Xa abasabela ngayo iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo kudla unako inxaxheba. Amaxesha amaninzi ezi khemikhali ezikawulezayo kakhulu, maxa wambi nangoko ikwiqondo lobushushu elilelona. Xa abasabela ngayo izinto eziphilayo iimolekyuli ababandakanyekayo uqobo. Kufuneka wathi kulo mzekelo baphuke ezinye iibhondi covalent, kunye nezinye ndlela kwakheka. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi khemikhali kuphuma phi na kancinci, nangenxa ukukhawulezisa yabo kuyimfuneko ukuba ukunyusa iqondo lobushushu, okanye sebenzisa i kuvala (acid okanye esisiseko).

Njengoko indlela izinto zemvelo kwindalo? Uninzi iorganic kuhlelwe ngokwemvelo inkqubo yefotosinthesis ukusuka carbon dioxide kunye namanzi yiklorofili eluhlaza kwezityalo.

Iiklasi ze-oganikhi khompawundi.

Ukuhlelwa organic ngokusekelwe A. theory Butlerov. Ulwahlulo emisiweyo yi nokuhlelwa yenzululwazi esisiseko loo nto yenza ukuba izinto eziphilayo call, ngokusekelwe ifomula noshowo okhoyo. Ulwahlulo isekelwe iinkalo ezimbini eziphambili - carbon skeletal isakhiwo, inombolo kunye nokufakwa namaqela ezisebenzayo kwi molecule.

Carbon skeleton - oko zozinzo ezahlukeneyo ekudibaneni kwemichiza le iimolekyuli ze-organic izinto. Ngokuxhomekeka nesakhiwo sayo, zonke izinto eziphilayo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela.

Ngu iikhompawundi acyclic ziquka izinto kunye kwitsheyini carbon ngqo okanye branched. Ngu iikhompawundi carbocyclic ziquka izinto kunye nowe, ukuba yahlulwe nomnye amabini - alicyclic kunye enuka kamnandi. iikhompawundi Heterocyclic - izinto iimolekyuli leyo eyi lisekwa athom kunye athom carbonyl kwezinye izinto imichiza (Oxygen, nitrogen, Isalfure) heteroatoms ezisekelwe.

Kwakhona, izinto zendalo zihlelwe bubukho amaqela asebenzayo apho eziyinxalenye iimolekyuli. Umzekelo, iiklasi hydrocarbon (ngaphandle - in iimolekyuli zabo amaqela ezisebenzayo), phenols, alkoholi, ketones, aldehydes, amine, esters, acids carboxylic, njl Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba iqela ngalinye functional (COOH, OH, NH2, SH, H., HAYI) simisela iimpawu physicochemical le ezimbaxa.