Yintoni na le nto wesiseko lomhlaba? Ziziphi iinkalo ukubunjwa lomhlaba?

Umhlaba - ubutyebi lonke uluntu. Kwaye thina ngoku sithetha nje emhlabeni, kodwa koovimba zomhlaba kumphezulu wayo. Ngaphandle kwabo, ngeke kube khona onjalo flora ezahlukeneyo kunye heterotrophs (eziquka nayiphi na isilwanyana kunye nabantu), umgaqo, ayikwazanga abonakale. Zombini phezu komhlaba planethi kwamiswa konke? Kule "akunatyala;" ngumba wesiseko lomhlaba. Okunye ngqo, iqela lonke kubo.

The main Ukuhlelwa

V. V. Dokuchaev wayekholelwa ukuba kufuneka yabelwe izinto ezintlanu umhlaba-yakheka:

• Umzali rock.
• Sezulu iparameters. Ngokubanzi, imozulu njengomba wesiseko lomhlaba kuqwalaselwa zizazinzulu ezininzi kwindawo ephambili, njengoko indima yayo iyamangalisa ngokwenene.
• Flora.
• Izilwanyana.
• Elimi kunye nexesha ligqithile.

Kodwa oku zonke izinto ezisisiseko ukubunjwa komhlaba. Namhlanje, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba olu luhlu ukuze kongezwe kwizikhundla ezimbini: isenzo yamanzi (imvula) kunye nemisebenzi yabantu. Kwaye ngoku siya siqonde zonke izinto ngokweenkcukacha, ukuxoxa iimpawu zazo. Ngoko ke, eyona nto ibalulekileyo zomhlaba - ukuba iziyobisi, nto leyo eyabangela emhlabeni.

umthombo rocks

Njengoko noku, la izimbiwa apho kanye ibunjiwe liyaqhubeka ukwenza ochumileyo (okanye hayi) emhlabeni. Kuxhomekeke eweni lokuqala kuxhomekeka mechanical, ngokwasemzimbeni, amachiza, kunye nezinye iimpawu zomhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, umhlaba, kwabunjwa ekuqaleni, umzekelo, igranite namatye ezifanayo, lingabi kulingana nezo uphume tuff kunye elirhabaxa.

Yintoni na umthombo yeengxondorha? Ba igneous, ngentlenga nemetamorphic. Hi ndlela leyi, negranite kunye elirhabaxa tuff ne - igneous, kodwa benza umhlaba zahlukile. Kuthetha ntoni zixhomekeke, njengomba womhlaba ngendlela efanayo?

Njengoko ngemvelaphi zomhlaba iimpawu zixhomekeke?

Ukubunjwa imichiza kunye mineralogical apho kuxhomekeke nje kuphela iintlobo, kodwa kwakhona kwindawo ethile imvelaphi yayo, kudlala indima enkulu kakhulu iimpawu umaleko womhlaba. Ngoko ke, ukuba carbonate ngezimbiwa, abe nokuchaza indlela ialakalin (okanye kufutshane cala), ngoko kwakheka kusekelwe kuyo ngokukhawuleza iqalisa ukuba nomzi wamatye lomhlaba kwaye uzuza wenzala phezulu. Ngoko ke, eyona miba ephambili wesiseko yomhlaba ibaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba ifuthe lazo ngqo kubungakanani nezivuno ezinokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuba lasematyeni asidi, zonke ezi nkqubo izihlandlo eziliqela kancinci. Kwimeko xa izimbiwa iqulethe izixa ezikhulu zamanzi-enyibilikayo iityuwa, umhlaba "wafumana" anetyiwa kakhulu. Ukongezelela, kubaluleke kakhulu kunye nemvakalo, kuba umisela amandla ubushushu, isiqulatho sokufuma kunye nezinye iparameters ebalulekileyo echaphazela ngqo ukuchuma komhlaba kwezinye iindawo.

ukukhululeka

Lo mba wesiseko lomhlaba kukhumbuleke kunqabile, kodwa ndabulaleka. Emva kokuba yonke ngokuma kuchaphazela ukwabiwa imisebe yelanga, imvula, kunye neminye imiba kumphezulu yamawa, ukuze kube ixhomekeke iimpawu emhlabeni, nto leyo ekugqibeleni uphendulela "output".

