Accelerators yomgama amasuntswana icala. Njengokuba umsebenzi yamasuntswana accelerators. Kutheni accelerators yamasuntswana?

Namafutha kwamasuntswana ebizwayo - kwisixhobo apho kwavela kagesi amasuntswana atomic okanye eathom kuphephetheka phantse isantya. Isiseko umsebenzi wakhe kuyimfuneko indyebo yawo amandla esigangeni sombane kwaye utshintshe isikhokelo - ngemagnethi.

Yintoni accelerators yamasuntswana?

Ezi izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo yenzululwazi kunye noshishino. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ehlabathini lonke kukho ezingaphezu kwama-30 amawaka. Kuba nokwakheka accelerators yamasuntswana ebizwayo kusebenza njengesixhobo yophando esisiseko kwi isakhiwo athom, uhlobo zamandla zenyukliya kunye neepropati zenyukliya, ezo musa zenzeke ngokwendalo. Le yokugqibela ziquka transuranic kunye nezinye izinto ezingazinzanga.

Kunye ityhubhu obhobhozayo iye yaba lula ukumisela intlawulo ethile. accelerators yamasuntswana ebizwayo iphinde isetyenziselwe iinjongo kwimveliso radioisotopes, xa ray mveliso, radiotherapy, inzala izinto eziphilayo, kwaye uhlalutyo Radiocarbon. Iiyunithi inkulu zisetyenziswa isifundo leendibano ezisisiseko.

Lilonke amasuntswana kuhlawuliswa ukuphumla malunga namafutha incincane kune koko amasuntswana senyuka saya ngesantya kufutshane isivamvo sokukhanya. Oku kungqina imali lincinane kwizikhululo ixesha. Umzekelo, kwi bakukhathalele kuye kwaphunyezwa ukwanda lilonke Muon isantya 0,9994c izihlandlo 29.

Eli nqaku liphicotha into ngaphakathi nokusebenza yamasuntswana namafutha, uphuhliso yayo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo.

izimiso lunikezelo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni uhlobo accelerators yamasuntswana wakuwisela umthetho, wena uyazi, bonke babe izinto ezifanayo. Okokuqala, kufuneka ube ngumthombo elektroni kwimeko kumabonwakude umfanekiso ityhubhu okanye elektroni, protons kunye antiparticles zabo kwimeko ufakelo ezinkulu. Ngaphezulu, kufuneka onke amasimi zombane ekukhawuleziseni amasuntswana kunye zemagneti ukulawula indlela yabo. Ukongeza, i-emoyeni kwisuntswana namafutha ebizwayo (10 ^-11 mm HG. V.), M. E. A wobungakanani umoya eyintsalela, kufuneka ukuba kuqinisekiswe ubomi elide ixesha iintsika. Ekugqibeleni, bonke ufakelo kufuneka iindlela zobhaliso, ukubalwa kunye nomlinganiselo we amasuntswana olukhawulezisiweyo.

esizukulwaneni

Elektroni kunye protons, ezithi zisetyenziswe kakhulu ngalo accelerators, zifumaneka kuzo zonke izinto, kodwa ke kuqala kufuneka ukhethe kubo. Elektroni uqobo eziqala ngendlela efanayo ityhubhu mfanekiso - kwiphakati ekuthiwa i "umpu". It is a cathode (electrode negative) e zidle, nto leyo ndinobushushu yimeko apho electron baqala ukuza off atom. amasuntswana kakubi icala bathanda le anode (electrode positive) idlule iplagi. Umpu kukodwa elula nje namafutha kuba electron ezihamba phantsi kwempembelelo esigangeni yombane. Le ombane phakathi cathode kunye anode, ngokokuqhelekileyo kuluhlu 50-150 kV.

