Bacterium agents causative le nasiphi na isifo? sifo yabantu ezibangelwa amagciwane

Kukho izikumkani ezihlanu eziphambili zobomi obuphilayo, abameli abaye bafundiswa ngokugqibeleleyo kwiinkulungwane ezininzi. Ezi zi:

• Izilwanyana;
• I zityalo;
• Amakhowe;
• Ibhaktheriya, okanye iprokariyoti;
• Iintsholongwane.

Ukuba izilwanyana, izityalo kunye nama-mushroom zaziwa ngabantu ukususela kwimihla yexesha lokuqala, ke ukufundisisa iindiza kunye neebhaktheriya zenziwe ngoku kutshanje. Okuncinci ngobukhulu zizinto eziphilayo, ukuze kube lula ukuzifundela isohlo. Yingakho bebefihla ixesha elide ukusuka ekubukeni kwabantu.

Kuyaziwa ukuba ayidlala indima efanelekileyo kuphela. Ngoko siya kuzama ukuqonda umbuzo wukuthi yintoni iibhaktheriya eziza kubangela izifo, nokuba zeziphi izidalwa zakhiwe kwaye zihlala.

Ziziphi iiprokaryiti?

Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni wethu zihlangene ngokuqhelekileyo kwisakhiwo - ziquka iiseli. Enyanisweni, inxalenye yazo zonke, enye inxalenye - i-multicellular. Ukuba sithetha ngezilwanyana ezininzi, yonke into iyafana. Umzimba ngamnye onjalo unesucleus eyenziwe kwiiseli. Kodwa xa kuziwa kwi-unicellular organisms, ke akukho ubunye obunjalo, kuba bahlula kwiiyodarbhathi kunye neeprokaryothi.

I-Eukaryota zibandakanya zonke izinto eziphilayo, iiseli zazo eziphathekayo ezizalwe kwi-nucleus. Iiprokaryote - ezinjalo ze-unicellular organisms, apho i-DNA isasazwa ngokukhululekile, ayikuphela kwimbulunga ye-nyukliya, kwaye ngenxa yoko ayikho inucleus epheleleyo. Ezi zinto ziqhelekileyo ukuthumela:

• I-algae eluhlaza;
• Cyanobacteria;
• Arhebacteria;
• Ibhaktheriya.

Ekuqaleni, kuphela izinto ezinjalo ezazihlala emhlabeni. Kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuye kwaba nokubonakala kwezinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic , ngaphakathi kweyiphi iiseli zeprokaryotic ezisele. Emva koko, behlangene ndawonye kwaye bephelelane ubudlelwane be-symbiotic, baba yinto ehle kakhulu, enamandla, engqongileyo, ekulungele ukuvelisa kunye nokwanda kwamanani, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Ubungqina bolu mbono luyi-organelles yeselluliyo yeselluliyam, i-mitochondria kunye ne-plastids (i-chloroplast, i-chromoplast, i-leukoplast).

Kodwa, ngelishwa, amaninzi eeseli zeprokaryotic azinasicwangco kwizityalo, izilwanyana kunye nabantu njengabo bahlala ngaphakathi kubo. Bafumana igama lemihla yamabhaktheriya, okanye i-microbes, kwaye baqala ukuhlala ubomi obuzimeleyo, kubangele inkathazo eninzi kwizidalwa ezihleleke kakhulu.

Izifo ezininzi ezinxulumene neebhaktheriya kunye nemisebenzi yazo ebalulekileyo ziyaziwa. Yaye kungekhona kuphela kumntu okhulayo, kodwa kumabameli bonke ezinye iindawo zokuphila.

Imbono yoBume obumfutshane

Iibhaktheriya sele zijikeleze iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-3,5. Ngeli xesha akukho nto ishintshile kwisakhiwo sabo. Into eyenziwa yintsha ebomini babo yidumo labo kumntu.

Ukufunyanwa kwezi ziphilayo kwenzeka njani? Makhe sicinge ngenyathelo ngesinyathelo.

