"Ayo uEva" yaye "uAdam lwemfuzo" - okhokho uhlanga lwabantu

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwinkqubo ye ukufunda isakhiwo le ikhowudi yezofuzo , isebe elitsha kwezenzululwazi. Waba eyaziwa ngokuba kwesayensi eziphilayo. Kuye kwafunyanwa ukuba lo kweejini babantu ukutyhila imizila nasekusungulweni iintlobo. Izazinzulu baye bafunda ukufumana indlela data evela iintsalela ezingamathambo ngoweqela nawabantu ababephila kumaxesha amandulo. Okufunyenweyo zatshintsha kakhulu ukuqonda kwethu zokuqala zophuhliso lwabasebenzi. Iziphelo kuqalisiwe uphando entsha. Iziphumo zazo ukukuphikisa iingcamango obabukho malunga umfanekiso nasekusungulweni uxolo ehlabathini.

Studies A. Wilson

California Professor of the University of eBerkeley wayesithi ukuba baso uhlanga wesintu ayiphume emfazini enye. Kudala-dala wayehlala e-Afrika. kamva zalo bahlala phezu kwamanye amazwekazi. Ngenxa yoko zokusabalalisa olubanzi zavela iyantlukwano zofuzo kubantu. Iqela ekhokelwa iingqiqo Wilson kaThixo ibalulekileyo ezimbini apho waqhuba isifundo yenzelwe.

Imiba ephambili

Ngokutsho kwiziphumo zohlalutyo lokuthelekisa iiproteni kwafunyanwa ukuba ngethuba ngendaleko lwalusanda ngesantya esingaguqukiyo izinga zemali zofuzo cala. Le yaba yokuqala ingcamango Wilson. Izinga apho utshintsho kwenzeka ezilawula imfuza ngenxa yemfuza ngongoma cala, rhoqo ngexesha. Kule nkalo, oko zingasetyenziswa njenge uhlobo chronometer yendaleko, ngazo ukuya kuthi ga ngoku nokukhutshwa kwisebe elithile ukusuka esiqwini engundoqo. Lo mbono yesibini. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba zehla ukuba umsebenzi kunokuba elula lokubala eliguqukayo apho ngesantya kwi eyaziwa kunye parameters zokusebenza eziyimfuneko ukuchaza ixesha movement endleleni.

zophando oluthelekisayo

Baye zaqalwa ngo-1987, hayi nuclear, kunye DNA ayo wasiwa ukufunda yi Wilson. Le yokugqibela yi zinemoletyhule encinane setyhula. It iqulathe 16 lamawaka. Bp. Zakha 37 yemfuza. Kule mali, ukukwazi yemfuza abawufumana ngaphezu kwe-2%. Oku kungenxa yokuba uninzi zofuzo kubalulekile. Nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid iquka 3.2 billion ngababini esisiseko.

Ngelo xesha, yeyona iphambili nje kuphela ubungakanani yayo DNA ayo. Wilson Kwakhona sikhokelwa neminye imiqathango. Ngokukodwa, kwafunyaniswa ukuba X-chromosome esizalwa kuphela umgca ababhinqileyo. Ngexesha ezo isidoda neqanda ngexesha isichumiso sperm organelle intshabalalo kwenzeka kukho icytoplasm. Ngenxa yoko, umbungu idluliselwa X-chromosome kuphela kunina. Le meko yenza kube lula ukulandela ababengaphambi zomntu kumgca ababhinqileyo.

Ngamafutshane, umntu ngamnye wamkela mitochondria ukusuka kumama, oko - ngokwazo njalo njalo. Ngenxa yoko, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwakha umgca, apho ungajonga kwi elidlulileyo zikude. I-DNA ayo kohlo- cala bandisa kwi a rhoqo rate. Ukongeza, ayithethi recombine. Oku kulandela ukuba umahluko ekwakhiweni nucleotide zibangelwa ukuguquka kuphela.

nenzalo

Njengoba emehlweni abo bonke abemi umhlaba lo chronometer, Wilson waqalisa uhlalutyo yokuzalwa yabantu. Kuba ukufunda iisampulu 182 iindidi ezahlukeneyo mtDNA abantu 241 zaye zathathwa. Eli nani liquka abameli kwisizwe ngasinye kwizizwe 42. Kakade ke, iintlanga ezintsha efanayo ngakumbi ngengqiqo yemfuza, ngoxa yomsebenzi umakhulu spectrum esikhulu zofuzo ababeyiqwebile ngexesha lobukho babo. Amathuba ukuba elinomlinganiselo othelekisekayo DNA kubantu engangqamenanga ngu 10-15, ukuchaneka lokuzazisa - 10-7. Wonke umntu ohlala kulo mhlaba yohlukile kwezinye nucleotide 1 umbuzo kweliwaka.

