Attica - it ... Indawo Geographical, iimeko zendalo, labantu

Attica - yenye kwimimandla kwimbali Greece, abe ubutyebi bembali, nto ingqinwa uyafumana ezininzi ngabembi ezikhumbuzo zembali. A Indawo esikuyo ngingqi kwenza kube enye lihle kakhulu ngokunxulumene uKhenketho noLonwabo.

indawo okuyo

Attica itsala kuphela ukuba imbali yayo kunye zemvelo. Lilo eli ilizwe elinyathelwe aphile iintsomi bamandulo iintsomi. Ummandla apho Attica ise emzantsi-mpuma inxalenye Greece, kwaye macala omathathu amanzi matheku oLwandle iAegean: emazantsi iNyoba, ezinamagqabi - zivela empumalanga, Notios-Evvoikos - ukusuka mpuma. Emantla kubhaliwe erhangqwe ngomnye Central Greece - Boeotia kunye ngasentshonalanga - kunye iPeloponnese. Isakhiwo ibandakanya zaseAttica kunye iziqithi iNyoba Gulf. isiqabu Land ikakhulu weentaba, ingakumbi ngasentla, ngokuthe ngcembe kunciphisa ukuya ngasemazantsi. Mountain Cithaeron and Parnet, nto leyo umda yendalo kunye Central Greece, imiqela yawo yandisa phezu kwindawo yonke. Bathe rocky zentaba, kuphela inxalenye ephezulu yehlathi camera coniferous. Yezona loza ezi Parnet Pentelikon kunye Gimett. loza Lower Kiferona uya emzantsi, ekuthiwa keratitis, kwaye isebe kumzantsi-mpuma zidibana kunye Parnassus ukuphakama kuyimitha ngaphezu 1400 kwaye yenza ummandla weentaba, uqhebeke elwandle. Esesiphelweni akumazantsi kummandla idlula ngowakhe entabeni, leyo iphela kwindawo yomzantsi lizwe - Cape Sounion.

Plains nemifula

Phakathi iintaba ibekwe iintlambo ezinomhlaba enamatye. Le mathafa ezinkulu zaseAttica ezintathu:

• ithafa ubomvu ongqongwe phezu entla kwentaba Parnet, ukususela kumntla - Pentelikon umxokelelwane, kwaye ukusuka mpuma - iintaba Gimett;
• Triassic bentili, ukuzolula tyaba emantla ukuya Kiferona kunye Parnet, kwaye ukusuka eentaba ngakwimpuma Parnet anahlule yakhe Athens esihlambo;
• Gimettom intlambo phakathi kweentaba yaye ngasempuma-chain - ceca;
• kude nonxweme ngenxa kumazwe nezikhukhula baseka band ebanzi lehewu, apho ezinkulu - Marathon lehewu, omnye ibekwe kufuphi emlonyeni Asopus.

Attica - le yenye mimandla lawona kweli lizwe. Akukho imilambo emikhulu, nenokuthi esetyenziselwa ukunkcenkceshela. Okubaluleke kakhulu zezi:

• umlambo omkhulu zaseAttica - Kefiss aphuma emfuleni baseAthene, oko kuqala emazantsi Pentelikon, kwaye tihamba ngendlela yasemzantsi-ntshonalanga, kodwa uninzi umthamo wamanzi iya unkcenkceshele namathafa omile;
• omnye umlambo Ilissus aqukuqela ukusuka eentaba Gimetta, kodwa ndaphulukana entlango.
• Enye stream Enoe aqukuqela zethafa Marathon.

kunxweme lungqamane zaseAttica kunye iindawo ezininzi ubangel efanelekileyo yolawulo, nto leyo ekhokelele ekukhuleni navigation. Okwangoku, ezi ndawo zokupaka ezimnandi ngenxa yemozulu eshushu, i indawo yeholide oluthandayo Surfers, neentlambululo, kunye namanxweme uzaliswe kwiilwandle ezintle uyisanti.

