Ulwimi nokubhala - ukuba ... Imbali lolwimi Russian zoncwadi

ulwimi nokubhala - yenye apho kukho kubhaliweyo abantu abathile, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ngakumbi. Oko kukuthi, kule ulwimi kukho isikolo, ukubhala, ukusebenzisana kwezentlalo, ukudala amaxwebhu-ushishino olusemthethweni, imisebenzi yenzululwazi, fiction, ubuntatheli, kunye nazo zonke ezinye izenzo bokuzoba, nto leyo ahleliweyo ngamagama, abhalwe rhoqo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ngomlomo . Ngoko ezahlukeneyo ngomlomo phantsi kwaye zibhalwe-encwadini ulwimi boncwadi. ngokuzibandakanya kwabo, kwaye nomlinganiselo nasisihlo zixhomekeke amabali ethile mithetho.

definition Different

ulwimi nokubhala - zesiganeko leyo ngendlela yaso luqondwa zizazinzulu ezahlukeneyo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba uhlanga ngokubanzi, kuphela inkosi zenziwa ngamazwi, ie ababhali. Abaxhasi le ndlela wayecinga kuqala ingqikelelo ulwimi uncwadi, ibhekisela kwixesha elitsha, kwaye ngexesha elinye Nezizwe ngokobutyebi amelweyo zamabali. Kwabanye, ulwimi nokubhala - incwadi, umsebenzi mlonyeni intetho ngqo, okt ulwimi oluthethwayo. Xhasa le ukutyhilwa ziilwimi apho ukubhala elide. Kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuba ulwimi ebonakalayo jikelele kubantu ethile, ngokuchaseneyo anzima kunye ayikho loo nto ziyakubaluleka jikelele enjalo. ulwimi nokubhala - kusoloko sisiphumo lokudibanisa okudala umsebenzi zabantu. Leyo ke inkcazo emfutshane le mbono.

Ukuzalana iziyelelane ezahlukahlukeneyo

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe nonxibelelwano kunye nobudlelwane of neziyelelane kunye nolwimi loncwadi. Iziseko yembali iziyelelane ezahlukahlukeneyo isitali, ulwimi zoncwadi kunzima ngakumbi ukudibanisa yinto onke amalungu lwesizwe. Kude kube ngoku nezendawo akhuphisane obscheliteraturnogo ulwimi kumazwe amaninzi, afana Indonesia, Italy ngempumelelo.

Ingcinga kwakhona ukusebenza kunye nezimbo iilwimi ezikhoyo ngaphakathi kwimida naluphi na ulwimi. Zimele uhlobo, ezithe zabakho ngokwembali kwaye apho kukho iseti iimpawu. Ezinye zazo iyaphindwa kwezinye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa uhlobo umsebenzi kunye intlanganisela ethile iimpawu ezahlula isimbo omnye komnye. Namhlanje, inani elikhulu abathwali ngokusebenzisa ifomu Indies kunye buncokola.

Umahluko kuphuhliso lolwimi zoncwadi iintlanga ezahlukeneyo

KumaXesha Aphakathi kunye mihla izizwe ezahlukeneyo imbali ulwimi boncwadi kuphuhliswa ngokwahlukileyo. Thelekisa, umzekelo, indima obo bebukuye inkcubeko yesiLatini Latins isiJamani kunye noMbindi Ages kusasa, imisebenzi eyenziwa eNgilani, ulwimi French phambi ngenkulungwane ye-14, impefumlelwano Latin, Czech, ulwimi Polish ngenkulungwane ye-16, njalo njalo

Uphuhliso lweelwimi Slavic

Xa sexesha xa kuyilwa kwaye ziphuhliswe uhlanga, wabumba umanyano kwemimiselo zoncwadi. Oku kwenzeka ngokufuthi ukubhalwa yokuqala, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha inkqubo nga kuqhubeka ngaxeshanye kwaye ngokubhala ngomlomo. I-Russian eminyaka kaRhulumente 16-17 yaba ixesha imisebenzi Ukumiselwa nokufezekiswa nemimiselo zoshishino ulwimi karhulumente kunye nokusekwa iimfuno iyunifomu ekuthethwa eMoscow. Le nkqubo inye lwenzeka kwamanye amazwe Slavic, apho kukho uphuhliso esebenzayo lolwimi zoncwadi. Kuba Serbian kwaye yaseBulgaria lingaphantsi eqhelekileyo, njengoko e Serbia kunye Bulgaria wayengekho imeko elungele kuphuhliso zokubhala loshishino ulwimi karhulumente kuzwelonke. Russian kwakunye Polish kwaye kwisithuba eCzech ungumzekelo lolwimi yesizwe Slavic zoncwadi, apho wahlala ukuqhagamshelana yokubhala yamandulo.

