Yiplanethi encinane iPluto

Yintoni iba kakhulu umdla kuthi, yaye maxa wambi oyikisayo? Secret. Unexplored. Ukuyichaza. Kwaye usebenza ngokupheleleyo yonke indawo. Nakuba indawo. Okanye kunoko, ngokukodwa isithuba. Ekubeni isithuba igcwele ezininzi imibuzo engenampendulo kwaye uyothuka sibe Ukungaqiniseki yayo kunye engaziwayo. Enye yezi, ukutsala iimfihlakalo, yi iPluto - umhlaba lo mba evela kwinkqubo yethu langa, yafunyanwa 1930th. Nangona kamva, ukufunda iifoto abadala, yomhla we-1914, lo mhlaba aphinde abonwe.

Kokuma, leyo ngoku ayaqhubeka ukubonelela ulwazi ngokwaneleyo ukuba bade ukufumanisa: iPluto - umhlaba, okanye hayi? Kubonakala ngathi yinkwenkwezi kunye nexabiso pyatnadtsatizvezdnoy. Mars, mhlawumbi, kakhulu, ngebaba ukukhazimla efanayo, oko imi kumgama elifanayo kuthi. Oku kuthetha ukuba iPluto ukuze abe ubukhulu Mars. uvavanyo oluchanileyo olungakumbi ubukhulu be planethi wamnika 1950th. J. Kuiper ikwazile ukulinganisa ubukhulu emboxo kwenye, ubungqina bakhe, 0 "23. Ukuba i" ukuguqulela "imilinganiselo yethu, ukuba ubukhulu iya kuba 2.900 km.

Ngowe-1968, ukususela ngo-Apreli 28 ukuya 29, 12 zakhiwo walinda iPluto uya kudlula kwenye inkwenkwezi, lingana yakhe ubukhulu. Uluvo apha kukuba, ukuba lo Kuiper akazange iphutha ubukhulu, iPluto kwafuneka awavale kuyo. Kodwa ayenechaphothi engazange buthathaka. Kwaye uthi iPluto ubukhulu hayi ngaphezulu kwe-5500 km. Ubunzima iPluto ngakumbi kunzima ukubala. Amaqabane abenazo, ezinomsila engeenxa zonke kuyo ongenakuwelwa.

Izazi American R. Duncombe, P. Seydelmanom E. Jackson kunye ngeenkwenkwezi Polish kwenziwe B. Klepchinskim omkhulu umsebenzi; Luqhubekekisiwe 5426 imigqaliselo ngoBume weNeptune kwisithuba ukususela 1846 ukuya kwiminyaka 1868, waza wafumanisa: ubunzima iPluto, ngokunxulumene umhlaba 0,11. Leyo ke ubunzima Mars, kodwa iPluto lingaphantsi kwe Mars. Ukuthatha kuba kuye zibalwa ubudeki ubunzima malunga 5500 km, kwaye afumane ingxinano iPluto - 8 g / cm ^ 3, yaye enyanisweni oko kakhulu kakhulu. . Ngowe-1978, i-J. Christie yenza ubhaqo engalindelekanga; akufumana iifoto ezindala iPluto. Ivula waqinisekisa-manzi ezine kugqame observatory kwi Cerro Tololo. Ukuba unyango satellite kwaye wanceda ukuba ukujonga ubunzima iPluto: 1.1 10 ^ 25 g, yaye oku - 1/500 konyanzeliso Umhlaba wethu! Kwaye ezi zibalo kwakhokelela ekubeni isicelo esitsha: iPluto phakathi iiplanethi inkqubo yethu yeyona incinane!

Well iqondo lobushushu, ngethiyori, kufuneka kuwo malunga 40 K. Kule lobushushu, lo amafu yi methane. Oku kuthetha ukuba methane ice akwazi kakuhle kuba iPluto. Kokuma 1977 yaqinisekisa kwesizindlo: spectrum infrared usiyekile, ekugqibeleni, cinga izitropu isici. A kancinane ngaphambili, ngowe-1970, ngezithandelo kugqame sentimitha-60 afunyanwa efanayo imizila ukufunxeka yentsimbi. Kulo 1930th, Matshi 12, kwakukho omnye umyalezo: ukuhlola lwexesha elide kunye nophando uLowell umhlaba abanomdla ibekwe ngaphaya abanjengoNeptune, kwakhokelela ekugqibeleni kwafunyanwa, into entsha engaziwayo, isikhokelo kunye nesantya nentshukumo yayo iiveki ezisixhenxe obabulingana umzimba, gqolo ibekwe ngaphaya komzila planethi kwabanye, kuloo mmandla kubonisiwe uLowell ubukhulu - elinesihlanu. Kungekudala ihlabathi ngeenkwenkwezi, kwagqitywa ukunika igama planethi - iplanethi iPluto, eyona ifanelekileyo kuye, ekubeni intshukumo emhlabeni wathabatha indawo emnyama, kwimimandla ongaphandle wezijikelezi-langa. Iileta ezimbini zokuqala ezisetyenziswa isihloko --inishiyali Persivallya uLowell, owathi khona i planethi elingaziwayo kodwa abafa unyaka emva kokuba iingqikelelo ashicilelwe.

Ukufunyanwa iPluto endaweni ngowe-1919. ingozi wangenelela. Ke izibalo Milton Hyumansonom yenziwa indawo planet kunokwenzeka ukufota kummandla lezithuba zayo kunokwenzeka nomfanekiso wafumana kulo mhlaba. Ngomhla ingxenye yomfanekiso libetha emulsion kwaye ukuba ubungqina bobukho kukho umzimba wasezulwini akwenzeki. SeBhulin elindele fumanisa ... Sele kwi 1930th, esazi ngokuthembekileyo malunga ubukho seBhulin kunye orbit, kunokwenzeka ukuba bachonge imifanekiso wayethathe.