A nesisombululo ezikweni ukuba ngokubekwa izitena: izakhi, olinganise, ukulungiselela

Kakuhle nokulungiselela isisombululo ukuba wamatye eziko ezenziwe ngezitena - le yenye yezona meko ibaluleke kakhulu ukwakhiwa ngempumelelo ngokwenene eso sakhiwo. Abantu abaninzi ngokufuthi musa ukunikela ingqalelo ngokwaneleyo kule ndawo, ngenxa ukuma eziko zabo ezinde, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha azikwazi ukusebenza ngokwesiqhelo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kweli nqaku siza kuxubusha ngokweenkcukacha indlela eyenziwe kakuhle isisombululo wamatye eziko ezenziwe ngezitena, yaye kufuneka ulicingele ukuze isitovu wayemele athenjwe ngokwenene yaye ixesha elide.

uya kuba yintoni?

Ngexesha kungekabekwa amaziko efunekayo ngokubanzi malunga ezintathu amabhakethi isisombululo nganye lezitena ezilikhulu. Kwiimeko ezininzi, isisombululo ngcono ukwenzela izitena wamatye ezikweni unalo sisincoko efanayo, ngoko umele zingamelana ukuya ku-1000 ^{° C} ngaphandle deformation. Abasebenza ixesha elide kweli entsimini, umgangatho ngodongwe ukuba ziveliswe ngaphandle isisombululo ubunzima iya kumiselwa ngaphandle kwebala, kunye namalungu wamatye eyenziwe okusuka omalunga 4 mm. Ukuba ngokwenza ziyatyeba le seams, umxube ukwenzela izitena wamatye ezikweni akayi kuba nako ukubuphikisa nokumelana amaqondo aphezulu kwaye ivuthu-, ebangela ukuba kusekwe lwamathanda leyo maxongo onge amafutha. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, asinakho ukuba ekugqibeleni ezi ngxaki ziza kukhokelela ingozi yokukhululwa carbon monoxide egumbini lokuhlala, leyo enokukucaphukisa i imiphumo ebuhlungu kakhulu.

Zintoni ekufuneka ndiziqondile?

Enye imithetho zibalulekileyo isitovu-umenzi sesi silandelayo: udongwe ngaphantsi lisetyenziswa wamatye, kokukhona kuya kuba ubulunga bayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba udongwe kukodwa kwakhiwe ezindilekileyo, kuba umntu esebenza nabo bantu abo engaganwanga kwizinto ezinjalo ngokuchubekileyo umgaqo alinayo nayiphi na izakhono ezifanelekileyo. Xa kunjalo, ukuba wamatye lwenziwa kwi isisombululo zesamente, kukowuphi umzekelo apho kuya kuba nzima ukuba aludilize ngaphandle ilahleko kakhulu, ngoko ukuba wenze njani udaka isitena kusenzima umntu wobugcisa, kodwa kuba nzima ukwakha kakuhle zonke ngakumbi. isisombululo Clay kwakhona ivumela, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ngokulula ibattery ezikweni ngaphandle nayiphi na inkunkuma. Xa inkqubo ukulungiswa njengoko ngezitena kunye nezinye izinto zokwakha, esetyenziswa ngokubekwa isisombululo ngodongwe, minkarhi hinkwayo.

Ngaba ndidinga mithi?

Kukholelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwandisa amandla yesisombululo esetyenzisiweyo, ukuba ukusetyenziswa izongezelelo ezizodwa, kodwa enyanisweni asifanele silibale ukuba kwiminyaka nje eli-100 eyadlulayo, akukho ongeziweyo ezo ayisetyenziswa, kodwa ziko, nto leyo yayisekelwe ngqo kwi isisombululo udongwe, wakhonza ngokuthembeka abantu kwiminyaka elikhulu okanye ngaphezulu, njengoko ukulungiselela isisombululo ukuba ngokubekwa izitena ngodongwe - ayikho umsebenzi onjalo nzima, kwanokuba kufuneka ukuba benze konke okusemandleni ukuze ngokufanelekileyo nangempumelelo. Xa kunjalo, ukuba babe nako ukulungiselela kakuhle zonke izithako okwenza isisombululo lodongwe ongazifuniyo na ongeziweyo, kunye neengcebiso ezahlukeneyo kulo mzekelo zezi umnatha elula ukhuseleko.

kufuneka ibe njani?