Olukhulu bonke, ukuthi kuziveza kwindawo esezintabeni apho iimeko lobushushu umahluko uxinzelelo ekhoyo, ukukhanya kunye kakhulu ezahlukeneyo. Apha, kubaluleke kakhulu ngowam khona umoya kunye පිළිතුරු iimpendulo, ngenxa apho imiqulu emikhulu emoyeni amaqondo ezahlukeneyo ophephuka kumathambeka ngokuqhubekayo weentaba. Ngeendlela ezininzi isiqabu, njengomba wesiseko womhlaba zixhomekeke kwiimpawu zemozulu le ndawo, ekubeni ngaphandle indibanisela yale meko zimbini azinako ukuba umhlaba.

Ukufuma nazo ziyohluka, kwaye emva kokuba "perevalivaniya" phesheya kummango ntaba wancipha. Ngenxa yoko, ingxondorha shiyana ngaxeshanye, osalivaetsya, siyabutyaka ukwenza amaqhezu ezahlukenenyo.

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo nangoku isenzo ukukhanya nemitha yelanga, nto leyo kwimimandla ezahlukeneyo zemozulu ucwangco ezahlukeneyo yobukhulu. Ngoko ke, kummandla yelizwe Far North lincinane, yaye bangamahlwempu kakhulu, kwaye namawa ezisagcinwe kwimeko egqibeleleyo. Thelekisa oku kunye neendawo entlango apho amatakane kudala walisila kwimo kweyunifom nesanti dust. Ukuba ukhangela imiba engundoqo lokusekwa nomhlaba kummandla Orenburg, ukubaluleka isiqabu iya kuba ziyacaca.

Kuloo ndawo indima enkulu edlalwa yi ekuthiwa syrty, okt lwamawa iphantsi kakhulu. Ile ngengingqi tyaba, loo mmandla predetermines umoya Velocity phezulu phezu komhlaba yengxondorha umzali, nto leyo ekhokelela yemozulu zazo ngokukhawuleza kwaye nentshabalalo elandelayo.

Kwezi meko, izinga ukuqokelelana wamatye (ngokwayo kunye ubukho kwezinto eziphilayo) yenza kuyahlukahlukana yemichiza Ukwakhiwa njengoko ezahlukeneyo kunye iqhezu primer onesiphumo. Ngoko ke, kuya kufuneka kumanqanaba angafaniyo wenzala.

Iintlobo zomhlaba, kuxhomekeke umahluko isiqabu

Okwangoku, kulindeleke ukuba ngenxa yeenkqubo zendalo bangaba iintlobo ezintathu zomhlaba, ekwabizwa ngokuba 'zexa moistening ":

• iintlobo Automorphic. nokudaleka kwenzeka phantsi kweemeko ukuhamba kwamanzi aphezu komhlaba kunye ukufuma komhlaba olunzulu-elele. Kulo mzekelo, indima okhoyo ngoku udlalwa nge ngumba yebhayoloji yolo ukubunjwa komhlaba.
• Semihydromorphic. Ukwenziwa kwezi imihlaba kwenzeka xa ukufuma komhlaba unako nanini na ixesha angaxingi phezu komhlaba zeengxondorha umzali kunye nemithombo yomhlaba balala kubunzulu engekho ngaphezulu ezintandathu kweemitha.
• zemihlaba Hydromorphic. Ngokufanelekileyo, primer enjalo abunjwe kwiimeko apho phezu kwamanzi ixesha elide angaxingi phezu zeengxondorha, ukufuma umhlaba kubunzulu yeemitha ezintathu.