iimeko zemozulu

Sezulu onomoya esihle zaseAttica luphawulwa ehlotyeni elide kunye, ebusika ezimfutshane manzi. Iqondo lobushushu ehlotyeni umlinganiselo degrees 26-28, kodwa ngoJulayi nango-Agasti, lobushushu besukelana degrees 38. Ngenxa abile ukunyakama ikhutshelwe kakhulu lula. Ixesha ukuqubha ithatha ukususela ku-Apreli ukuya ku-Oktobha. Ebusika iqondo lobushushu umoya isusela ukusuka izinyuko emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi, kodwa imvula encinane. Le sezulu onomoya kungachazwa nefuthe nomoya evela kulwandle lweMeditera - ebusika igalelo imimoya ntshonalanga, kwaye ehlotyeni - imimoya epholileyo evela mpuma. Akukho shushu kakhulu yaye ebusika obubandayo lizwekazi Europe.

Umhlaba nobutyebi bendalo

iimeko Natural zaseAttica akazange avunyelwe ukuba kukhule umbona apha. Ngenxa yomhlaba enamatye kunye nokunqongophala ezintlanjeni zamanzi kwaba luncedo kangako wezoLimo, kodwa ababhali bamandulo wabhala ngento yokuba ubuncinane kulo mhlaba lungakhuli isonka uya kubalusa abantu ngaphezu xa ekhula apha kuyo. Oku kuya kwenzeka ngenxa yobuninzi amatye engayiwayo ukwakhiwa iitempile nooAshera, kwakunye ubukho zesilivere, ifumaneka apha ngokuthanda woothixo. Kwaye imikhumbi Attica - ilizwe elo unalo marina oluthembekileyo, apho bakwazi ukuthatha indawo kwimozulu.

nezemarmore Attica

ezintabeni Attica kuquka lekalika-shale, kwakunye ngemarble yeyokukhulisa, ukuveliswa eyaqala Ekuveleni 3-2 nkulungwane BC. iitempile Greek, leyo ekuqaleni zazakhiwe lekalika, waqala ukwakha ibhastile ukuba kwenziwe kwi Pentelikon. Kulo bakha kuyo itempile iParthenon. marble Pentelic ibalasele for umbala yayo emhlophe kunye fineness. Kuyamangalisa ukuba kukhanya elangeni, kodwa tyheli ngokuhamba kwexesha. Xa kusakhiwa Acropolis kunye Piraeus wasetyenziswa neethowuni emnyama ibhastile. In zaseAttica Eleusinian emarmore emhlophe, namatye nokuba phantse omnyama, ocoliweyo-olungisiweyo gimettsky ibhastile. Le nto kakhulu kakhulu ababazi ethengwe eGrisi eRoma yamandulo, apho kusetyenziswa bokwakha kunye imikrolo. Obomvu Lavrionskih rocks hot imigodi yesilivere etyebileyo chain intaba Gimettskaya waba umthombo obalaseleyo yobusi.

Ubumba kunye nezolimo

Eyona nto yayixabiseke ngodongwe obomvu zaseAttica, kwaba yomgangatho elungileyo kwaye kulula ukuba ukusebenza, ngoko laphuhliswa kakuhle ubumba. Eyenziwe zitsha ngodongwe - iingqayi ezinkulu kunye nentamo emxinwa nezibambo ezaphukileyo, ezithi zigcinwe yaye ihanjiswa iwayini, namafutha omnquma. Udongwe esetyenziselwa ukwenziwa eethayile, imibhobho, igubu kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi zekhaya.

Enkosi ntolovelo inobulali, ehlobo nenala kwelanga, ezinkqantosini omnquma kwaye usoloko olungileyo ukuze zikhule Attica kaThixo umkhiwane nemithi kumathambeka ezityaliweyo izidiliya, ngoko iwayini, umnquma, namafutha omnquma, amakhiwane belisoloko ezityiwa yezolimo kwaye kwamanye amazwe. noboya yokugcina kumaxesha amandulo, ethandwa kakhulu, edume ngoku. Ezintabeni, ukukhulisa iigusha, neebhokhwe, neegusha.