Iqela Wilson kaThixo wahlola D-loop. Le nxalenye DNA hypervariable ezizodwa, ubude 300 base ngababini. It is a ummandla cala. Kule sayithi ziyenzeka yemfuza musa kungakhokelela ezimbi ungalinikeli naluphi na uncedo kubanini ezinye ukulandelana. Ngenxa yoko, Wilson wakha yomlibo. Wawukhomba ukuba ukho umahluko ezinkulu yemfuza ayo e-Afrika. Zonke iisampuli bafunda zancitshiswa ukuya ulandelelwano elinye nucleotide yokuqala.

Ngenxa yoko, Wilson wachaza imvelaphi abantu umfazi. Noko ke, akazange achaze ukuba ngelo xesha elikude, omnye kuphela emhlabeni. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zomzekelo zezibalo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ubukhulu olusebenzayo labantu wayengekho ngaphantsi kwe-10 amawaka.

Uphando ezinye izazinzulu

Lwafumanisa ukuba i-Eva ayo - unina efanayo esinye bonke abantu abahlala kulo mhlaba, Wilson waqhubeka. Nisazi isantya ukuguquka, wakwazi ukuseka yobudala bakhe. Wazithela ukuba uEva ayo babehlala malunga 200-150 amawaka. Iilitha. eyadlulayo. Lo mfazi wayemdala Neanderthal.

Ulwazi ekuhlaziyeni asidi ideoxyribonucleic ziye zathengwa ngamanye abaphandi. Umzekelo, Satoshi Horan wabonisa ukuba abantu mihla malunga 200 namawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo e-Afrika. Ukusuka apho ke, saya Eurasia ngokukhawuleza uyaphuma Homo erectus. Kulo mzekelo, umxube genotypes ayo phantse ayizange yenzeke. Emva kwexesha elithile, Satoshi choir wazama ukuba uyenze le "chronometer". Ngokutsho kwezinye data, iminyaka yomntu namhlanje 143 lamawaka. Iminyaka.

Abanye baye bafumanisa ukuba umntu yokuqala ukuvela eAfrika. Kulo mzekelo, izazinzulu abahlalutya zofuzo zenyukliya. Nokuhlaliswa, ngokutsho abaphandi, kwakungekho phambi 100 lamawaka. Iilitha. eyadlulayo. izazinzulu British wafundela siqwenga isakhi enyukliya, leyo inoxanduva Yindibanisela B-globin. Le sayithi liye lahlaziya ebantwini 349 abasuka kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Ngokutsho Uphando lufumanise ukuba imvelaphi yabantu ezinxulumene kummandla Afrika. izigqibo ezifanayo baye bafikelelwa kunye nezinye izazinzulu ezininzi.

Ngoko ke, kwafunyanwa Wilson bamnika umfutho ezinye izifundo kwiilebhu ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Yonke imisebenzi, apho kwenziwa zizazinzulu oluzimeleyo zibonisa ukuba indawo apho kwakukho noEva ayo, yi eMpuma Afrika.

Ukuthelekisa ne emthini kweelwimi

Uzamo ukuhlalutya ezinto yemfuza kunye neenkqubo andise ulwimi yenziwa Kvalli-Sforza. Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba umthi yakhiwa esekelwe kwiziphumo zophando yemfuza, siyafana aneelwimi. Ngaloo ndlela, yatyhilwa ukuhlanganiswa gene geography geography yobuhlanga.

Ayo uEva and Y-chromosome uAdam

Ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi, Wilson iinzame landela umgca yooyise bonke abantu abahlala kulo mhlaba namhlanje. Ngokutsho uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha preliminary, kwaqinisekiswa ukuba Afrika apho ayo noEva kunye yemfuza Adam. Uphononongo waseka inani leefekthi umdla.

Y-chromosome umntu ubukhulu ngababini nucleotide million 60. Yena akayi recombine, kwaye ngoko ke umahluko kubume kubangelwa mutagenesis. Izifundo ezichanisekileyo lwaqhutywa yi Professor Underhallom. Waqokelela uhlalutyo izinto phantse kuzo zonke iingingqi planethi. Y-chromosome kuphela ukuba abantu. Ngako oko, iba kuphela ukusuka wazala unyana.

Ngokutsho kuhlalutyo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba wabonakala umntu wokuqala emhlabeni ngexesha elifanayo ayo uEva -. Malunga 150-160 engamawaka eyadlulayo. Umahluko yobudala ifakwa kwi indlela iimpazamo ekubaleni. kwizigqibo ezifanayo zithathelwe kwelinye iqela uphando oluzimeleyo, nto leyo eyakhokelela M. Hammer.