Kuzo zonke ezi meko, ixabiso elikhulu ukuze kube ngumba anthropogenic wesiseko lomhlaba. Le ndoda ngethuba nemisebenzi yabo kwezoqoqosho rhoqo ungenamandla waphuphuma iindawo ezinkulu kumphezulu womhlaba, ochaphazela kakhulu iimpawu ukubunjwa komhlaba.

iinkqubo ilunga

Ukuba kumphezulu ithambeka yi degrees-30 okanye ngaphezulu, lo mmandla uba kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo. Ngoko ke, phantsi kwezi meko, zigcwala ukhukuliseko olubangwa ngamanzi. It izenzo iintlobo umoya onamandla kakhulu, nto leyo eqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezineteriyeni caba okanye apho kwithambeka wobuso lincinane kakhulu. Xa sijonga imiba engundoqo lokusekwa nomhlaba kummandla Orenburg, oku lula kubonwa. Ngaloo imimandla indima "lingonakali" ubuso iintlobo eziphambili umaleko bezimbiwa udlala umoya, owawufikelela sesiqhelo phezulu kakhulu.

Inkululeko ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwanaxa yokuzivelela le flora kwezinye iindawo. Oku kakhulu ngokucacileyo wabonakaliswa ukutshintsha olungaselunxwemeni okanye yolwandle care (okanye ngokuphendululekileyo, iindawo izikhukula). Oku kukhokelela ekubeni ukwanda okanye ukuhla komgangatho utshintsho yamanzi nomhlaba kwi emhlabeni komjikelo yophuhliso (uhlobo automorphic sitshintshele hydromorphic, okanye ngokuphendululekileyo).

impembelelo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

izinto eziphilayo kukwenziwa lomhlaba nganye ihamba phambili. Kuphela emva kokuba zombini kumhlaba na izinto eziphilayo zokuqala, oko libe umgaqo. Enyanisweni, inkqubo ukubunjwa komhlaba ngokwayo kunokubonwa njenge intsebenziswano ebalulekileyo phakathi eziphilayo (micro-eziphilayo) kunye ezingaphiliyo (umhlaba eyaphukileyo) indalo. I umthombo iliwa ngethuba le nkqubo zaguqulwa ngokufanelekileyo. Imeko ephambili lokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka ukuyilwa lomhlaba - basinge komhlaba planet amandla obuma- elanga.

igesi esesibhakabhakeni, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, iimveliso zabo pathways - zonke ezi zinto kunye neemeko ukwakhiwa zomhlaba "kwakhokelela" yokuba namhlanje phantsi kweenyawo zethu kukho emhlabeni otyebileyo apho abantu ukuba ukukhula ukutya ngokwabo kunye nokutya yemfuyo.

Kwakhona, loo hlobo "Energomera" sisixa wamandla ongenayo elanga. Phezu inceda izimbiwa move (okt uhlobo ezingaphiliyo) kuphila. Njengokuba mhlawumbi thelekelwayo, sithetha inkqubo yefotosinthsis. Ukongeza, amandla elanga kwenza Incedisa kwiindawo zezityalo ofileyo emhakeni leyi ezingaphiliyo. Ngenxa luyinkqubo eqhubekayo luthatha ngamawaka okanye izigidi zeminyaka, umhlaba wethu uye wafumana "iqokobhe umhlaba" unique, engundoqo wenzala nokukotshwa zezityalo zokubasa.

Ziziphi ezinye izinto kufuneka zikhankanyiwe lomhlaba? Isincoko ebhalwe yesikolo, nkqu abakumgangatho ophakathi, nakanjani kuqwalaselwa ngokwemeko izilwanyana yendima yayo ebalulekileyo beqokelela wamatye. Kwaye yinyaniso ngokupheleleyo!