Ukuze kube nokwakhiwa lezonka oluthembekileyo ngokwenene ezenziwe ngezitena, kuyimfuneko ukuba kusetyenziswe yeplastiki kakhulu, kodwa intle isisombululo "ngamanqatha". Xa kunjalo, ukuba kakhulu ukuba ungayibaxi kunye "ngamanqatha" yezisombululo emva wokwaphusa lokugqibela ngokwanele zancitshiswa kakhulu xa umthamo okanye ungakwazi ukuzivula. Kwangaxeshanye, isisombululo "ukubhitya imiso" akayi ukufezekisa amandla efunekayo, apho uyilo ayinakuthenjwa kakhulu.

Odongwe lokuvelisa yesisombululo abafani plasticity kunye namanqatha, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba kukho iidipozithi zodongwe, nesisombululo leyo yenziwe mafutha eziqhelekileyo nkqu yokungabikho kwentlabathi. Sidla mix ngexesha elifanayo iintlobo ezimbini okanye ezintathu ngodongwe, leyo ithathwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa lo mzekelo kwanele ukuba bagcine balawule engqongqo.

Njani na ukuxuba?

Ekuqaleni, nokuhlanganiswa isisombululo ukwenzela izitena wamatye weziko lomlilo oluqhutywa kwiphondo owomileyo, kodwa azivalele umxube ngenxa ngamanzi. Xa udongwe kuya kuba olunamafutha ngaphezu ecwangcisiweyo, xa isisombululo ngakumbi ifakwe isanti isixa ukusuka kwelinye-isiqingatha kwiindawo ezintlanu kuxhomekeka kumthamo. Umlinganiselo uqhelekileyo zesanti nodongwe ukuya umlinganiselo isisombululo sele zilungiselelwe yi-1: 1 okanye 2: 1. Amanzi yongezwe malunga ikota inani nodongwe.

Kufuneka ukhumbule ukuba unyango lodongwe kutyetyiswa kufuneka asebenzise isixa-mali esikhudlwana zesanti, yaye oko kufuneka entle-olungisiweyo kakhulu, xa kungekho naziphi na ukungcola. Ekuqaleni, lo intlabathi zazihluzisiswa ngokusebenzisa ngesihlungulo entle, kwaye ukusuka udongwe ndayame kakhulu ukususa zonke isanti.

Indlela ukukhangela umgangatho?

Kukho eziliqela ngeendlela ukujonga njani umgangatho udongwe. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, kwiimeko ezininzi, iingcali zorhwebo engcono bayakwazi ukujonga umgangatho nje okunene udaka lodongwe for wamatye emva kokupheka.

Kuba abantu musa zibanga kule ndawo, indlela elula ukulolonga ibhola ngaphandle yesisombululo roll yayo emgangathweni wenza. Xa kunjalo, ukuba ibhola crumbled ngokupheleleyo, libonisa ukuba isisombululo uzilungiselele iqulethe isanti kakhulu, kwakunye ukuyilwa uthe inani elikhulu lwamathanda. Ngexesha sisombululo eqhelekileyo anyuswe okanye noneoli efunyenwe ibhola akufuneki naziphi ukuqhekeka.