Ayo uEva: i refutation beengcamango esekwe

Ukususela enye ngezantsi enye ngasentla bangazoba kwizigqibo ezilandelayo. E-Afrika, malunga 150-180 namawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwakukho abantu bokuqala. Bamalunga nama-100 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, baza baqalisa bafuduka ecumene. Ngelo xesha, ukuba indawo zonke ezibumnturha abahlala kwintsimi, hayi ziyazalana nabo. Malunga nama-40 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo abantu bokuqala wabonakala eYurophu. izifundo Ezinye baye iziphumo Akumangalisi kakhulu. Ngoko ke, uNjingalwazi Svante Paabo wakwazi ukuba luthathe DNA ayo evela isiqwengana vertebra alunge Neanderthal, leyo yabhaqwa kuqala ngo-ngo1856 waza wahlala malunga-50 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngokutsho kwiziphumo zohlalutyo oluthelekisayo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba oku yomntu ayikho into yokuba izinyanya, nkqu kwisizalwane esisondeleyo abantu mihla.

imiyalelo ezahlukileyo zazivelela

Umahluko ezichongiweyo zazibalulekile ukuze abaphandi bagqiba kwelokuba isebe yendaleko lweentlobo kwaye, enyanisweni, kwafuneka ukuba aye kumacala ahlukeneyo amawaka 600. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Iindidi ezikhoyo ayo DNA Homo sapiens 24 kufakwe kwaye Bamandulo Phaya - 32. Oku kubonisa ukuba yokugqibela ngaphaya abantu Ukwahluka iintlobo. Ngako oko, Bamandulo Phaya benza ulwalathiso ngendaleko eyahlukileyo kwaye ngaxeshanye kunye kwisebe tafula efanayo.

isiqinisekiso kwizigqibo

Studies olwenziwe Pääbo, utshintshe kakhulu ngcamango yokufundwa. Kulo mxholo, kwafuneka ukuba uqinisekise iziphumo eqela oosonzululwazi ezizimeleyo. Isiqwengana amathambo Neanderthal wafunda M. Stoneking, umlandeli Wilson. Emva kokuhlalutya iintsalela umntwana, owayephila malunga nama-30 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ISAZINZULU lafumana idatha efanayo Pääbo. Ngokunjalo, izigqibo zokugqibela ziye kuqinisekiswe ngokupheleleyo. Emva kwexesha elithile, iqela labaphandi baseJamani ucazululo Neanderthal DNA ayo. Iziphumo Kwakhona waqinisekisa hypothesis ngaphambili. Ngokutsho paleontologist K. Stringer, abantu bazalwa yayisecicini wokusungula theory elimanyeneyo bayamanyana apho yemfuza ubungqina zakudala,, paleo-yabantu kunye neelwimi yemodeli Afrika.

Sibonakaliso ngokomoya

Le Yindibanisela zonke iindawo ngasentla ukuzisa uluntu imfihlelo imvelaphi yayo. Okwangoku, ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali, anthropogenesis ayikwazi kuncitshiswa imibuzo kuphela zesayensi. Ngokutsho kwabo, ukufika abantu kweli hlabathi nje kuphela kodwa isenzeko ngokomoya. Ababhali sivuselelane ukuxhasa zicatshulwa zabo indawo kwiZibhalo Ezingcwele. Ngenxa yokuba kukho ezinye iintsalela ebonakalayo sezidalwa kufutshane umntu kwiimpawu morphological, kukho umbuzo yokumisela indawo kwinkqubo yendaleko, apho umntu esiba, enyanisweni, ngabantu.

isiphelo

Isibhalo ayithethi nto malunga indlela indalo. Kulo mzekelo, oku ingxelo ngokusekwa umntu kaThixo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kule nkqubo yaba spiritualization lomzimba, ngenxa apho umntu uyekile ukuba sisilwanyana. Njengoko sibonile unxibelelwano. Filaret Moskovsky, akazange adale ngexesha elinye inyathelo, kwaye enze eliqhubayo ngokuthe ngcembe. Yiyo lo mzuzu engcwele - xa UThixo umphefumlele umzimba nguMoya oyiNgcwele - sisiqalo yokuba oyinyaniso sabantu, abaxhasi ingcamango zonqulo. I zikuxoxe oku sihloko ne St Grigoriy Nissky. Kwincwadi yakhe, wabhala ukuba umntu ulungiselelwe emva wokugqibela kwezityalo nezilwanyana. Nature ngandlela indlela ingqinelane wayeza kwimfezeko. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo lulodwa uyayichaza iZibhalo. Kweli nqanaba, imfundiso yobuthixo ngxi. Kucingelwa ukuba indlela ukulandela "ekunyukeni ukugqwesa" kufuneka izazinzulu.