Indima wezityalo

Eyona "Umthengisi" eninzi ngolunya womhlaba lonke - ukuba isityalo. Ngaphezu koko, nabo baziqwebele amandla elanga (9.33 kcal / gram). Ekubeni avareji ngehektare nganye ikhula ezilishumi eziphilayo yemifuno yande kule ndawo malunga 9.33 * 107 amandla kcal. Enjalo isixa esikhulu kuba awuzibandakanyi edlala kuphela indima ebalulekileyo kuzo zonke iinkqubo ukubunjwa komhlaba, kodwa kwakhona ngempumelelo asetyenziswe ngabantu. Ngoko nje zezona zinto zomhlaba-ukwakha, isityalo, kodwa sisibonelelo esinexabiso amandla! umzekelo ogqibeleleyo - amalahle, ogama oovimba abantu emangalisayo zandifuna ngokunzima ezazisetyenziswa ngayo kwinkulungwane ye-19.

Autotrophs isusiwe kuzo zonke izimbiwa amatye umzali ngokwabo kwaye emveni kokuba iguqulelwa kwi-oganikhi khompawundi ezintsonkothileyo kuzo kamva uphendulela wamatye. Ezinye zezi zinto ziye zibuyiselwe umva kwakhona xa uhlamba zabo zeentsalela amanzi nezityalo ezifileyo. Ezi nkqubo izinto ezibalulekileyo kunye negalelo umhlaba, kuquka ngokufanayo ngokuxuba okuseleyo yengxondorha umzali izinto eziphilayo.

Iindawo plant zokubasa yoxinaniso

Kungokwemvelo ukuba amahlathi bebekelwa uninzi umthamo biomass yemifuno. Kodwa - ayikho uluvo echanileyo kakhulu, njengoko benza nokukhula zalo ezinkulu kwenzeka kuphela kwindawo emathafeni, apho ngaphantsi kwe-85% ye ukugeleza umcimbi returns eziphilayo emhlabeni. Kungenxa yoko le nto emaqeleni wale mithandazo kakhulu otyebileyo ngaphezu emahlathini, apho iimpawu zomhlaba ngokuphathelele koku kakhulu 'ezibalaseleyo ". Oko kukuthi, izinto zomhlaba, ngokufutshane ukuthetha, zahluke kakhulu, naxa ngaphandle efanayo.

Kutheni le nto isenzeka? Inyaniso yokuba emahlathini ngomhlaba enesiqulatho wamatye ephantsi, abantu abaninzi izimbiwa kunye nezinto eziphilayo Sendizihlambile ngaphandle nje sisenzo ukufuma komoya. Xa isityalo biocenosis herbaceous ihlala ngokuqinileyo licinezelwe kunye ukuze ibe omkhulu lwexa zomhlaba. Ezi meko igalelo ukuyilwa umgquba, njengoko amacandelo asezantsi ukufuma kakhulu kwaye hayi ioksijini ngokwaneleyo, nenokuthi ukukhuthaza iinkqubo yokubola. Yintoni kukho enye i imiba uphawu ukubunjwa lomhlaba?

Le ash Umxholo umhlaba

Ngeendlela ezininzi, inkqubo yokubola iintsalela zesityalo kuxhomekeke umchiza ukwakhiwa yokugqibela. Ngenxa yoko, isiqulatho uthuthu of neenaliti (ngamanye amazwi, inani aseleyo amalungu yezimbiwa) ayikho ngaphezulu kwe 2.1%, kunye woods avuthulukayo eli nani lanyuka ukuya kwi-4%. Kumathafa iqondo ash iintsalela zesityalo unako ukufikelela% nje 5-6, kwaye entlango ityuwa, eli nani kwandisa kwi-14% kuzo zonke! Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yokugqibela, ixabiso ezikhethekileyo ngaba asithunyelwanga, ukususela 90% yamalungu izimbiwa - zonke ngokufanayo sodium chloride, calcium nepotassium, nto leyo kwiseti xa ityuwa nezimbuku ngokwabo.

