The Republic of yaseVenice. The Republic of St. kaMarko: imbali

I yelo Republic kwabunjwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesixhenxe eYurophu. yaba likomkhulu isixeko yaseVenice. Emantla-mpuma imimandla yamanje Italian Republic akamthintelanga, kusekwe ithanga kwi nezitya ye Marmara, Aegean kunye Sea Black kunye lweAdriatic. It yayikhona kuze 1797.

ubulungisa Republican

Xa Palace of Doges kwi pyantsette wahlala abaPhathiswa kunye neBhunga kwi Doges, iyintendelezo egumbini lentendelezo. Secretariat, nokuba entolongweni. Ngokugweba weRiphabliki yaseVenice zonke mthetho esidlangalaleni, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwengcaciso - nabani owabulawa waba ngumngcatshi nomdla nemibutho.

Iinkqubo - evame alunywe - asebenza iBhunga kulelona ka Ten. ixesha lokugqibela bendawo wabona isidumbu phakathi iikholam kwi pyantsette hayi kudala - ngo-1752, kule mini kukho umqondiso; phakathi kwiikholam hamba - hayi ngenxa okulungileyo.

Nakuba kunjalo, imizimba ukuze pomereschitsya yonke; kwi Palace i Doge kaThixo, phezu arcade yakhe, apho columns ebomvu, nto leyo hung kunye iintsalela quartered yelenqe Marino Faliero, kwaye nkqu Cathedral, kwikona iintloko zabo ndanahlula zaye ukubonwa. Iqhekeza abomvu, apho wakhonza inkxaso kubo, sisekhona. Ngenxa yoko, nathi, wavakalisa imithetho kufuneka ukuba athobele kwiRiphabliki yaseVenice. Ibali elide yakhe impikiswano.

isimo unique

Olwaqhubeka ukusuka yesihlanu ukuya kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, oorhulumente phantse, ukuba onyulwe ilizwe, kwaye, umntu usenokuthi, idemokhrasi. Emva ngo-466, labemi Venice ichweba bayixuba le mbono lixesha. abameli ezilishumi banyulwa kwiBhodi elinababini ibaluleke kwabo maxesha iziqithi ezenza Venice: Bebb, Grado, Heraclea, Caorle, Torcello, Jesolo, i Rialto, okuhlola, isiko, Malamocco, Big amaNcinane Chioggia.

Vynuzhdlena yelo Republic lwa nzima gqolo: Odoacer, i Ostrogoths, eMpuma uBukhosi baseRoma, ukuba ungenelelo okuphindwayo kwe Lombards ... Sikutyhilelwa ngukumkani imfuneko olukhulu. Okokuqala Doge ekhethwe ebomini bakhe, kodwa ke kungekho nto ibhekisele isikhundla sakhe ilifa kunyaka 697. Yaba Paolo linguLucio Anafesto - yintloko yelo Republic. Nangona kunyulo lokuqala ngokupheleleyo loviwo zibhalwe kwenzeka kuphela ngo-727, xa Doge waba Orseolo.

Iitsheki neebhalansi

EVenice inkqubo wezepolitiki inkqubo yolawulo entsonkothileyo kakhulu. Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayizange yenzeke usurpation ngamandla.

• IBhunga Grand: umzimba ephakamileyo ukuba yonyula iincam esisiseko, oomantyi kunye Doges. Ubulungu kuphela kwilifa phantsi ekungeneni kwi "Incwadi Golden". Inani ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ukusuka abantu 400 ukuya iwaka.
• Doge: banyulwa phakathi liphethwe of San Marco - ofisi ubomi. izigaba ukhetho elinanye. Yenza izigqibo ezizimeleyo ayikwazanga amandla. Ukungabi nako ukuhamba kunye nempahla yabo aphesheya.
• incam Small: nabacebisi ezintandathu ukuya Doge kunye namalungu eBhodi amathathu ezingamashumi amane.
• Amadala: amalungu alikhulu elinamanci mabini kunyulwa ukulungiselela unyaka omnye kunye nelungelo lokuba baphinde bonyulwa. Okuninzi amalungu, anamanci mane ngaphandle amalungelo okuvota. Intloko yeeNgwevu - Collegium elishumi elinesithandathu. Council ukuxoxa nokusombulula yonke nkqubo basekhaya angaphandle.
• IBhunga mane: kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo weRiphabliki. Okubangela amacebiso.
• Icebiso ezilishumi: phantse ekhohlakele. yokucupha ekhethekileyo Doge. Amalungu onyulwa kangangonyaka icebiso enkulu. NoFaro aluvumelekanga. isakhiwo ngokupheleleyo engaziwa.
• Amanye amaziko karhulumente: imifela zobungcali, brotherhoods zonqulo.

Khetha yaye zaba kunyulwa lalikhona yelo xesha, kodwa, njengokuba onke nakuyo yonke indawo, i Doge waba ummeli omnye kwiintsapho ezime. Loo unyulo nje kuphela kwiRiphabliki yaseVenice. Imbali uyaziphinda rhoqo.