Ngemvelaphi yabemi zaseAttica

Abahlali zaseAttica ngenxa becala ebeyinalo isizwe Corinth - enye izizwe ezine eziphambili zamaGrike, yathiywa emva hero kaHomer. Ionians kunye Dorians aba abathwali eziyintloko inkcubeko yesizwe zamaGrike. bonke abantu zaseAttica yahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezine yokwehla, wabiza filami:

• geleonty - ezindilekileyo, baye babizwa "okhanyayo";
• hoplites imfazwe;
• ergadei - abalimi;
• egikorei - kwaba kanye abalusi okanye kudala.

Ngokwamanani zentlalo, lo phylum liqulethe zezindlu ezinkulu, iyileyo yahlulwe iintsapho zesizwe eziliqela kweshumi leyo. Family ngendlela ethile nyene phratry, okt amaqela zonqulo nezithethe zabo kunye namasiko. Lo mbutho angamchukumisi izizwe oyiswe nembewu yabo, nangona, kakhulu, beningabakhululekileyo ukuzibandakanya obuciko, urhwebo okanye ezolimo, yaye unxulumano yabo, wazibiza metics.

Athens: nendawo

Ngokwendawo Attica yahlulwe iinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili - ikomkhulu yommandla kunye nelizwe lonke - Athens namadlelo ayo nakwabanye ntsimi. I-capital ithiywe emva isithixokazi ubulumko Athena, owathi, ngokutsho legend, wanika abahlali umthi womnquma. Ngokutsho kwenye inguqulelo, igama ledolophu kuvela elithi "iAthos" - intyatyambo. Athens ise entilini kumbindi saseAttica, yaye singqongwe ziintaba entshonalanga, nasentla, nasempumalanga, kwaye ngasezantsi-ntshona uyayinikwa iNyoba Gulf. Okwangoku, esi sixeko sele wawuthatha wonke loo mmandla, kodwa namadlelo ayo kuqhubeka ngokwandisa.

idemokhrasi ngezinto zakudala

Athens kuphela iziko yolawulo lizwe, nkqu kumaxesha amandulo, isixeko wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ngokwemigqaliselo kwezenkcubeko nakwezoqoqosho. Kulapha nje ngenxa yokulwa obude kukrakra phakathi ebukhosini yesizwe kunye demo wazalwa luhlobo oluthile lukarhulumente, njengoko idemokrasi samandulo, elisuke laba umfuziselo kurhulumente wesizwe. Olu hlobo elikhethekileyo inkqubo yezopolitiko lasekwa eAthene kwi BC ngenkulungwane 5. e. Nangona kumaxesha kamva eAthene edlula ngendlela enzima iimfazwe okubuhlungu, siye sakubona ngamandla angaboyisi ezininzi, kwimbali yabo ixesha ngabemi elungileyo nenkululeko - lwentando yesininzi.

Golden Age of Athens

Athens yamandulo ezaqala yesisombululo enqatyisiweyo phezu ezisentabeni, uze emva koko yaba isixeko-karhulumente ngenxa sinoykizma, nto leyo ethetha ukuba yeemanyano uluntu yezizwe zaseAttica ngeenxa Athens Acropolis. Le nkqubo wathabatha iinkulungwane eziliqela kwexesha. Ngokutsho iintsomi zamandulo, umbutho kubangelwe unyana edume wokumkani Aegeus - Theseus, ngubani bakwaziswa kukwahlukana yabemi Athens Ingxenye kwezentlalo:

• Eupatridae - asebukhosini;
• geomori - abalimi;
• Nilinde - seengcibi.

