Ammonia - lo antipode kunye analogu ... amanzi?

Ivumba gas yaziwa ukuba wonke umntu - u nga va nangoko xa uvula ingqayi ne ammonia. Into ngeemilo yayo, saxelelwa esikolweni. Kwakhona yaziwa, kunjalo, ukuba oko sesinye iimveliso ezingundoqo kushishino lemichiza: oko kukuthi, loo nto ilula ukujika i-nitrogen, leyo akayithandi ukungena ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Ammonia - le into yokuqala ukusuka apho ukuqalisa imveliso abaninzi initrogen: nitrites ezahlukeneyo nitrate, neziqhushumbisi kunye nedayi aniline, namayeza afanelekileyo kunye iiplastiki ...

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Igama into evela «hals ammoniakos» Greek, bona bubonakala ammonia. Ammonia molecule iphiramidi ukufana ethile, loo enekona yayo i-atom nitrogen kunye emazantsi - athom ezintathu hydrogen. Ifomula yale compound - NH3. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ammonia - yigesi ezingenambala kunye livumba ubhobhoyi elibukhali. mninzi yawo -33,35 ° C (ubushushu abilayo) ilingana 0,681 g / cm ^3. Into inyibilikiswa kwi -77,7 ° C. mass izinyo of ammonia yi-17 grams adla nganye. Xi 0.9 MPA kubushushu igumbi, ebangela ukuba ammonia ukuswama. Yamkelani kuyo kolu shishino phantsi koxinzelelo nge kuyondelelaniswe ekujonganeni yeehidrojeni neoksijini. Ulwelo ammonia - a refrigerant isichumiso wamandla kakhulu. Le nto kufuneka silumke, kuba yityhefu kunye Uyadubula.

anika umdla

ammonia ulwelo a iipropati kunokuba engaqhelekanga. Ngaphandle kufana amanzi plain. Like H ₂ Owu, loo nto ngokupheleleyo iyachithakala abaninzi organic kunye nemixube ezingaphiliyo. Uninzi iityuwa kuyo kwahlula zibe ion xa lichithakale. Kwangaxeshanye, imichiza reaction, ngokungafaniyo amanzi, oko kwenzeka ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

Data kule theyibhile kukhokelela kuluvo lokuba ammonia ulwelo --bume kwabanye reactions yotshintshiselwano ukuba akukho kunokwenzeka xa izisombululo zolwelo. Umzekelo:

2AgCl + Ba (NO _{3) 2} = 2AgNO ₃ + BaCl _2.

Ngenxa H. ₃ womelele acceptor Proton, acetic acid, nangona kucingwa buthathaka, oko prodissotsiiruet ngokupheleleyo, kanye njengoko yenza asidi enamandla. Of umdla omkhulu izisombululo e ammonia ulwelo iintsimbi kwealkali. Emva ngo-1864, ekhemisi baye baqaphela ukuba ubanike ixesha elithile, i-ammonia umphunga, kwaye ezike bekuya kuba metal ecocekileyo. Kuninzi kukwanjalo kunye nezisombululo ityuwa zolwelo. Umahluko kukuba iintsimbi kwealkali, nkqu hi mpimo lowutsongo, kodwa kunjalo wasabela ngokuba ammonia, ngaloo ndlela ukwakha amides ityuwa-ezifana:

2Na + 2NH ₃ = 2NaNH ₂ + H _2.

Laba izinto kakhulu izinzile, kodwa wadibana ngamanzi nangoko siyabutyaka:

NaNH2 + H ₂ O = H. ₃ + NaOH.

Kuphando iimpawu ekhemisi ammonia ulwelo baye baqaphela ukuba xa metal zichithakala nje kuyo, umthamo isisombululo igcine. Ngaphezu koko, lo gama mninzi yayo kunciphisa. Le yenye umahluko ingqalelo ezinganyibiliki ngamanzi zesiqhelo. Kunzima ukukholelwa, kodwa isicombululo esinyusiweyo exutywe nayiphi metal kwealkali kwi ammonia kulwelo lingadibananga-nye, nangona yokuba metal kuzo zombini okufanayo! Enkosi kukubuka rhoqo wafumana izinto ezintsha Akumangalisi. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba engumkhenkce emanzini isisombululo ammonia of sodium na ukumelana encinane kakhulu, kwaye ngenxa yoko, H. ₃ ingasetyenziswa ukuvelisa inkqubo lokwakhiwa. Akumangalisi ke, eli irhasi kunye nezisombululo zayo usenomdla ezingqondweni zombini zesayensi kunye ekhemisi.