Ukufunyanwa kwamandla

Ngokusemthethweni, umzi yaseVenice ikuluhlu ngenxa uBukhosi baseByzantium, kuba ixesha elifutshane Karl Veliky wongeze kuyo yabo, kodwa eneneni kukho bekusoloko wrestling. Nendawo ekhuselekileyo kunye nenzuzo. Republic of yaseVenice nje kuphela urhwebo yimpumelelo kakhulu, kodwa lalwa victoriously, ingakumbi elwandle. Ngenxa yoko, esikunxweme lwempuma yeso kuLwandle lweAdriatic kwaye uninzi Lower Italy waba ingalo Doge yelo xesha.

ZoMnqamlezo ingakumbi yacebisa ubudlelwane zorhwebo, yaye isixeko yaseVenice waqalisa ukuba nempumelelo, ukwandisa impembelelo kuMbindi and Near East. Okhuphisana ebusweni Pisa, kwiRiphabliki City kunye Genoa ayikwazanga akhuphisane kwiRiphabliki the Doges.

kobudala amalungelo

Sekunjalo, ngaphakathi Democrats karhulumente owalwa ngamandla basebukhosini. Umnqweno abathile ukuguqula kwiriphabliki ibe lobukhosi njengelifa akukhange kusebenze. Ngowe-1172 yayibizwa zamasekela Council Great onyulwe ngubani ngamandla one ngamandla Doges.

imizimba lonxibelelwano amagama kunye neenombolo: siseko weRiphabhliki of St. uMarko, ngokufuthi indlela ngokuba Republic of eVenice bamandulo, oko wadala iBhunga mane, iBhunga Five kaHameha, yaye ezi Izidumbu ekhethiweyo amagunya alunge dozham, nabo ukulawula, yaye ukulawula zonke izenzo zonke umlawuli karhulumente. Benza republic efanayo oligarchic, iliso unyulo.

Kulo mfanekiso ingonyama ka St. uMarko, loMshumayeli, igama kunikwa Cathedral nokwenza iBhunga Elishumi, nto leyo uyazingca i yelo Republic. Coat of ezingalweni phambi kwakho.

oligarchy

Inkqubo karhulumente ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo kakhulu ixesha elide kukho imfazwe, kwaye oligarchs baba umthombo ungaphelelwayo mali. Mboleko kunyanzeliswe nokukhathalela ingxenye kakhulu abazizityebi yabemi. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ukwala okanye ngoyaba i sigqibo ukuba wenze yelo Republic. Imbali uye wayilondoloza amagama amaninzi abo babezama ukuxhathisa, kunye abasiphelo yajika zodumo. Noko ke, indibano jikelele abantu ngokuthe kutshitshiswa zize lichithakale. Uwiso-mthetho wasebenza kuphela kuxhamle basebukhosini.

Emva kokoyiswa waseConstantinople yi-Crusaders waya yaseVenice eighths ezintathu wonke ummandla uBukhosi aseByzantium yonke kwisiqithi saseKrete. Ngenxa yoko, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane weshumi elinesihlanu kuyo osisityebi, Musani ukoyika iintshaba. Phakathi Venetians abantu abangaphezu kwe inzululwazi nobugcisa, kunokuba kulo naliphi na elinye ilizwe. Wanda kunye noshishino, kunye norhwebo. Abantu baba zizityebi ngokukhawuleza, ngokuba akayi wakrwitshwa irhafu.

utshintsho

Portugal ngo-1498 wavula indlela eya elwandle ukuya East Indies, yaye isixeko yaseVenice iphelelwe zonke izibonelelo zorhwebo mpuma. Isperih Ottoman wathabatha eConstantinople, wazithabatha Venetians phantse konke ababenako, nkqu Albania kunye Negroponte, uze naseSipro, kunye Candia. Ukususela ngo 1718 weRiphabliki yaseVenice iye phantse zaphela inxaxheba kurhwebo lwehlabathi.

Ineminyaka emibini kunye abemi nesiqingatha sesigidi abahlala e Venice ngokwayo, e kwelaseDalmati, Istria kunye Corinth Islands. Kwaye emva kokuba French Revolution kunye ukuzimela yesixeko yokugqibela ebilahlekile. Bonaparte wathi imfazwe kwiRiphabliki. Akukho thethwano kunye nezibonelelo khange asebenze. IVenice kwiNgxowa ngokokubona ngo-1797. kwintsimi Republic kaThixo yahlulwa phakathi Austria, France kunye ubukumkani Italy.

iziphumo

ubomi Full khona kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-1100, waphumelela ummandla kaliwaka umkhulu ngokwayo, apho waba fleet yomkhosi wamanzi inkulu ehlabathini kwiMeditera, xa ubutshaba kunye Turks and Ottoman, kwiRiphabliki yaseVenice uya kukhunjulwa njengoko lokuqala zorhulumente wentando yesininzi. Le nto yokuba kamva yasilela ukukhusela oyiswe nje kuphela, kodwa ikomkhulu lalo - isifundo esifanayo: imfazwe kunye nabamelwane zayo akukho ngcono kunokuba yoluntu.