Ngaphandle elektroni kuzo zonke izinto eziqulethwe protons, kodwa kuphela nucleus Proton olunye yabhalwa-athom hydrogen. Ngoko ke, lo mthombo isuntswana for accelerators Proton na irhasi hydrogen. Kulo mzekelo, yalerhasi insimbi kwaye protons afumaneka nge emngxunyeni. Xa accelerators ezinkulu protons badla kwasekwa ngohlobo ion hydrogen ezimbi. Bamele ovela eyongezelelweyo evela athom ezo udibaniso ionization igesi diatomic. Ekubeni ion hydrogen kakubi amacala sikwinqanaba lokuqala umsebenzi lula. Emva koko udlule ngefoyile ye obhityileyo, leyo kubathintela elektroni phambi Inqanaba lokugqibela le-unikezelo.

lunikezelo

Njengokuba umsebenzi yamasuntswana accelerators? Eyona nto zonke kubo intsimi yombane. Umzekelo elula - intsimi static efanayo phakathi nekhono ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zombane, efana naleyo oluba phakathi iterminal yebhetri yombane. Le endle electron ephethe intlawulo elibi ubethwa amandla olawula ukuba ibe kho nelungileyo. It ibalekisa oko, yaye xa kukho nantoni na eya kuma endleleni, isantya kunye namandla zakhe. Elektroni lisondela amathuba entle ucingo okanye emoyeni, yaye zingqubane kunye athom balahlekelwe amandla, kodwa ukuba ibekwe vacuo, senyuka njengoko besondela kweso anode.

Ukungaqondani phakathi isiqalo nesiphelo nendawo ubeko electron babewathenga amandla. Xa uhambisa ngokusebenzisa isakhono umahluko we-1 V ilingana no-1 electron-volt (eV). Oku kulingana 1,6 × 10 ^-19 esiyijowule. Amandla yingcongconi flying eziphindwe ngaphezulu. Xa elektroni kinescope ukuba okukhawulezileyo ombane mkhulu kuno-10 kV. accelerators abaninzi ukufikelela amandla aphezulu kakhulu kulinganiswa mega, Giga kunye Tera-electron-volts.

uhlobo

Ezinye iintlobo yokuqala accelerators yamasuntswana, efana lingabali ombane kunye wenkunkuma Van de Graaff wenkunkuma, esebenzisa intsimi rhoqo zombane eyenziwe nekhono of ukuya kwizigidi volts. Kunye yombane omkhulu onjalo isebenze lula. A alternative practical ngakumbi isenzo okuphindwayo amasimi zombane amandla eziveliswa nekhono eliphantsi. Lo mgaqo lisetyenziswa iintlobo ezimbini accelerators mihla - linear kunye elibujikele (cyclotrons ikakhulu kunye synchrotrons). accelerators yamasuntswana yomgama, ngamafutshane, wegqitha kanye nge ukulandelelana amasimi uqhu- ngoxa amaxesha cyclically amaninzi zihamba endleleni setyhula emasimini encinane kakhulu zombane. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, amandla lokugqibela amasuntswana ixhomekeke intsimi lilonke amanyathelo, kangangokuba abaninzi "amaqhuma 'ezincinane adityaniswe ukunika isiphumo odityanisiweyo we enkulu eyodwa.

Isakhiwo phinda ngayo namafutha yomgama ukwenza zombane ngendlela yemvelo ukusebenzisa i-AC, hayi DC. Amasuntswana ngokuqinisekileyo undiyalele ukuba olukhawulezisiweyo ukuba amathuba ezingakhiyo ufumane umfutho omtsha, ukuba kudlula HIV. Nto ithetha ukuba, ombane kufuneka itshintshwe ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Umzekelo, kwi-eneji ye-1 MeV Proton lihamba ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu isantya ukukhanya 0,46, edlula 1.4 m ka-0,01 ms. Oku kuthetha ukuba isakhiwo nokuphindaphinda nje iimitha ezimbalwa elide, amasimi zombane kufuneka utshintshe icala rhoqo ubuncinane 100 MHz kwi. Linear kunye accelerators elibujikele amasuntswana ngokuqhelekileyo ndiwachithachithe kunye alternating yombane sokuquqa entsimini ukususela 100 MHz ukuya 3000, t. E. Xa uluhlu kwamaza erediyo microwave.

