AmaYuda Intaba: imbali, abemi, inkcubeko. abantu abaseAfrika

Phakathi inzala ezininzi ukhokho yezibhalo Abraham kunye noonyana bakhe, uIsake noYakobi sigaba ekhethekileyo sub-kohlanga iqela amaYuda ukususela kumaxesha amandulo lahlala kummandla zaseCaucasus wabiza Mountain amaYuda. Igcine igama layo zembali, ke ngoku ubukhulu becala bashiya indawo yakhe yokuhlala yangaphambili, ukuyohlala kwaSirayeli, eMelika, Western Yurophu naseRashiya.

Wemvula kwezizwe zaseCaucasus

Inkangeleko yokuqala kwizizwe yamaYuda, phakathi kwezizwe abaphandi Caucasus zibhekisela ebalulekileyo ezimbini kwimbali ithuba amaSirayeli - ekuthinjweni-Asiriya (BC VIII kwinkulungwane ..) Yaye baseBhabhiloni kwenzeka kwiinkulungwane ezimbini kamva. Ukubaleka baphume ukucinezelwa kunqandwa, inzala ezizwe bakaSimon - omnye koonyana abalishumi ukhokho yezibhalo uYakobi - umzalwana wakhe kaManase, wahlala kuqala kwi kummandla Dagestan kunye Azerbaijan, ukusuka apho basasazeke eCaucasus.

Sele Sikwithuba kamva yembali (malunga ngenkulungwane V BC. E.) Mountain amaYuda ngokunzima evela eCaucasus wasePersi. Le yokuba bamshiya kummandla yokuqala omiweyo, nabo hayi-ophela iimfazwe loloyiso.

Xa kukho umngeneleli bazisa uhlobo olutsha ikhaya Christos-Tat, ibhekisela elinye lamaqela zolwimi ntshona isebe yamaYuda-Iranian. Kufuneka nto, kunjalo, mazingabhidaniswa baseGeorgia amaYuda entabeni. Xa commonality phakathi iicawa, kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kolwimi nenkcubeko.

Khazar Jewish Khanate

Ukuba amaYuda Intaba ziye wafaka ubuYuda Khazar Khaganate - a ithi enamandla kumaxesha, ukulawula loo mmandla Ciscaucasia ukuya Dnieper, kuquka i-Lower kunye kummandla Middle iVolga, inxalenye eCrimea kunye emathafeni kwimimandla eMpuma Yurophu. Phantsi yempembelelo koorabhi, amalungelo abantu abafudukayo elite kwezopolitiko le Khazars asisininzi yamkela umthetho umprofeti uMoses.

Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente wamomeleza kakhulu ngenxa uqhagamshelwano amandla zezizwe silwe zasekuhlaleni kunye norhwebo kunye nobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho, ezibe kakhulu amaYuda izityebi Ngubani ziye zadityaniswa kuyo. Kwatsho kwathi kwacaca ukuba kuxhomekeka eziliqela abantu Mpuma Slavic.

Indima amaYuda Khazar kumzabalazo wokulwa boyisa Arab

Mountain amaJuda Khazars waba uncedo olukhulu kule ekulweni ukwandiswa Arab kwinkulungwane VIII. Enkosi kubo, ikwazile ukunciphisa kakhulu intsimi yathinjwa iinjengele zika-Abu bamaSilamsi Marwan, umlilo nekrele ukuba asuse i Khazars kwi iVolga, njengokuba labantu kwakunye Islamized ngenkani kwiindawo ezinabantu.

impumelelo yakhe yamajoni Arabhu zinyanzelekile kuphela imbambano lwangaphakathi eyavela phakathi kwabalawuli Khanate. Njengoko kunjalo kwimbali, oko konakalisa ngokukhanukana kwawo, ukutshiseka igunya namabhongo zobuqu. neerekhodi ixesha bechazela Hand-ebhaliweyo, umzekelo, malunga umzabalazo wezigalo imfazwe phakathi abaxhasi eliyiNtloko Rabbi Yitzhak Kundishkana kunye abadumileyo Khazar warlord Samsama. Ngaphandle impixano evulekileyo, ibangela umonakalo omkhulu kuwo omabini amacala, kule khosi kwakukho njengesiqhelo kwiimeko ezinjalo, namatheko - zokunyoba, ukunyelisa kunye nenkundla oliqhophololo.