Izityalo luphawulwa yokuba benza evela nemihlaba ngezithako yezimbiwa ezahlukileyo kanye isixa neetyuwa kunye nemixube, bengethixo ke kufuneka ukuba, ngenxa yokukhula kunye nophuhliso. Ngokomzekelo, xa okuziinkozo kunye diatoms yoxinaniso ophezulu kakhulu kwizinto luphawulwa kakhulu silicas kuphela. Xa umhlaba, indawo le ndzo ethile ezi zihlanganisi kunokuba ziyakungahoywa. izityalo zasentlango - lo mzekelo iphawulekayo le ngxelo, njengoko ziqulathe nasebulawini into eninzi iityuwa kwezimbiwa.

Kutheni kufuneka ezi unxulumano? Yinto elula - isanti apho ezi autotrophs kukhula ulondolozo kakuhle kakhulu kuzo zonke izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze izityalo kufuneka ukugcina ngaphakathi emzimbeni wayo efanayo.

Indima zasendle

Kodwa ukuba isikolo okanye iziko lemfundo uya kucelwa: "Yintoni na iinkalo ukuyilwa komhlaba," musa ukulibala ukuba ndithethe ngendima enkulu zezilo. Izilwanyana kukwenziwa kumhlaba otyebileyo nabo badlala indima ebalulekileyo. Apha, ukubaluleka kukuba umhlaba ngokwalo lilikhaya amawaka amaninzi kweentlobo lwezilwanyana kunye iintlobo ezininzi ezincinane. Bathi "duty" ityumza yaye zezityalo processing ubunzima kunye ukuxubana yayo kuqhubana ngayo bha lwexa zomhlaba.

Ezincancisayo kunye nazo zonke ezinye izilwanyana ezinomqolo ukudala nzulu emhlabeni emigodini yawo iindlwane. Abamenzelayo amabuzi, nomatse komhlaba kunye nezinye izidalwa emgodini arholwe kutshona kwezisezantsi iindawo iliwa phezulu. Kwaba kwezo nkalo apho kukho ezininzi yezi zilwanyana (emathafeni), kukho umhlaba olumnyama. Imisundululu kwindawo Ziphinde isixa esikhulu lomsebenzi kwinguqu yecandelo somgquba lomhlaba wamatye. Ngaphezu koko, ezingenamqolo wawuxhokonxa imveliso zomgquba, kwakunye inorganics. Njengazo zonke izinto zendalo kumhlaba-sisenziwa, bazirhumela yokunyusa ukuqokelelana into ephilayo.

Kakade ke, ukwanda yehlabathi isilwanyana nokwahluka kwalo uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kuzo zombini iimeko ngokwezelizwe kunye zemozulu. Le flora ezahlukahlukeneyo nezilwanyana, ngcono kwaye 'qualitative "ifunyenwe kwi imveliso zomhlaba, kokukhona izinto eziphilayo nokuchuma ephakamileyo.

nesimo sezulu

Okokugqibela, cinga imozulu njengomba wesiseko lomhlaba. Ukususela iimeko zejografi zemozulu ixhomekeke kakhulu; kwanele ukujonga Kazakhstan kunye Gobi Desert. On indawo kwakhona kuxhomekeke kwimali iyonke wamandla unyulu ukufikelela ngaphantsi komhlaba. Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu kwi-ikhweyitha, kuba ncinci - kwi esibondeni. Zombini iimeko kakubi kuchaphazela iinkqubo ukubunjwa komhlaba. apha njani umhlaba wabumba? imiba ukubunjwa lomhlaba zixhomekeke kakhulu kwakhona kwi kwimozulu.

Ngeendlela ezininzi, imozulu kunye kwemozulu kuxhomekeke ephakame ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Kufuneka iqondwe ukuba kukho iintlobo ezimbini lweMozulu: amakhulu namancinci. Le nxalenye inkulu ekubunjweni lomhlaba kunye nomoya bathabatha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ye kwezulu. Imozulu ezahlukeneyo ngakumbi, i "ezimibalabala" ngaphezulu ejika emhlabeni imveliso. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa unyango ubushushu ludlala indima ebalulekileyo umthamo ubushushu emhlabeni. oku oqaphelekayo ingakumbi ezintabeni, kunye imiphezulu imibono eyahlukileyo.