Types of ekudibaneni kwemichiza

Zesayensi mihla ukwahlula iikhemikhali kunye abasabela yenyukliya ezenzeka ngenxa yentsebenziswano yezinto ukuqala, ezo zibizwa ngokuba arhente. Oku kuvelisa ezinye izinto imichiza ebizwa iimveliso. Zonke iintengiselwano zenzeka phantsi kweemeko ezithile (ubushushu, uxinzelelo, ukukhanya, imitha, ubukho ehlanganisa, njl njl). Umphakathi yendlela lwemichiza reactants athom andiguquguquki. Le utshintshwano enyukliya zibe nuclei ezintsha amasuntswana. Kukho izinto ezininzi, ezichaza iindidi ekudibaneni kwemichiza.

ungenza uthabathe inani lokuqala idale isiseko ngenxa nokwahlulwa kwezinto. Kulo mzekelo, zonke iindidi ekudibaneni kwemichiza bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amahlanu:

1. Ukwandiswa (amanye amathuba amatsha into enye), umz, yokubola ngokufudumeza potassium khloreyithi potassium chloride neoksijini: KCLO3 → 2KCL + 3O2.
2. Zithako (ezimbini okanye imichiza engaphezu ukwenza elitsha), ukuthetha amanzi, i-nitric calcium aguqulwa calcium hayidroksayidi: H2O + cao → Ca (OH) 2;
3. Ukwenziwa kwezilungiso (inani iimveliso lilingane inani izixhobo ukuqala, apho isahlulo endaweni kwicandelo omnye komnye), sulfate ngentsimbi, ubhedu, ngokubuyisela ubhedu, yakha sulfate ayoni: Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu.
4. exchange kabini (exchange kwemolekyuli izinto ezimbini ezishiya iinxalenye zayo), ezenziwe ngesinyithi potassium iodide kunye nitrate isilivere kwaneso kunye anions oyinxalenye iodide yesilivere ezenze kunye kady nayitreyithi: KI + AgNO3 → AGI ↓ + KNO3.
5. inguqu Polymorphous (shintsho lwenzeka into ukusuka kwesinye isimo ukuya kwesinye crystalline) iodide, ebomvu mercury umbala xa abuye shushu zibe yellow mercury iodide: HgI2 (ebomvu) ↔ HgI2 (esimthubi).

Ukuba utshintshwano imichiza kuqwalaselwa ngenxa yotshintsho reactants degree of igcwala ye elements, ngoko ke iintlobo reactions kwemichiza zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela:

1. Kunye notshintsho iqondo igcwala - basabela redox. Ngokomzekelo, cinga impefumlelwano yentsimbi zehydrochloric acid: Fe + HCL → FeCl2 + H2, nto leyo iqondo igcwala yentsimbi (electron reductant unikele) wemka 0 ukuya-2, kunye hydrogen (oxidant wamkela electron) ukusuka ku 1 ukuya ku 0 .
2. Ngaphandle kokutshintsha iqondo igcwala, umz, basabela acid-isiseko intsebenziswano ye bromide hydrogen kunye sodium hayidroksayidi: HBr + NaOH → NaBr + H2O, ngenxa ngayo ezinjalo ukuvelisa ityuwa namanzi, kunye imichiza igcwala nelizwe zifakiwe kwi-izinto okrwada ayikatshintshi.

Ukuba sicinga ukuba lizama kwemichiza kunye izinga lokuhamba phambili kunye nolwalathiso umva, zonke iintlobo ekudibaneni kwemichiza zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini:

1. Umva - abo zenzeka ngexesha elinye kumacala amabini. Uninzi abasabela ingathityazwa. Ngokomzekelo, sokuchitha icarbon dioxide namanzi ukwenza i asidi ezingazinzanga, leyo abole ukuba izinto uqale: H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3.
2. Ayibuyiseki umva - ukugeleza kuphela kwicala phambili emva kokuba agqibe ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo izinto ukuqala ke, emva koko iimveliso abakhoyo kunye nezinto qa, wabanjwa kwemfuneko. Ngokuqhelekileyo, enye imveliso siyi ubuncwane ezingenakunyibilika sivete sivete okanye igesi. Umzekelo, ngokuhlanganisa sulphuric acid kunye barium chloride: H2SO4 + BaCl2 + → BaSO4 ↓ + 2HCl into sivete ezingenakunyibilika barium sulfate.

Iintlobo ekudibaneni kwemichiza organic chemistry angohlulwa ngokwamaqela ezine:

1. Ukwenziwa kwezilungiso (replacement elinye kwenzeka athom okanye amaqela athom kwelinye), umzekelo ukusabela kunye sodium hayidroksayidi chloroethane kwakhiwa ethanol kunye sodium chloride: C2H5Cl + NaOH → C2H5OH + NaCl, ngamanye a atom yeKhlorini ubanjelwe atom hydrogen.
2. Ukufikelela (molecule ezimbini usabela kunye nefom omnye), umzekelo, bromine kuqhotyoshelwe qheke iqhina ephindiweyo kwemolekyuli ethylene: Br2 + CH2 = CH2 → BrCH2-CH2Br.
3. Cleavage (molecule iqhekeka zibe iimolekyuli ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu), umzekelo, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, abole ukuya ethylene ethanol kunye namanzi: C2H5OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O.
4. Ngokutsha (isomerization xa elinye molecule atshintshelwe kwenye, kodwa ukwakhiwa loqobo nelomyinge akawatshintshi athom kuyo), isi-3-hloruten-1 (C4H7CL) iguqulelwa 1-chlorobutyl 2 (C4H7CL). Apha chlorine ingaphezulu sidlule kwi-atom carbon yesithathu kweli ezizizembiwa chain kowokuqala, kwaye iqhina kabini wokujoyina athom carbon wokuqala nowesibini, kwaye ke woba atom yesibini neyesithathu kokuxhuma.

Kukho ezinye iintlobo ze ekudibaneni kwemichiza:

1. Ngu ukusebenza thermal: reactions zisenzeka kunye nokufunxwa (endothermic) okanye ukukhululwa ubushushu (exothermic).
2. Xa uhlobo lokunxibelelana reactants okanye iimveliso kwakhiwa. Ukusebenzisana ngamanzi - haydrolisis ne hydrogen - hydrogenation, mpilo - igcwala okanye otshisayo. amanzi Cleavage - emzimbeni, hydrogen - dehydrogenation njalo njalo.
3. Phantsi intsebenziswano: phambi ehlanganisa (zokuphosa) phantsi kubushushu obuphantsi okanye phezulu, ukutshintsha uxinzelelo, ekukhanyeni njalo-njalo.
4. Kwi indlela basabela njani: ionic, nomxokelelwane olukhulu okanye reactions chain.