Le ekupheleni Khazar Khanate weza 965 xa Russian prince Svyatoslav, owaba nako lizuze Georgians, Pechenegs, kwaye Khorezm kunye Byzantium, wahlasela Khazars. Phantsi idubule wabetha amaYuda Intaba e Dagestan, njengoko squad wathimba umthetheli kunye nesixeko Samandar.

Ngexesha Mongol ukuhlaselwa

Kodwa ke ngolwimi lwesiHebhere amakhulu ambalwa bevuthela phezu nezithuba ezivulekileyo ka Dagestan kunye Chechnya, ngoxa 1223 i Mongols ikhokelwa ngu Batu Khan, kwaye ngo-1396 - Tamerlane, ndingonakalisi into yonke yamaJuda Kuhlala Kwezinye Iindawo. Abo basindayo ezi hlaselo eyoyikekayo, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukuguqukela Islam baze bashiye ngonaphakade ulwimi wooyise.

Uzeleyo idrama kunye nembali amaYuda Mountain abahlala kummandla kumantla Azerbaijan. Ngowe-1741, baye bahlaselwa yimikhosi Arab eyayikhokelwa Nadir Shah. Ayizange ibe yingozi ngenxa uhlanga luphela, kodwa nayiphi Ukuhlaselwa ngabahlaseli yabangela ukubandezeleka.

Skrolela waba ikhaka bamaYuda

Ezi nguqu ziboniswe kwi intsomi. Nanamhla oku, yalondolozwa ilivo indlela iNkosi wema ngeenyawo abantu bakhe abanyuliweyo. Ibali iya ukuba ngenye imini, Nadir Shah atyhoboza, angena kwenye yezindlu zesikhungu ngexesha kufundwa iTorah oyingcwele kwaye bafuna ukuba amaYuda langoku ukulahla ukholo lwabo ukuguqula ku Islam.

Kwecala ingaphumeleli, yena esenza ikrele lakhe wabangela urabhi. Yena ngethuku lemvelo ngaphezu kwentloko iTorah msongo - ukulwa sentsimbi waxinga apho, akakwazi ukusika codex endala. luloyiko olukhulu wawa umnyelisi, waphakamisa isandla sakhe, loo ndawo yonqulo. Yena okuziintloni wabaleka waza wayalela ukuba aqhubeke ayeke ukutshutshisa yamaYuda.

Iminyaka yokoyiswa zaseCaucasus

Onke amaYuda eCaucasus kunye intaba kubandakanywa, ubunzima ilahleko ezininzi ngexesha umzabalazo kunye Shamil (1834-1859 GG.), Ukuze enze loo Islamization ngenkani iindawo ezinkulu. Kulo mzekelo iziganeko eziye zenzeka kwiAltiplano entlanjeni apho uninzi abahlali ukufa ukwaliwa lobuYuda, ungenza ukwenza ingcinga jikelele yedrama babedlala phandle ngoko.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba abantu abaninzi amalungu oluntu amaYuda Mountain saa kulo lonke eCaucasus, Sizibandakanye ukonakaliswa, urhwebo kunye yezandla ezahlukeneyo. ukwazi ngokupheleleyo ulwimi kunye nezithethe iintlanga ezaziwangqongile, size sixelise kuzo iimpahla kunye nekhitshi, kodwa sekunjalo akazange zivalele nabo, kodwa ngokubambelela ebuYudeni, ukuba ukulondoloza umanyano lwesizwe.

Nalo eli khonkco kokuxhuma nabo, okanye, njengokuba ngoku wesiNtu ukuthi "ikliphu yephepha ngenxa yokomoya," yaye wayephila umzabalazo ongenalusini Shamil. Noko ke, maxa wambi wanyanzelwa ukuba enze umnyinyiva, njengoko umkhosi wakhe, ukuba rhoqo bubushushu imfazwe kunye nemikhosi omkhosi Russian kwakufuneka abaphilisi uncedo abanezakhono amaYuda. Ngaphezu koko, oko amaYuda zinikwa amajoni ngokutya kwaye zonke izinto eziyimfuneko.

