A kusilela lorhwebo kunye surplus: definition kunye neziphumo

Njengoko sisazi, imarike kuyinto ngomqondo kwezoqoqosho, ukusebenza ngokuvumelana imigaqo nemithetho elawula izinto ezithile kunye nonikezelo kunye nemfuneko, ixabiso intsilelo iimpahla okanye surplus. Ezi amagama abo angundoqo kunye kuchaphazela zonke ezinye iinkqubo. Yintoni kusilela kurhwebo surplus, kwakunye neendlela ingenzeka kunye nokupheliswa kuxoxwe ngazo ngezantsi.

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo

Imeko efanelekileyo emarikeni na inani elifanayo kweempahla uthengiswe, kunye abathengi Abaxhobele kusithenga ngexabiso iseti a. ukufanisa enjalo kwaneliswe imfuno kuthiwa kuvuselele emarikeni. Ixabiso, nto leyo imiswe phantsi kwezi meko, ebizwa kwakhona lizama. Nangona kunjalo, le meko kwenzeka kuphela kwexesha elinikiweyo, kodwa ayikwazi ukuba zigcinwe ixesha elide. Ukutshintsha rhoqo konikezelo kunye nemfuno ngenxa izizathu ezininzi ebangela ukwanda kwemfuno okanye unikezelo. Ekubeni into ebizwa intsilelo urhwebo intsalelo yorhwebo. Eyokuqala ichaza ingqikelelo ezingaphezu kwemfuneko phezu uncedwa, okwesibini - ephambene ngqo.

Ukwenzeka kunye nokuphelisa lokusilela isikali lemakethi

Esona sizathu kukuba ngaxa lithile ngexesha kukho ukunqongophala kwempahla, - esibukhali kwanda kwemfuno, apho kungekho xesha ukuphendula isithembiso. Noko ke, xa urhulumente ezandleni-off okanye inkqubo gqithi izinto ezithile (iimfazwe, iintlekele zemvelo, iintlekele zemvelo, njalo-njalo), imarike uyakwazi ukunyenyisa ngokuzimeleyo inkqubo. Kubonakala ngathi le nto:

1. Ukwanda kwemfuno kwaye kukho intsilelo yorhwebo.
2. Kokunyuka kwamaxabiso lizama, nto leyo ekhuthaza abavelisi ukwandisa umthamo kwimveliso.
3. Inani imveliso kwi kwandisa emarikeni.
4. Kukho ezithile zabasebenzi (surplus).
5. Ixabiso lizama iwela ukuba abakhwetha ungqameko zemveliso.
6. Imo lonikezelo kunye nemfuno ngcono.

iinkqubo ezinjalo ezenzeka emarikeni rhoqo kwaye ziyinxalenye yenkqubo noqoqosho lweli lizwe. Nakuba kunjalo, ukuba kukho na ukutenxa kule nkqubo, ulawulo echazwe ngasentla lungenzeki, imiphumo inokuba unzima kakhulu: a abasisigxina kunye nokunqongophala kakhulu kwempahla kwiqela elinye kunye agqithisile enye, ukukhula yokunganeliseki ethandwayo, ukuvela kwezikim isithunzi imveliso, ubonelelo kunye neentengiso, njl

Umzekelo nje kwixa elidlulileyo

A kusilela yorhwebo nako ukwenzeka kwaye ebangela ukuphazamiseka kakhulu kwiinkqubo kwimarike, nto leyo ke kaninzi kuthatha indawo kuqoqosho acwangcisiweyo okanye umyalelo. Umzekelo iphawulekayo woku ukunqongophala kokutya kunye nokutya imveliso kwi 80s eSoviet Union. ucwangciso imveliso olubanzi kakhulu, zithwele kwaye bhetyebhetye ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuthengwa ngexesha elinye ntle kunye nokufumaneka kweemali kwakhokelela ekubeni ezishelfini zazingenanto, kunye nayiphi na imveliso ukuba iyafumaneka ukwakha ufolo enkulu. Abavelisi abakwazanga ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-nkonzo, njengoko akanayo ukukwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza imfuno - zonke iinkqubo zenziwa ngqo subordinated ukuba iinkqubo kumaziko aseburhulumenteni eziye zaba elide kakhulu yaye nako ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemalike. Ngoko ke, ixesha ngokwaneleyo elide emarikeni lonke ukuseka intsilelo yorhwebo esisigxina. Umyalelo uqoqosho ukumelana nale meko kunzima ngenxa ezi nkalo zingasentla, ngoko ukusombulula ingxaki, ungakwazi noba uzalise ngokutsha kwenkqubo, okanye ukuyitshintsha.

