Iimpawu chemical wenqwelwana

Iziseko zibe iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo eziquka amacandelo amabini aphambili zokusebenza:

1. Gidroksogrupp (enye okanye ngaphezulu). Ngenxa yoko, ngasendleleni, kwaye eyesibini igama ezi zinto - "hydroxides".
2. I-atom metal okanye ion Ammonium (NH4 +).

Isihloko iziseko sivela edibanisa zombini ezisebenzisa amagama amacandelo bayo: umz, hayidroksayidi calcium, hayidroksayidi cupric, hayidroksayidi zesilivere, etc ...

Le ngaphandle kuphela ulawulo isiseko ukwakhiwa jikelele kufuneka ingqalelo ammonium hayidroksayidi, xa gidroksogrupp ungayanga ukuya zentsimbi kunye Ammonium zesiqinisekiso (NH4 +). Le into iveliswa kwimeko apho kukho ukunyibilika emanzini ammonia.

Ukuba sithethe malunga neempawu zeenqwelwana, kufanele kuphawulwe ngoko nangoko ukuba gidroksogrupp Valence elingana umanyano, ngokulandelelana, inani kula maqela kwi molecule iya kuxhomekeka ekubeni yintoni Valence ilifa isinyithi izidubuli. Imizekelo kulo mzekelo unako ukukhonza izinto formula ezifana NaOH, Al (OH) 3, Ca (OH) 2.

Ukuba sithethe ngayo iimpawu ebonakalayo kwamabala, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba bonke bephela ngaphandle kokukhetha - eziqinileyo zezona imibala kakhulu abohlukeneyo. Kwezo meko apho gidroksogrupp edibene nesinyithi monovalent, ngokuqhelekileyo bakha isiseko lula enyibilikayo emanzini, kuzo zonke ezinye iimeko kubangela isiseko basabela emanzini phantse ezingenakunyibilika. Abo lula enyibilikayo emanzini, zibizwa ngokuba alkalis. Ewe afana izinto eziyingozi bako ukuba ulusu kunye ngenwebu yangaphakathi. Ngaphandle izinyithi monovalent, ebizwa ngokuba yi-izinyithi kwealkali kunye nefom ialakalin-umhlaba - umzekelo, ezifana barium, kwiteksti.

Iipropati Chemical iziseko ezingenakunyibilika kulala yokuba ezi zihlanganisi abangaqeqeshwanga ezisisiseko okanye hydroxides amphoteric. Abokugqibela babo idityaniswe asidi benza njengoko kwealkali, kwaye vice versa, Ngokusebenza kunye nangemiqondiso alkalis, ii-asidi mboniso. Iipropati iziseko ezingenakunyibilika ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekukhanyeni kunye noshishino enzima.

Iipropati Chemical iziseko kwabonakala reactions zabo nee-asidi, iityuwa, nezinye iziseko, kwakunye izikhombisi lawo. Ingakumbi, le kwealkali unako ukubona ukuba isisombululo kwabo ukusebenza ngenxa Isalathisi ethile. Kulo mzekelo, oku ngokuphawulekayo ukutshintsha umbala wayo, umzekelo, uvavanyo litmus abamhlophe Ijika luhlaza, kunye ਫ਼ੂਜਿੰਗ inkqubo - anambitheka.

Iipropati lwemichiza iziseko evelayo xa zidibene zabo nee-asidi, kukhokelela ukusabela kakuhle eyaziwa neutralization. Undoqo sokungamelani yokuba athom yesinyithi wokujoyina amasalela acid zenze ityuwa, kunye gidroksogrupp yehayidrojini ion, xa zidibene, eziguqulelwe kwi emanzini. Indlela abasabela neutralization, indlela abasabela ngayo kuthiwa ngenxa yokuba emva kokuba ongenaye ialakalin okanye acid.

Iipropati yemichiza uphawu wabonakalisa bajula abasabela ngayo kunye neetyuwa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iityuwa ezinyibilikayo kwi indlela kuza kwealkali kuphela. Iimpawu noshowo ezi izinto kukhokelela ukuba ityuwa entsha, entsha, ngokuqhelekileyo ezingenakunyibilika, isiseko basabela.

Ekugqibeleni, iimpawu imichiza kwamabala azibonakali kakuhle ngokwabo ngexesha isiphumo wobushushu kubo - ukufudumeza. Apha, wenza amalinge ezithile, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba phantse zonke iinqwelwana, ngaphandle kwealkali, imingcele xa itshiswe sibi kakhulu. Uninzi lwabo phantse nangoko abole abe oxide elingqinelanayo kunye namanzi. Xa sithatha iintsimbi isiseko ezifana oozisilivere mercury, kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo ukuba ayikwazi zingafumaneka, njengokuba sele qala ukubola kwiqondo lobushushu igumbi.