Njengoko sisazi ukusuka yemihla xesha, amajoni Russian ukuba zifake neCaucasus ukuze kusekwe apho urhulumente, musa anamcudisa amaYuda, kodwa akazange ziwaguqulele phantse akukho uncedo. Ukuba bobabini wajika umthetho izicelo ezinjalo, ngoko sadibana, njengoko umthetho, diki ebacekisile.

Xa Service of the Russian Tsar

Noko ke, ngo-1851, amisiweyo ingqwayi-Prince A. I. Boryatinsky wagqiba ukusebenzisa amaYuda Intaba kumzabalazo kunye Shamil yaye zadalwa zazo womnatha ngokubanzi ramified-arhente ukusuka, ukuba amphathele ulwazi malunga neendawo basiwe kwezinye iindawo kunye nentshukumo yongungelwano yotshaba. Kule ndima, bahlukana ngokupheleleyo iintlola lobuxoki ukonakalisa Dagestan.

Ngokutsho amagosa abasebenzi Russian, iinkalo eziphambili amaYuda Intaba baba nesibindi, uzibambile, wengcibi yokuluka, isilumkiso kunye nobuchule ukubamba utshaba singalindelanga. Xa sijonge ezi zakhiwo, ukususela ngo-1853 lo amahashe, eyalwa eCaucasus, kwagqitywa ukuba ungabi ngaphantsi kwe mountaineers amathandathu-samaYuda onyuka inani yafikelela abantu asithoba.

Yokunika imbeko ubuqhawe yamaYuda Intaba kunye negalelo labo kuloyiso eCaucasus, emva kwemfazwe, ukuba bakhululwe ekuhlawuleni irhafu kangangethuba leminyaka imashumi mabini, yaye wazuza ilungelo ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo emideni yonke Russia.

Le ubunzima kweMfazwe Civil

Kunzima kakhulu ngokuba kwakusele iminyaka kwiMfazwe Civil. Khuthele kwaye izama, Mountain amaYuda becala yokulahla imali umbhodamo jikelele kunye nokusingqongileyo nomthetho wabenza baba lixhoba enqwenelekayo abaphangi. Ngoko ke, emva ngowe-1917 ukuya kuluntu iyonke baphanga abahlala Grozny kunye Khasavyurt, emva konyaka, bebonke isiphelo sinye ezehlela amaYuda of Nalchik.

Abaninzi kumaYuda Intaba babulawa kusiliwa naye imfazwe, nabaphangi, apho walwa ecaleni kunye nabameli bezinye izizwe abaseAfrika. Okubuhlungu uyakhumbula, umzekelo, iziganeko ka-1918, xa, kunye Daghestanians kwakufuneka alwe uhlaselo kumaqela Ataman Serebryakov - enye bahlobo basondeleyo Jikelele Kornilov. Ngexesha ende kwaye bungwanyalala, abaninzi kubo babulawa, nabo abo ithuba kusinda, kunye neentsapho zabo ngonaphakade wemka eCaucasus ukuba afudukele eRashiya.

Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, amagama amaYuda Intaba ngokuphindaphindiweyo okhankanywe phakathi amaqhawe bazukiswa la mabhaso aphezulu karhulumente. Isizathu sokuba kwababezikhonza ngenkalipho wazincama kunye ubuqhawe kumlo nxamnye notshaba. Abo ke wajika kuloo ezinabantu, abaninzi babo baba amaxhoba lwamaNazi. Kwimbali Ngenkohlakalo weza nentlekele 1942 kwilali kummandla Bogdanovka ESmolensk, apho amaJamani ubunzima uphumezo yamaJuda kumisa, uninzi lwabo olusuka eCaucasus.

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga nenani labantu, inkcubeko kunye nolwimi

Okwangoku, inani elipheleleyo amaYuda Intaba malunga elinamanci amahlanu amawaka abantu. Kwezi, ngokutsho data kutshanje, ikhulu lamawaka ephilayo kwaSirayeli, amashumi amabini amawaka - eRashiya, kangangoko kwi-US, kwaye abanye zasasazwa phakathi amazwe Western Europe. A imali encinane kubo nayo e Azerbaijan.

Intaba amaYuda kulwimi lwantlandlolo phantse ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa, wanika indlela eya zeelwimi zabantu kubo bahlala namhlanje. Isambuku inkcubeko yesizwe wahlala ubukhulu becala. It is a umxube kunokuba oluntsonkothileyo ngezithethe zamaYuda abaseAfrika.

