Amaqela egazi labantu

Amaqela egazi lomntu aqala ukufundiswa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kwi-immunology. Ngaphandle kwalolu lwazi, bekungeze kwenzeke ukunyelwa igazi okwakusindisa ubomi abaninzi. Kwakhona, imfundiso yamacandelo egazi iyasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekutyunjeni, kwizibhedlele kunye nomzimba wobomi, kwipilisi ye-forensics kunye ne-genetics. Ulwazi malunga nokwahlukana kwe-isoantigens kuthathwa ingqalelo xa kuthengiswa izicubu kunye namalungu.

Amaqela egazi lomntu yiimpawu zegazi ezidluliselwa kubazali kubantwana. Ngamnye unomntu ngamnye wee-antigens zeqela, ezi zigqibo. Le setethi yezinto ezibonakalayo zibizwa ngokuba yi-isoantigens.

Ngesiseko sabo, igazi legazi lihlulwe ngamaqela kwaye aluxhomekeke kulo mqhubi olwabakho, okanye ngobudala okanye ngesini. Iqala ukudala ekuqaleni kwexesha lokubambela kwaye lihlala lingatshintshi kulo lonke ubomi. Iqela legazi lomntu liyiyo yendalo yezinto eziphilayo.

Kwindlela yokugqirha kwezilwanyana i-isoantigens ebaluleke kakhulu ye-erythrocytes A ne-B. Ikwaqwalasela i-isoantibodies kunye ne-ß, ngezinye iqulethwe kwi-serum yegazi lomntu. Ubukho bexesha elifanayo kwigazi le-isoantigens kunye ne-isoantibodies ezinjalo (umzekelo, ß no-B) zikhokelela ekutheni i-erythrocytes idibeneyo kwaye ayihambelani nobomi. Ngoko ke, kuphela izinto eziphambeneyo (umzekelo, i-A + ß) kufuneka ibe kunye.

Amaqela egazi lomntu ahlulwe ahluke ngoxhomekeke kwii-isoantigens kunye ne-isoantibodies. Zibonakaliswe ngamatshwayo ngendlela yoonobumba kunye namanani: - kwiqela lokuqala kukho kuphela i-isoantibles kwaye ß = 0aß - iqela lesibini liquka i-isoantigen A kunye ne-isoantibol ß-Aß, - iqela lesithathu liqukethe i-isoantigen B kunye ne-isoanti-a-Ba, Iqukethe kuphela i-isoantigens A no-B-AB0.

Ukuhambelana kwamacandelo egazi lomntu kuthonyelwa ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwigazi le-isoantibodies ephikisana ne-isoantigens egazini lomnye. Oku kuthethwa ngqalelo kwigazi. Ukusetyenziswa kwegazi leqela elifanayo kuthathwa njengento efanelekileyo.

Kwenzeka ukuba ngaphezu kwe-isoantibodies ekhoyo kwigazi lomntu, ifumana i-isoantibles evela ngaphandle, okubangelwa ukungahambelani kwamaqela egazi. Oku kungenzeka ngokuxilongwa kwezithako zegazi (i-plasma, iiseli zegazi ezimhlophe, i-erythrocytes), zonke igazi; Ngexesha lokukhulelwa, xa iqela legazi lembungu lihambelana neqela legazi lomama; Emva kokusebenzisa ezinye izitofu kunye neeserawu unyango.

Emva kwenyanga yokuqala yobomi kwisibeleko sombungu, sele kusenokwenzeka ukufumana i-isoantigens kwi-erythrocyte. Inani labo likhula kwaye lifikelela kwiminyaka emithathu yobomi. Emva koko izinga litshintshi kwaye liqala ukuhla ekugugile. Ayitshintshi ngexesha lobomi bomntu kunye nesethi yonke yama-isoantigens egazini. Ukubunjwa kwawo akuchaphazelekayo okanye izifo ezidlulisiweyo, okanye impembelelo yeekhemikhali, izinto eziphilayo.

Akukho nto ebalulekileyo kwindlela yokwelapha ukuzimisela ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwi-erythrocytes yama-antigens we-Rh-Rh-factor system. Ngaloo ndlela, abantu bahlulwe ngokwemimiselo kwi-Rh-negative ne-Rh-positive. Kuyaziwa ukuba i-15% yabemi ayinayo i-Rh factor, kwaye i-85% ayinayo. Ukuba umama wesikhathi esizayo akanalo i-Rh-factor, kwaye i-fetus izuze i-antigen evela kubaba be-Rh-positive, kwaye i-antibodies iyakhelwe kuyo. Zichaphazela i-erythrocyte yomntwana ongakazalwa, obangela ukutshabalalisa (hemolysis).

Qinisekisa iqela legazi lomntu usebenzisa i-serum eziqhelekileyo. Ngoko-erythrocytes, ngoko, i-isoantigens ifumaneka. Ngokomzekelo, ukucacisa iqela legazi le-4, i-erythrocyte ebomvu kunye ne-serum egciniweyo ifakwa kwi-plate yamanzi emhlophe, ishiywe kwindawo yeqondo lokushisa, kwaye i-reactionary agglutination response is observed. Ngempendulo efanelekileyo ye-isoanthil, i-policy kufuneka iqoke i-erythrocyte ibe iguqule ibe yincinci ebomvu. Ngempendulo engalunganga, akukho tshintsho kuzo zonke. Ukuze uphephe impazamo, impendulo ngeesampuli ezimbini zifakwa kwiqela ngalinye.