Kwakhona, kukho ezinye iindlela ezintathu ukufumanisa umgangatho wamatye udaka.

kuqala

Thatha malunga 0.5 l ngodongwe, emva koko idityaniswa ngayo imali amancinane amanzi kunye nezandla waxovula kakuhle de kube lelo xesha de onke amanzi kuwo akukho ehleli ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ngokwalo ayiyi unamathele izandla. Emva ukupheka, ukubilisa ibhola ntlama liqengqwa, netoti ovela-40 ukuya kwi-50 mm, kwaye ke ibhola efanayo zisetyenziselwa ukwenza amaqebengwana, apho ubukhulu yi-100 mm. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, imveliso utshile iintsuku ezimbini okanye ezintathu.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ikeyiki eli xesha kwasekwa naziphi iintanda, ithi ukuba nodongwe kutyetyiswa kakhulu, yaye kuya kufuneka ukuba kongezwe esantini. Kwakhona, ukuba iintanda abangekhoyo ngokupheleleyo, yaye ngaloo ndlela emva ukuwa ukusuka kubude omnye bead imitha akuthethi iba, udongwe ukulungele ukwenza isisombululo umgangatho ophezulu nodongwe kunye nesanti.

Sandy udongwe, kakhulu, akayi ngothanda, kodwa kufuneka uyaqonda ukuba ulula, kangangokuba kuya kufuneka wongeze kuyo isixa esikhulu ngokwaneleyo ngodongwe amanqatha, yaye ngenxa yoko unako ukufumana ukuhamba isisombululo ngaphezulu 1 m3 amaziko. udongwe wodwa okanye isanti lifakiwe e abapase eziliqela, emva nganye apho umgangatho retest wavelisa isisombululo.

okwesibini

Clay ubeke kwezinye izitya, kwaye ezaliswe ngamanzi, emva koko ukuyondelelana engumphumela okroqiweyo, oyimiqhathane egalelwe ibe amaqhuma Veselka. Xa kunjalo, xa udongwe unamandla ngokwaneleyo ukunamathela Veselka okanye ngokupheleleyo lubagubungela kuye, ibonisa isiqulatho ngamanqatha ngokugqithisileyo yesisombululo onesiphumo, apho kuya kufuneka ukuba ukongeza isixa esithile zentlabathi. Ukuba, emva kokuba ukukhwezela kwi Veselka na lutyhido enye kuphela, oko kuthetha ukuba udongwe eziqhelekileyo, kwaye nibe senilungile ukusuka nodaka eziko wamatye nkqu yokungabikho kwentlabathi. Ngu maleko ubhityileyo into ezingcakacileyo kakhulu umiselwa udongwe, kwaye kule meko, ukwenzela ukunika yesiqhelo flow nesisombululo iimpawu iklatshi, kuyimfuneko ukuba ongeze kuyo imali ethile ngodongwe ngamanqatha.

lesithathu

Le ndlela yeyona ichanekile kakhulu kwaye ivumela ukuba ukujonga arcade games ngodongwe olufunekayo yezitena lemveliso. Malunga nama-0,5 iilitha Udongwe gama axovula ukuba ukuxinana karhulumente zemigrayo ngokuqinileyo, ngoko waxovula ngenyameko izandla zakhe ngendlela efanayo indlela yokuqala. Ke kule ibhola intlama liqengqwa, nto leyo amalungiselelo phakathi ngamaplanga ezimbini uncwelwe, incopho licinezelwe kakuhle, ngokuthe ngcembe ngokuveza lo bead ngenxa. Ucinezelo iyaphindwa nje ibhalbhu akayi ukuzivula. Degree umxholo ezityebileyo kule meko sagqitywa kuxhomekeke indlela ibhalbhu i atshabalalisa yaye mlinganiswa ziza kuyilwa ivale.

Ukuba ibhola owenziwe ngodongwe ngobulungisa ibhityile, ngoko kulo mzekelo, enoba konqakrazo loqupho phezu kwalo, iwela ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle zibe ziingceba. I ibhola udongwe okunamafutha uya ivale phantsi ucinezelo malunga ikota okanye yesihlanu. Ukuba ibhola zixinaniswe ukuya kwenye-wesithathu ubukhulu, uze ikhefu, oku kubonisa ukuba lo udongwe eziqhelekileyo kwaye ayidingi kudla. ngodongwe olunamafutha nga ziwe nesiqingatha balo babulingana nesandla yoqobo.