Iliza magnetic yintlanganisela amasimi jinga nombane zibuthe jinga kwigophe lasekunene omnye komnye. Ingongoma ephambili kukuba ukunyenyisa lencinibakazi namafutha ukuze xa kufika amasuntswana intsimi wombane ngqo ngokuhambelana kumda wesangqa umcephe. Oku kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa ngumtshangatshangiso emi - ukuhlanganiswa amaza abahambahambayo ephambana kwindawo esekhusini, amaza isandi kumbhobho omzimba. Isixhobo esisesinye ngobuwena zemfuduka electron zabo sesiqhelo sisondela isantya ukukhanya, iliza ohambahambayo ngokukhawuleza.

autophasing

Isiphumo ebalulekileyo kukukhawuleziswa kutyalo-i alternating entsimini yombane i "uzinzo kwisigaba". Ngowe ngentsimi oscillation kumjikelo nokuxuba udlula zero ukusuka ixabiso elikhulu emva zero, oko kunciphisa kakhulu yaye liphuma eqandeni. Ngenxa yoko, udlula kabini ngokusebenzisa ixabiso efunekayo ukuze ukukhawulezisa. Ukuba isuntswana ogama uqina ukunyuka, uza kwexesha kakhulu, akusayi kusebenza intsimi amandla ngokwaneleyo, kwaye kuhlabana iya kuba buthathaka. Xa ifika kwindawo elandelayo, uvavanyo emva kwexesha kunye nefuthe ngakumbi. Ngenxa kwenzeka yoko, ukuzeyisa Ukungeniswa, amasuntswana ziya kuba kwisigaba kunye entsimini nganye kummandla yesantya. Enye isiphumo ke kubo ngokwamaqela ngexesha ukwenza ihlwili kunokuba nomsinga oluqhubekayo.

Indlela umqadi

Indima ebalulekileyo ngayo imisebenzi kunye isuntswana namafutha, badlale kunye namasimi owahluke ngokwemvelo, njengoko ungatshintsha indlela yeentshukumo zabo. Oku kuthetha ukuba zingasetyenziswa "ukugoba" ye umqadi endleleni setyhula, ngoko ke ngokuphindaphindiweyo badlula kwicandelo elifanayo yesantya. Kwimeko kwecacileyo, phezu yamasuntswana kuhlawuliswa ihamba kwindawo efanelekileyo kwicala lo mhlaba otsalayo bomzi, eya kumda wesangqa amandla aa Incopho zombini intshukumo yayo, kunye entsimini. Oku kubangela umqadi ukuya endleleni setyhula aa Incopho endle, ide iphume lentsimi yayo yesenzo okanye enye amandla uqalisa ukwenza kuyo. Le isiphumo lisetyenziswa accelerators elibujikele ezifana synchrotron kunye cyclotron. Xa cyclotron, intsimi rhoqo yenziweyo umazibuthe enkulu. Amasuntswana ne ukwandisa amandla azo ihamba spirally okukhawulezileyo ngokwangaphandle nge revolution nganye. hambisa amahlwili synchrotron ehlabathini umsesane kunye radius rhoqo, intsimi eyenziwe abasebenza ngeenxa ukunyuka isangqa njengoko amasuntswana ukuba olukhawulezisiweyo. Umazibuthe ngokubonelela "ukugoba", bamele dipoles kunye emntla nezibonda nasezantsi, waguqa enembonakalo intsimbi yehashe ukuze umqadi ongenakugqithwa therebetween.

Umsebenzi wesibini ebalulekileyo abasebenza kukugxininisa Imiqadi ukwenzela ukuba elimxinwa kwaye olunzulu kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ifomu elula nemagnethi ugxile - ngezibonda ezine (amabini emantla kunye nakumazantsi ezimbini) ibekwe malunga nenye. Ziyatyhalana amasuntswana kweli ziko kwicala elinye, kodwa ubavumele ukuba kusiwa nkqo. Quadrupole iimagnethi kutsalela umqadi nkqo, akwazi ukuba aphume ziziphazamiso nkqo. Ukuze benze oku, kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngababini. Ukuze ufumane echanileyo ngakumbi ugxile nazo kusetyenziswa iimagnethi nobunzima kakhulu kunye nenani elikhulu nezibonda (6 no-8).

