Yintoni zincwadi? Definition. Iindidi eziphambili kunye neentlobo

Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha ntoni na uncwadi, ziziphi iimpawu yayo ephambili, iindlela kunye neendidi.

le nkcazelo

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba yintoni na uncwadi. Ngengqiqo ebanzi, oko - iseti zonke iitekisi wakha ebhalwe ngumntu. Kodwa ke inkoliso uncwadi libhekisela oluthile lobugcisa, umsebenzi walo ongundoqo - ukubhala imisebenzi yobugcisa. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuxineneyo kakhulu ukuqonda kota. Ncwadi journalistic, lwezenzululwazi, bulumko, zonqulo. ababephila abafundileyo kaHomer, umzekelo, kunye ngokwenkolelo efanayo ukuba bafundele "Aeneid" Virgil kunye othi "Ngomhla Nature of Izinto," Lucretius. Kodwa abagxeki kwiminyaka 1820, wayibona le mizekelo best iprozi Russian "theory irhafu Experience" N. Turgenev kunye "Imbali uRhulumente Russian" Karamzin. Zombini ezi zenzo ngengqiqo mihla ukuba iitekisi zoncwadi musa isicelo, kodwa loo nto ayithethi ukuthintela ukuba ngemisebenzi ekubeni.

Le mbono "Uncwadi" uye iipropati eziliqela kule minyaka kuhlala ingatshintshwanga.

ubuqambi

Uncwadi ingqalelo imibhalo yokuqala kuphela. Ezipilisi ungaziwa (adalwe yi ngumbhali engaziwayo) kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi (ibhalwe liqela elithile labantu). Le ngongoma ibalulekile kuba ubukho umbhali inika Ugqibo. Umntu Liphelisa ngokwenjenjalo uchaza imida imisebenzi eyenziwe, nto leyo eya ngoku uhlala wedwa. Kungenjalo, oku kunjalo, umzekelo, kunye iitekisi lwemveli. Nabani na ongeze into kuyo ngokwabo zam, ukuba benze utshintsho, bhala iinkcukacha. Kwaye akukho namnye unako ukubeka isiziba utyikityo kweli hlabathi. Yintoni zincwadi? Oku okubhaliweyo bobabo ngumbhali.

itekisi ebhaliweyo

izicatshulwa ezibhaliweyo kuphela libhekisela uncwadi. ngomlomo kule hlobo art awungeni ndawo. LweMveli ebesoloko enayinikelwayo umlomo kumlomo, ukuba ingalungiswa ephepheni, kodwa version yombhalo nonliterary umbhali kuphela. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, kukho iimeko kulo mthetho, amatyala ebizwa ngokuba yi-yenguqu. Lukhona kwi iinkcubeko yesizwe abantu abaya nokufika lokubhala zisekho nanamhla ukuxoxa idaliwe ngohlobo yomlomo umsebenzi wakhe, ebhalwe nangoko ivavanywa nitrogen. iitekisi ezifana zithathwa boncwadi. Ngaloo ndlela, size ukuqonda oko uncwadi. It is a itekisi ebhaliweyo sadalwa ngumntu ngumbhali ethile.

ukusetyenziswa kwamagama

Izincomo iitekisi zoncwadi ukuba wadala ngokusebenzisa amazwi ulwimi lwabantu. Le mibhalo azikho syncretic nezenziwe, apho icandelo yomlomo ayikwazi ingohlulwa ezibonakalayo, zomculo, okanye ezinye. Opera okanye ingoma - hayi inxalenye yale ncwadi. Noko ke, oko kudla ngexesha lethu, ukuze umculo amagama umsebenzi wadala ngumbhali efanayo. Indlela esebenzayo zithathwa nje uncwadi, ezifana nezibongo Vysotsky lokuba iingoma - kunzima ukutsho. Kwelinye icala, sentsomi "The Little Prince" Exupery Saint kwakhona kunzima igama umsebenzi wokubhala kuphela ngenxa yokuba kukho indima ebalulekileyo saba ngumbhali ukubonisa okubhaliweyo.