Ngumkhuba microeconomics

A kusilela yorhwebo kungenzeka kuphela kuqoqosho lonke elo lizwe, kodwa kumashishini ngamnye. Yena kuyenzeka ukuba zombini okwexeshana kunye nokusisigxina, ephawuleka ngokungabikho kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo ukukhawulelana nemfuno. Kodwa nshita kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho esikalini lwamashishini esitokisini kunye nemfuneko phezu koko kuxhomekeke kumgangatho wokwenza izicwangciso. Nangona kunjalo, izinga imveliso abasabela utshintsho imarike nayo ibalulekile. Kwinqanaba ezicacileyo, intsilelo trade eziliqela iziphumo: imali kwemivuzo, amathuba yokuphulukana zombini abathengi rhoqo kunye, ilahleko ngokokuzithandela.

Oonobangela kunye neziphumo surplus

Ezingaphezu unikezelo Iwayo nayiphi na impahla okanye iqela lonke phezu imfuno ibangela kwemfuneko. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba surplus. Ukubonakala kwasala kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho yinkqubo yendalo - isiphumo ukungalingani - kwaye ngokuzimeleyo zilungiswe kule ndlela ilandelayo:

1. Nciphisa kwimfuno okanye yonikezelo kwemfuneko.
2. Ukuvela kwemfuneko.
3. Ukuhla kwamanani emarikeni.
4. Ukunciphisa umthamo kwimveliso nonikezelo.
5. Ukukhula kwexabiso lemarike.
6. Ukuzinziswa kwemfuneko kunye nonikezelo.

zintsalela zorhwebo zisisiphumo kwingqikelelo ephosakeleyo kuqoqosho ezicwangcisiweyo. Ekubeni nkqubo ke asikwazi self-ukulawula ngenxa yokuba ukuphazamiseka kakhulu, esaleleyo ingahlala ixesha elide ngaphandle ithuba ityala layo.

Intsalela ngaphesheya lweshishini

Intsalela ngaphakathi amashishini ngamnye khona. Ukunqongophala kwempahla kunye kubaqeshwa abangaphezulu microeconomics zilawulwa hayi emarikeni, yaye "ngesandla", ie usebenzisa, ubukhulu becala, ucwangciso kunye uqikelelo. Ukuba wenza amaphutha, eli lixesha lokuba kuziwe, ndaqonda ukuba imveliso intsalela iifom, leyo kunokukhokelela kwiilahleko zemali kwezi nkqubo. Okubuhlungu oku kusebenza kumashishini ukutya kunye nezinye period ukuqaliswa yona impahla encinane. Kwakhona, esaleleyo kungabangela ukonakala kakhulu uzinzo lwemali amashishini abo iimveliso ukuxhomekeka onyaka.

Sombulula ingxaki sonikezelo kunye nemfuno lizama kanye nabo bonke akunakwenzeka nokuba kuzwelonke okanye kwisithuba kwishishini elinye. Ukongeza, eso sigqibo kuphela kungajongwangwa ntsingiselo, njengokuba intsilelo kwaye surplus yinkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu, nto leyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuvuselela uphuhliso loqoqosho kunye nemveliso, kwakunye zorhwebo inter-karhulumente kunye nobudlelwane kwimeko kumazwe angaphandle kunye import.