Waba ukwahlula umendo isithethe amahasa ulwimi yesizwe - na inxalenye Serbo-Croatian kunye Ukrainian. Ukongeza, kukho iilwimi Slavic, ezo zange ziphuhliswe ngokuqhubekekayo. Xa ixesha elithile oku oko yaphazamiseka, ngoko ukuvela awohluke yeelwimi yesizwe kumazwe athile kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni zahlukane nenkqubo, isithethe omdala omdala esibhaliweyo okanye kamva - umMakedoni, iilwimi Belarusian. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ngembali ulwimi zoncwadi kwilizwe lethu.

Imbali ulwimi Russian zoncwadi

Ezikhumbuzo ezindala nokubhala aye walilondoloza, umhla emva kwenkulungwane ye-11. Inkqubo yokuguqula kwaye ukuyilwa Russian ulwimi kwiinkulungwane 18-19 kwenzeka ngenxa wokuchasa layo isiFrentshi - izidwangube ulwimi. Xa imisebenzi ziyahlonelwa iincwadi Russian ziye ngokubanzi bafunda iimpawu zakhe, iifom ulwimi olutsha ziye zaziswa. Ababhali wagxininisa ubutyebi bakhe, walatha ezilungileyo ngokubhekiselele iilwimi zasemzini. Kulo mba, iimbambano kaninzi kuvuka. Yaziwa, umzekelo, imbewu kunye slavophiles phakathi baseNtshona. Kamva, kumaxesha Soviet, kwaye kugxininiswe ukuba ulwimi lwethu - ulwimi nabakhi yobukomanisi, njengokuba njengokwemihla ulawulo kuStalin nokuba ukubamba iphulo yonke nxamnye cosmopolitanism kuncwadi Russian. Kwaye ngoku uyaqhubeka ubumbe imbali ulwimi Russian zoncwadi kwilizwe lethu, ngokuba kwenzeka ngokuqhubekayo iinguqu.

lweMveli

LweMveli ngohlobo amazwi, izafobe, amabali, iintsomi lusekelwe embalini kude. Iisampulu Intsomi kudlule kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana, ukususela ilizwi emlonyeni, kwaye umxholo ocoliweyo okukhulu ukuze kuphela imixube izinzile kakhulu wahlala neentlobo ulwimi ezihlaziyiweyo njengolwimi kuphuhliswa.

Ke kaloku emva kokuba umbhalo, baqhubeka khona amabali. Ukuze umlimi lwemveli kule mihla siphila Kongezelelwa umzi kunye nomsebenzi, kunye namasela (okt entolongweni-camp) kunye nomkhosi. LweMveli namhlanje kakhulu ngokubanzi zimelwe xakuhlekiswa. Ichaphazela Kwakhona ulwimi olubhaliweyo boncwadi.

kuyo njengoko iqulunqwe ngolwimi yamandulo Rus zoncwadi?

Ukuhanjiswa kunye nokuqaliswa lokubhala eRashiya, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ekubunjweni ulwimi boncwadi, lidla ezinxulumene ne amagama uCyril Methodius.

In Novgorod kunye nezinye izixeko apha ekuhambeni kweminyaka 11-15 baba ixolo ezinde. Inxalenye ephambili yale ezisele oonobumba abucala, kuloo uhlobo lweshishini, kwakunye namaxwebhu ezifana lweerekhodi zeenkundla zezomthetho, iindleko zentengiso, iirisithi, imiyolelo. Kukwakho iqela (imiyalelo kuqoqosho, amaqhina, iziqhulo zesikolo, iziza), iitekisi zoncwadi kwaye zonqulo, kwakunye ushicilelo, awayeyinxiba umlinganiswa yoqeqesho (scribbles abantwana kunye nemizobo, imithambo zesikolo, izitora, worse).