kwixabiso lentlalo

Ukuze ekugqibeleni ukuba uqonde ukuba le ncwadi, kufuneka siqwalasele omnye njengekhrayitheriya. Yena ayisekho fanele ukuba isakhiwo yesicatshulwa, kodwa umsebenzi wayo. imisebenzi zoncwadi zithathwa iingxelo zinokubaluleka ekuhlaleni, oko kukuthi, izincoko zesikolo, iidayari zobuqu, zeembalelwano ezisemthethweni ezinxulumene uncwadi akunjalo. Lo mthetho ine ngaphandle. Ukuba iileta okanye iidayari ebhalwe ngumbhali of a ebalulekileyo (ababhali, izazinzulu, abezopolitiko, kunye nabanye.) Yaye baphalaze ukukhanya kumsebenzi wakhe wokudala, ngoko ekuhambeni kwexesha zinaso ubume umsebenzi wokubhala. Umzekelo, Sergeya Esenina blog kudala domain oluntu ipapashwa kunye neminye imisebenzi wembongi.

Eyona eziphambili ze

Uncwadi yinto obugcisa, ukugcina, kwimbali yobomi, reference lwenzululwazi okanye ethandwayo yesayensi neyokufundisa, ubuchule kunye nokusingqongileyo. Zamabali, ngokungafaniyo nabanye iintlobo zayo, ejongisele ngokukhawuleza kubuhle. Xa umbhali fiction ufuna ukubonisa umfundi izigqibo zakhe, yaye maxa wambi nje ukonwabisa kuye.

Kwamandulo, sobulumko yamaGrike yamandulo Aristotle "Poetics 'yakhe bahlukahluka zonke iimveliso zibe iintlobo ezintathu: umdlalo weqonga, lyric kunye enkulukazi. Xa iincwadi kamva yaseYurophu ewela neentlobo ezininzi: inoveli, elegy, uvuthondaba, ode, umbongo, ntlekele, comedy. iye ivele Drama kuphela kwinkulungwane XVIII. Uphuhliso uhlobo iincwadi ayiyeki. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, sifunda amabali kwakho, elingezenzululwazi, thrillers, intshukumo, "zamasikizi" kunye nezinye iincwadi umdla. Uncwadi namhlanje oluya kuphela ephepheni kodwa ngenxa iifayile ikhompyutha kwi-elektroniki.

iincwadi Russian

Uncwadi yayibaluleke gqitha ubomi kwezopolitiko eRashiya. Kwimeko apho uluntu bakhanyiselwa asikwazanga ukuveza izimvo zabo neengcinga, le fomu zobugcisa sele uhlobo valve ukhuseleko. Ngokomzekelo, kwinkulungwane XIX ulwimi Russian kunye noncwadi banyanzeleka ukuba umlinganiswa journalistic. Ababhali funda kabanzi baba bhanya documentary kunye neentatheli. Umgxeki V. G. Belinsky, ngaphandle ukubhala ebomini bam nayiphi inoveli, ibali okanye umdlalo, iye malivakale kunye nombhali efundekayo kakhulu.

Kwakuba nje amandla elililo lwe kwinkokeli okanye kumkani eRashiya thile eliqingqiweyo, eli lizwe kwathiwa 'ekupheleni enkulu iincwadi "(VV Rozanov). Ngoko ke ngowe-1910, xa Russia yokuqala ukuvela neNgonyama yepalamente, efana lizwe abanamava-1990, emva kokuba ekuweni USSR.

iincwadi classical Russian - enye yezona umdla ngokubanzi ifundwe ehlabathini. UTolstoy, UNikolai Gogol, Pushkin, F. Dostoevsky - siziinkosi bavuma zokuvakalisa ezobugcisa.