Ekubeni amandla ukunyuka kwisuntswana, inqaba mhlaba otsalayo, eqondisa ukuba ukunyuka. Oku kugcina umqadi kwi isikhokelo esifanayo. Le curd yaziswa icici kwandiswa ukuya eneji efunekayo phambi kokuba urhoxiswe kwaye asetyenziswe imifuniselo. Uyazisola siyifumana abasebenza ngayo angababulali ukuba tyhala amasuntswana ukusuka ring synchrotron.

zicinywe

accelerators yamasuntswana ebizwayo kusetyenziswa amayeza kunye noshishino, ikakhulu ukuvelisa umqadi ngenjongo ethile, umz, zokukhanya okanye ion umzila. Oku kuthetha ukuba amasuntswana kusetyenziswa kanye. Kwakunjalo of accelerators kusetyenziswa kuphando esisiseko kangangeminyaka emininzi. Kodwa amakhonkco yaphuhliswa 1970, apho imiqadi amabini ajikeleza ephambana kwaye zingqubane ngeenxa kumphathi wesekethe. Inzuzo ephambili kwiinkqubo ezinjalo ukuba kukho amandla yokungqubana ngokungqalileyo amasuntswana iya ngqo amandla intsebenziswano phakathi kwabo. Oku kuyachasana kwenzeka ntoni xa umqadi engozini imifanekiso zokubhala, kwimeko apho uninzi lwamandla iya ekunciphiseni izinto ekujoliswe kulo kwisenzeko, ngokungqinelana ne-siseko yolondolozo oluqhubekekayo.

Abanye oomatshini ngemiqadi zingagilani ngeglasi kunye amakhonkco abe mabini, ezidibanayo kwiindawo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, apho lalikhona kumacala angafaniyo, amasuntswana zohlobo olufanayo. Ivame kakhulu collider yamasuntswana-antiparticle. Antiparticle na intlawulo icala amasuntswana enxulumene. Hi xikombiso, i, kuba ngokuqinisekileyo ityala, kunye electron - kakubi. Oku kuthetha ukuba endle leswaku ibalekisa electron, le i lingancipha, lihamba kwicala elinye. Kodwa ukuba uhamba yokugqibela ngendlela eyahlukileyo, oko kuya kukhawulezisa. Ngokufanayo, ovela ezihamba magnetic ukuthanda intsimi ijika ukuya ekhohlo, kwaye i - ekunene. Kodwa ukuba i ihamba phambili, ngoko umendo wakhe uya kuqhubeka ukuba ziphambuke ekunene, kodwa kwigophe efanayo naleyo electron. Noko ke, oku kuthetha ukuba amasuntswana Ungasa ngapha isangqa eli synchrotron umazibuthe efanayo kwandiswa amasimi zombane efanayo kumacala angafaniyo. Kulo mgaqo wadala colliders ezininzi ezinamandla zingagilani imiqadi, t. To. Le ifuna enye isangqa namafutha kuphela.

Umqadi kwi synchrotron lo ihamba ngokuqhubekekayo iqukwe "lutyhido." Iiplastiki iisentimitha ezininzi ubude kunye nesahlulo seshumi se ndlela ububanzi, yaye zenziwa malunga 10 ¹² amasuntswana. Le Ukuxinana ephantsi, ngokuba ubukhulu izinto ezinjalo iqulethe ²³ atom ^Oktobha. Ngoko ke, xa imiqadi zingagilani phambana, kukho kuphela amathuba encinane amasuntswana ziya zisenokuxabana nezinye. Ekusebenzeni egazi kuqhubeka ukuhamba icici kudibana kwakhona. Sivula eziphakamileyo namafutha kwamasuntswana ebizwayo (10 ^-11 mm HG. V.) iyafuneka ukuze Amasuntswana kujikeleziswa iiyure ezininzi ngaphandle yangqubana kunye iimolekyuli nomoya. Ngoko ke, lo msesane ukwabizwa ngokuba eziqokelelanayo, ngokuba imiqadi ngokwenene agcinwe kulo iiyure eziliqela.