Kusetyenziswa kunyaka-863 abazalwana uCyril Methodius Church Slavonic alphabet isekelwe ulwimi ezifana Old Church Slavonic, izinto ezo ezenzeka Ekuveleni lwimi loMzantsi Slavic, hayi kanye mandithi, ukusuka ulwimi endala Bulgarian, ukubetha kwayo Macedonian. Umsebenzi wokubhala aba bazalwana ngokuyintloko iguqulelwe iincwadi Endala kwiTestamente Entsha. abafundi babo yaguqulelwa ngokusuka kwisiGrike zibe Old Church iincwadi ezininzi zonqulo. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba KIRILL I Mefody laqalisa oonobumba Glagolitic kwaye besiCyrillic bengengabo, kwaye yokugqibela sele iphuhlisiwe ngabafundi babo.

Church Slavonic

Ulwimi le ncwadi, kunokuba ndithethe, waba Church. Nto ingahlakazeki phakathi kwezizwe ezininzi Slavic, leyo wenza njengoko ulwimi ibandla inkcubeko. Church Slavonic Literature alaqhenqetha Moravia kwi nokuxubana wasentshona, eRomania, Bulgaria kunye Serbia - i emazantsi, kwi-Czech Republic, Croatia, Wallachia, kwakunye eRashiya, kunye ukwamkelwa ubuKristu. Church Slavonic ulwimi ezahlukileyo kakhulu kwezi tekisi uthethe ababephila kuzo utshintsho imbalelwano ngokuthe Russified. Amagama besondela Russian baqalisa ukubonisa iimpawu uphawu zeelwimi zengingqi.

Iincwadi zegrama yokuqala ziye zaqulunqwa 1596 Zinaniem Lawrence ngo-1619 - Meletios Smotritskaya. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 ukuba yagqitywa inkqubo wokusungula ulwimi ezifana Church.

ngenkulungwane ye-18 - ukulungiswa ulimi

MV Lomonosov ngenkulungwane ye-18 zenziwa kuphuculo ibalulekileyo ulwimi zoncwadi kweli lizwe, kwakunye inkqubo versification. Wabhala incwadi 1739 apho yaqulunqa imigaqo engundoqo versification. Lomonosov, baphikisana Trediakovskij, wabhala ngemfuneko zokuvelisa amandla ulwimi lwethu kunokuba ukuboleka kwamanye amalinge ezahlukeneyo. Ngokutsho uMikhail Vasilyevich, ukubhala izibongo ingaba ezineenyawo ezininzi: zamagama-mbini (trochaic, iambic), izithathu (amphibrach, anapaest, dactyl), kodwa wayekholelwa ukuba ukwahlukana ngu Sponda kunye pyrrhics engalunganga.

Ukongeza, naye Lomonosov waba negrama yolwimi Russian zenzululwazi. Wachaza encwadini yakhe, amathuba bakhe nobutyebi. Le ntetho ke iprintwe izihlandlo ezili-14 yaye zenza isiseko elizayo kwelinye umsebenzi - igrama wesandla (kwakubhalwe 1771), ngubani wayengumfundi uMikhail Vasilyevich.

Ulwimi boncwadi mihla kwilizwe lethu

umdali wayo uthi uAleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin, ogama imisebenzi - phezulu uncwadi kwilizwe lethu. Le thesis nangoku ezifanelekileyo, kodwa kule minyaka yokugqibela ezimakhulu mabini kulwimi unenzondelelo iinguqu ezinkulu, kwaye namhlanje ingabonwa umahluko ocacileyo zobugcisa phakathi ulwimi owayephila ngexesha nolwimi Pushkin. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba nemithetho yolwimi lwale mihla zoncwadi namhlanje itshintshiwe, kusekho bakugqala imveliso umfuziselo we Alexander.

Imbongi ngokwakhe kaloku walatha indima enkulu lokusekwa ulwimi boncwadi, NM Karamzin, njengokuba lo mbhali lizukileyo mbali, ngokutsho Alexander, bakhululwe kwidyokhwe olunye ulwimi Russian waza waphinda inkululeko yakhe.