Njengenye enokukhethwa

Ukususela uvavanyo efanayo naleyo ibhola, izandla nga unroll misila, apho ubukhulu yi 10-15 mm, ubude - 200 mm. Misila bazimisele enembonakalo isangqa ngeenxa zonke izikhonkwane thaca okanye nangengalo.

Kwimeko ukuba iflagellum uza kuncothulwa kakuhle, udongwe kutyetyiswa, yaye inxalenye yesisombululo ukuba wamatye kuya kufuneka wongeze isanti. Xa usebenzisa msila ngodongwe eqhelekileyo iya kuthathwa kakuhle waziqhawula kuphela xa ubukhulu wayo kwindawo ye komsipha ingaphantsi kwe Ebubanzini lokuqala yomsila malunga 15-20%, lo gama xa ugoba kuvela iintanda ezincinane. Ukusuka msila ngodongwe ndayame kakhulu na ololulele, inika umsantsa ngokwaneleyo obungalinganiyo, yaye xa wazolula apho kukho inani elikhulu discontinuities neentanda.

Zintoni ekufuneka ndiziqondile?

iindlela Test kwasani ibhola izihlandlo ezininzi ukujonga udongwe oqhelekileyo, nto leyo Lifanele ukuba ukuveliswa izitena kwelanga-ezomisiweyo, ngokunjalo ukuba wamatye amaziko isisombululo.

Kaninzi ngexesha uvavanyo kuya kufuneka ukuxuba iintlobo ezininzi zodaka ukwenza isisombululo ofezekileyo wamatye, ogama olinganise kuzakutelekisa iimfuno eceliweyo. kuya kufuneka kwakhona ukudibanisa okanye ukususa intlabathi xa kuyimfuneko. Indlela kuphela uya kukwazi ukukhetha umlinganiselo kakhulu ngokupheleleyo izinto uze wenze ngokwenene isisombululo ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Nokuba ezinxaxhileyo kuvumelekile?

Nokuba impazamo ekhoyo, kungcono impazamo kwicala le umxholo amanqatha, njengoko ngenxa ukusebenza eziko cishe ezingabonakaliyo. Kwimeko yesisombululo iya kuba eninzi kakhulu zesanti, oko ingachaphazela kakhulu amandla yonke wamatye. Ukuba isisombululo kakhulu udaka okunamafutha ukunika iintanda ezinzulu, kodwa unako ukuphelisa kubo, esebenzisa grout a lot of isanti kunye ngokuluqaba mhlophe xa neendlela eziliqela.

Emva ukhetho lokugqibela nje ukulungiselela isisombululo oyifunayo.

Indlela yokulungisa isicombululo?

Ekuqaleni, lo Udongwe zifakwe kwibhokisi elikhulu okanye umkhombe, uze iibhutsi yerabha kunyathelwa kangaka elide zide zibe zonke batyumke lunamahlwili amhlophe ngodongwe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kunokwenzeka ufuna bahlukane usebenzisa loyo elizinikeleyo. Emva ezi nkqubo kuya kufuneka uvavanyo ngokucokisekileyo isicombululo wamnikela ukuba yaphule ngokupheleleyo lunamahlwili amhlophe zodaka. Xa kunjalo, ukuba isisombululo iye ixutywe kakuhle kwaye udongwe efanayo nesanti sele etyhutyha kangangoko, kuya kuba kuhle ukuba isiliphu nesimbo sentsimbi okanye Umhlakulo, oko akuthethi ukuba ukuba banamathele ngokunqabisekileyo.

Ukuba isicelo eziteneni nokuba ngomaleko isisombululo ezinjalo, uze uyibeke phezu kwayo kunye ukusibulala yesibini, uze nemizuzu emihlanu ukuze okuvusa ephezulu, inowuthi umgangatho elilelona kufuneka kubukrazula isisombululo. Kwakhona ngexesha ukwehlisa intonga kwi isisombululo yesiqhelo (nemihlakulwana umz, luthe ngobuxhakaxhaka), ulawulo kufuneka ahlale umkhondo zingabalulekanga.