Bade Athens karhulumente ekufikelelwe ebudeni bolawulo Pericles - kule BC ngenkulungwane 5. e. Eli xesha ngokuba Golden Age of baseAthene. Kweli xesha yayakhiwe netempile engundoqo Athena - yiParthenon, ilitye lesikhumbuzo ekhethekileyo izakhiwo yamandulo. Le tempile yakhiwe kwaye iinkosi zamandulo zamaGrike Callicrates Iktinos eqingqiweyo omhle zenziwa umyili odumileyo Phidias. Temple engaqhelekanga ukuba enye indawo sangaphandle ngayo iyabonakala kumacala amathathu, ngenxa yokuba zicwangciswe kwiikholamu kwi-engile omnye komnye. Phidias wadala oqingqiweyo idumileyo ka-Athena neyemabhile kunye negolide. Le Umfanekiso i wobugcisa izakhiwo yamandulo.

modernity

Amandla yezopolitiko Athens baphela ekuqaleni kwemfazwe okubuhlungu kunye Sparta, yaye kamva ne eMakedoni. Athens Okulandelayo yawa phantsi kolawulo abaseRoma, emva koko beza baseTurkey. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi libunile uzuko mzi. ezikhumbuzo ezininzi zembali bokwakha yatshabalala. Kuphela emva kokuba umzabalazo elide ukuze inkululeko ngo-19 Century Athens yaphinda yaba likomkhulu Greece. Ngoku i sixeko enkulu elinabemi abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezihlanu, kwakhona iphumelele iwonga iziko zenkcubeko nezopolitiko lizwe kwaye zesikhumbuzo ezininzi zembali.

Piraeus

Emaphethelweni esemazantsi Athens Piraeus - izibuko inkulu eGrisi, kwakunye njengeziko woshishino omkhulu kweli lizwe kunye nokuthuthwa hub ebalulekileyo. Xa BC ngenkulungwane 5. e imali yonyaka uyezibuko yaba izibalo ezibalulekileyo. Elula indawo aseAtene, ukufumaneka izibuko ekhuselekileyo Piraeus uye indawo yokuhamba apho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yempahla. Kwi zibuko kwakukho shipyards, iindibano zocweyo, impahla. EAtene port kwayo ingqalelo esi sixeko inzuzo, njengoko ngenxa iimpahla apha abarhwebi akwazi ukufumana isilivere baseAthene, oko kakhulu kuyo yonke indawo.

iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo Attica

Okwangoku, Attica - ummandla kubakhenkethi ethandwayo kunye ezinika yimbali yokwakha ezininzi kunye nokusingqongileyo ezintle zendalo kunye namanxweme yinzwakazi. Abalinganiswa abaphambili zaseAttica zifumaneka eAthene. lesikhumbuzo Kwento umlando ndingento zokwakha ze Acropolis, yona itempile ephambili Athens yamandulo - kuyo itempile iParthenon, indawo lokuphambukela abantu abaninzi. Ukususela sites zembali, kufuphi Athens Okukhulu ethandwa kakhulu Daphni. On eliweni Cape Sounion Temple of Poseidon yakhiwa, leyo namhlanje kuhlala amabhodlo iyingangamsha. Abalobi hamba uye elwandle, azise iminikelo apha - nguthixo Poseidon ukuba amaGrike yaba wesibini ibalulekileyo, ekubeni ubomi yabo kuhlangene elwandle. Demeter Temple, ingqolowa amaGrike olungaka - enye ezingcwele ezibalulekileyo zaseAttica yamandulo use Eleusis. Imbeko lakhe qho ngonyaka entlakohlaza nasekwindla yokuchitha iholide. Kwisiqithi Aegina ikwimeko Palayohora ghost idolophu, eshiywa elikhulu kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.

Uhlobo zaseAttica njengoko futhi kukuhle. Kwi entabeni Imittos ligunya impiliso emangalisayo olungaka, ngokutsho legend, uthixo Hephaestus abantu. ukusebenza Unique kuliyeza ichibi thermal ka Vouliagmeni, nto leyo agcwaliswa imithombo ngaphakathi ubunzulu yayo engaqhelekanga iintlanzi-ugqirha uyakwazi ukwazi eluswini, alihlambulule iiseli kwabafileyo. unxweme Endless ligcwele ezahlukeneyo amalwandle emangalisayo, ezolonwabo nemidlalo yamanzi.

A indawo elimangalisayo holide zehlobo bakhululeke Attica - iifoto ezibonisa ubuhle ezichulumancisayo ngemvelo, abahambi Rave review womyoleli ukuthandwa kwalo mmandla Greece.