Impembelelo inkcubeko yamaYuda bezinye izizwe zaseCaucasus

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, naphi mhlawumbi kwakufuneka bahlale, ngokukhawuleza waqala ukufana abahlali balapha, ukwamkela izithethe zabo, indlela wesinxibo nkqu ekhitshini, kodwa baqhubeka ngokuthembeka unqulo lwabo. Ukuthi ubuJuda eye wavumela onke amaYuda, kunye Mountain, kubandakanywa, ukuba iinkulungwane ukuba ahlale uhlanga omnye.

Kwaye ukuba kwakunzima kakhulu. Nanamhlanje, eCaucasus, kuquka iinxalenye zayo nezi ndawo Southern, kukho malunga ezingamashumi amathandathu anesibini namaqela eentlanga na. Ke eminyaka edlulileyo, ngokutsho abaphandi, inani lawo aphezulu kakhulu. Kukholelwa ukuba, phakathi kwezinye iintlanga negalelo elikhulu kwinkcubeko (hayi unqulo) amaYuda Intaba waba Abkhazians, Avars, kwiiOssetian, Dagestani kunye Chechens.

Amagama amaYuda Mountain

Namhlanje, kunye nabo bonke abazalwana bakhe ngokholo igalelo elikhulu inkcubeko kunye noqoqosho jikelele baye amaYuda Intaba wenza kanye. Amagama abaninzi kubo baziwa kakuhle nje kuphela amazwe abahlala apho, kodwa ngaphaya. Umzekelo, a ezaziwayo-kakuhle bhanki abramov Rafael Yakovlevich kunye nonyana wakhe - eyayingusomashishini owaziwayo Ian Rafaelevich, umbhali wakwaSirayeli kunye nani loncwadi UEldar Gurshumov, nomkroli, umbhali we lesikhumbuzo ukuya Soldier ongaziwayo kunye yesicelo udonga Juno Ruvimovich umkhonzi, kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Njengoko ngokuba imvelaphi amagama amaYuda Mountain, abaninzi kubo wabonakala kube sebusuku impela - kwisiqingatha sesibini okanye ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, xa eCaucasus ekugqibeleni ehlonyelwe uBukhosi Russian. Ngaphambi koku, phakathi amaYuda Mountain ke, ekungasetyenzwanga msebenzi ngazo, ngamnye kubo iphathwa ngokupheleleyo kuphela ngegama layo.

Xa baba ngabemi Russia, ngamnye wafumana uxwebhu apho leli gosa linyanzelekile ukuba ukunika igama. Ngokuqhelekileyo, igama likayise isongeza Russian isiphelo 's "okanye olibhinqa" Peninsula ". Umzekelo: Ashurov -, unyana ka-Asiriya, okanye Shaulova - intombi kaSawule. Noko ke, kukho imeko. Nje ngendlela, oko wabumba uninzi lwamagama Russian: ivanov - Unyana Ivan Petrov - intombi ka-uPetros, njalo-njalo.

Metropolitan Life Mountain amaJuda

Uluntu lwamaJuda Intaba eMoscow yeyona inkulu eRashiya, ngokutsho kwabanye, kukuba abantu malunga neshumi elinesihlanu lamawaka. Abafuduki zokuqala ukusuka eCaucasus weza apha phambi kokuba revolution. Yaba iintsapho merchant esisityebi Khanukaev Dadashov, wafumana ilungelo lorhwebo olukhululekileyo. inzala yabo bahlala apha namhlanje.

amazwe kwenqwaba yamaYuda Intaba kwikomkhulu kubonwe kwixesha ekungafuneki ye-USSR. Abanye babo ngonaphakade eyemka ngayo kweli lizwe, nabo ndandingafuni ngokupheleleyo ukutshintsha indlela yobomi, wayekhetha ukuhlala kwikomkhulu. Namhlanje, loluntu abathengi ezixhasa yesikhungu kuphela eMoscow kodwa eminye imizi. Kwanele ukuba bathi, ngokutsho iphephancwadi Forbes, phakathi kwabantu ezimakhulu bazizinhanha eRashiya, amaYuda ezine intaba abahlala kwikomkhulu ekhankanywe.