ukubhalisa

Ebizwayo accelerators isuntswana asisininzi angabhalisa kwenzeka xa amasuntswana hit ebekujoliswe okanye elinye umqadi, lihamba kwelinye icala. Kwityhubhu umfanekiso kamabonwakude, electron ukusuka umpu ukuba ayixabele phosphor screen kumphezulu yangaphakathi kwaye kukhutshwe ukukhanya, leyo ngaloo recreates umfanekiso ngesondo. Xa accelerators detectors ezinjalo ezizodwa basabela njani amasuntswana saa, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ke zenzelwe ukuba ukwenza imiqondiso yombane ezinokuthi zitshintshwe zibe iinkcukacha kwikhompyutha zihlalutywe besebenzisa iinkqubo zekhompyutha. wulela izinto ukuvelisa imiqondiso yombane edlula eziphathekayo, umzekelo ionization okanye excitation-athom, kwaye kungabonwa ngqo. Amasuntswana cala ezifana neutron okanye photons kungabonwa ngokungangqalanga ngokusebenzisa ukuziphatha ngamasuntswana Wabakhalimela ukuba ihamba.

Kukho detectors ezininzi ezikhethekileyo. Abanye babo, ezifana ekhawuntaleni Geiger, ilungu count, kunye neminye imisebenzi, umz, kuba ushicilelo imizila okanye Velocity womlinganiselo amandla. detectors Modern ngobukhulu kunye nobuchwepheshe, ziyahluka ukusuka kwentlawulo okuhambelana izixhobo ezincinane namagumbi aphezulu kuzaliswa gas-kunye iingcingo awayiboni ingoma insimbi eziveliswa amasuntswana icala.

indaba

ikakhulu accelerators yamasuntswana ebizwayo ukulungiselela izifundo iimpawu eziba atomic amasuntswana ezinesiqalelo. Ukususela kuvulwa yamachiza British Ernest Rutherford ngowe-1919, indlela eyinhloko nitrogen kunye yamasuntswana alpha, lonke uphando kummandla physics wenyukliya 1932 bathwalwa kunye nuclei helium, eyakhutshwa yi-kuwohloka izinto zendalo radioactive. Natural alpha-amasuntswana kuba amandla agciniweyo 8 MeV, kodwa Rutherford wayekholelwa ukuba kufuneka enziwe ekhawulezayo amaxabiso aphezulu esweni kuwohloka eziba enzima. Ngelo xesha kwabonakala nzima. Noko ke, ukubala eyenziwa ngowe-1928 ngu Georgiem Gamovym (kwiYunivesithi Göttingen, Germany), wabonisa ukuba ion enokuphenduleka ngexesha elinye ingasetyenziswa amandla asezantsi kakhulu, kwaye le nto eye yavusa iinzame ukwakha uncedo olunikezela umqadi ube mnye ngokwaneleyo for Research Nuclear.

Ezinye iziganeko zeli xesha wabonisa ngemigaqo ngayo accelerators isuntswana ebizwayo zakhiwa kule mini. Yemifuniselo lokuqala oluphemeleleyo kunye ion zamntu okukhawulezileyo zabanjwa Cockroft kunye Walton ngo-1932 kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge. Ngokusebenzisa yakha ombane, protons ziya kwandiswa ukuya 710 keV, waza wabonisa ukuba yokugqibela basabela kunye lithium ukwenza amasuntswana ezimbini alpha. Ngo-1931, e yasePrinceton University e New Jersey, uRobert Van de Graaff ibhanti electrostatic bakha le generator lokuqala wolimo owodwa nobonisa iimpawu. Ombane wokuphindaphinda Cockcroft-Walton umbane kunye Van de Graaff generator isasetyenziswa nangoku njengoko imithombo yamandla accelerators.

Umgaqo namafutha yomgama resonant kwabonakala uRolf Widerøe ngo-1928 I-iRhine-Westphalian Technical University e-Aachen, eJamani, wasebenzisa amandla ombane aphezulu AC ekukhawuleziseni sodium kunye potassium nabo amandla angaphezulu amaxesha amabini ukubaxelela. Ngowe-1931 le United States Ernest Lourens kunye nomncedisi wakhe uDavide Sloan weYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya, eBerkeley, wasebenzisa amasimi oluvela rhoqo ukuze kukhawuleziswe nabo mercury ukuba amandla ngaphezu 1.2 MeV. Lo msebenzi ke yaye namafutha kwamasuntswana enzima icala Wideröe, kodwa imiqadi ion azikho luncedo kuphando yenyukliya.

namafutha intlokoma Magnetic okanye cyclotron, wakhawulwa njenge loyamano yofakelo Lawrence Wideröe. Student Lawrence Livingston wabonisa kumthetho cyclotron ngo-1931, ekwenzeni ion kunye namandla ka 80 keV. Ngowe-1932, Lawrence kunye Livingston ubhengeze yokunyusa protons ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-1 MeV. Kamva kwi 1930, cyclotrons amandla wafikelela malunga 25 MeV, kwaye Van de Graaff - malunga 4 MeV. Ngowe-1940, uDonald Kerst, esebenzisa iziphumo izibalo ngononophelo komzila kubume umazibuthe, wakha kwiYunivesithi Illinois, lo betatron yokuqala, induction ngemagnethi electron namafutha.

physics Modern: accelerators yamasuntswana

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwakukho inkqubela ngokukhawuleza inzululwazi eyanda amasuntswana ukuba amandla aphezulu. Yaqala uEdwin McMillan kwi Berkeley kunye Vladimir Veksler eMoscow. Ngowe-1945, zombini ngokuzimeleyo ngayinye nezinye ziye wachaza umgaqo uzinzo sigaba. Le nto inika yindlela ukugcina yazo efanelekileyo kwezi amasuntswana namafutha setyhula ukuba isuswe miqobo amandla Proton yaye wancedisa ukwenza accelerators livakale nosiba (synchrotrons) for electron. Autophasing, ukuphunyezwa kwe-siseko uzinzo sigaba, kungqinwe emva ukwakhiwa synchrocyclotron encinane kwiYunivesithi yase California kunye synchrotron eNgilani. Kungekudala emva koko, lo wokuqala Proton yomgama namafutha resonant zadalwa. Lo mgaqo isetyenziswa kuzo zonke synchrotrons Proton enkulu yakhiwe ukususela ngoko.

Ngowe-1947, uWilliam Hansen, eStanford University e California, wakha electron yomgama namafutha lokuqala yomtshangatshangiso ohambahambayo, apho iifayile ezisetyenziswa iteknoloji microwave leyo iye yenziwa ukwenzela radar ngexesha Second World War.

Inkqubela kwi sifundo kwenziwa kwenzeka ngokwandisa amandla Proton, nto leyo yakhokelela ekwakhiweni accelerators ngonaphakade enkulu. Le nto ke yinto yexabiso eliphezulu imveliso ring umazibuthe enkulu kuye kwanqandwa. Eyona inkulu uyalinganisa macala 40,000 iitoni. Iindlela ukuze kwandiswe amandla ngaphandle ukukhula ubungakanani umatshini zaye zahlolwa malunga 1952 godu Livingstone, Courant kunye Snyder a ubuchule nokuxuba ugxile (ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba womelela ugxininisa). Synchrotrons abasebenza kulo mgaqo, sebenzisa oomazibuthe amaxesha 100 ezincinane kunangaphambili. Ezo ugxininisa isetyenziswa kuzo zonke synchrotrons mihla.

Ngowe-1956 Kerst waqonda ukuba ukuba iiseti ezimbini amasuntswana zigcinwa kwi ilawula ezidibanayo, unako wati kubo zingqubane. Isicelo yale mbono efunekayo imiqadi nokwanda okukhawulezileyo kwimijikelo, ebizwa lonyuselo. Le iteknoloji liye lazuza amandla ubuninzi amasuntswana intsebenziswano.