1. Omnye isazi senzululwazi waseGrike uAristotle wathi akukho nto ibonakalayo kwizilwanyana ezihlala kuyo yonke into, kuquka umntu. Bangabangela ukugula.
2. 1546 - Udokotela waseNtaliyane uGirolamo Fraco-strano waphakamisa ukuba izifo zabantu zibangelwa zizidalwa ezincinci, ii-microbes. Nangona kunjalo, akakwazanga ukubonakalisa oku kwaye akazange ahlaziywe.
3. 1676 - UAntonio van Leeuwenhoek bafunda isicebo somthi wesikhoksi phantsi kwe-microscope eyakhelwe yedwa (i-microscope yokuqala yemveliso yayo yayinkulu kakhulu kwaye ibonakala iqokelelwe izibuko ezininzi ezingafaniyo, yanika ukwanda kwamaxesha angaphezu kwekhulu). Ngenxa yoko, wakwazi ukubona iiseli apho umthi womthi uqulethe khona. Kwakhona, ekhangele idibansi yamanzi, wahlola ezininzi zezinto ezincinci ezazihlala kulo mhla. Oku bekuyi-bhakteria, awayeyibani igama elithi "animalkuli."
4. 1840 - Udokotela waseJamani uYakobe uHenle uphakamisa ingcamango echanekileyo malunga nemiphumo ye-microorganisms kubantu, oko kukuthi, ukuba iibhaktheriya ziyi-pathogens.
5. Ngowe-1862 - umpempi waseFransi uLouis Pasteur, ngenxa yezilingo eziphindaphindiweyo, wafaka ubungqina bezilwanyana ezincinci kuwo wonke amajelo ebomi, izinto, izinto eziphilayo. Ngaloo ndlela, waqinisekisa iHenle hypothesis, kwaye sele sele iyingcamango, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Microbial Theory of Diseases". Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe, usosayensi wanikezwa umvuzo weNobel.
6. 1877 - URobert Koch usungula indlela yokuqhelanisa iinkcubeko zebhaktheriya.
7. 1884 - uHans Gram, ugqirha. Kuye kulungele ukwahlula ezi zidalwa zibe yi-gram-positive kunye ne-gram-negative, kuxhomekeke ekuphenduleni kwimo yedayi.
8. Ngo-1880 - uKarg Ebert wachaze isizathu sesifo ngesifo somkhuhlane we-typhoid-isenzo sebhakteriki eneentonga.
9. 1882 - URobert Koch uchonga i-bacillus ye-tubercle.
10. 1897 - Ugqirha waseJapan u-Kie-si Shiga wafumanisa imbangela yesifo segazi
11. 1897 - UBernhard Bang wamisela ukuba kukho iibhakteria-izifo zengqondo zezilwanyana ezibangelwa ukulahleka kwamathambo.

Ngaloo ndlela, ukuphuhliswa kolwazi malunga neebhaktheriya nezifo ezibangelwa yiyo, kwakunokukhula. Kwaye namhlanje kunamalungu angama-10 ahlukeneyo ama-prokaryotes achazwe. Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba kunezilwanyana ezingaphezu kwesigidi ehlabathini.

Inzululwazi yeeskripthi

Iibhaktheriya njengezithunywa zezifo ezithathelwanayo zisoloko zinomdla kwisayensi, kuba ulwazi malunga nabo luvumela ukuxazulula iingxaki ezininzi zempilo kungekhona kubantu kuphela, kodwa nakwizilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Ngoko ke, i-sciences ezininzi sele zakhiwe ezijongene nokufundisisa le ngxaki.

1. I-Microbiology iyisayensi eqhelekileyo ehlola zonke izinto ezincinci, kubandakanywa neebhaktheriya.
2. I-bacteriology yenzululwazi ejongene nokufundwa kwee-microbes, ibhaktheriya, ukuhluka kwazo, indlela yokuphila, ukuhanjiswa kunye nempembelelo kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo.
3. I-microbiology ye-Sanitary - uphando lwezicwangciso zokukhusela ukuvelisa izifo ze-bacteria kubantu.
4. Izilwanyana zezilwanyana zezilwanyana - uphando ngeengcatshi-izifo ezithintekayo kwizifo, iindlela zokuphelisa, unyango, ukuthintela ukhuseleko.
5. I-microbiology yezokwelapha - ihlola impembelelo yebhaktheriya ebomini babo bonke abantu abaphilayo ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga iyeza.

Ukongeza kwiiseli zebhaktheriya zikhona kunye neprotozoa ezinomnye-nye, izifo eziphilayo kubantu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Umzekelo, i-amoebas, iplasmodia ye-malarial, i-trypanosomes njalonjalo. Kwakhona zizinto zokufunda i-microbiology yezokwelapha.

Ziziphi iibhaktheriya?

Kukho iziseko ezimbini zokuhlelwa kweeseli zebhaktheriya. Iyokuqala eyakhiwa ngokwemigaqo yokuhlula ama-microbes, ezahlukileyo kwiifom zefom. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokwale nkalo, kukho:

• I-Kokki, okanye i-spherical, i-globular. Iquka iintlobo ezininzi: i-diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci, micrococci, i-sarcin, i-tetracoccus. Ubungakanani bameli abanjalo abadluli 1 μm. Eli qela liquka ininzi kulabo abizwa ngokuba "izifo zengqondo zabantu."
• Izibonda, okanye ibhaktheriya eneentonga. Iintlobo ezinjengeziphelo zeseli: eziqhelekileyo, ezikhomba, ezicacileyo, i-vibrio, olusalukileyo, oludibeneyo, oluboshwe. Zonke ezi bhaktheriya ziyi-pathogens. Ziziphi izifo? Cishe zonke izifo ezithathelwanayo, ezaziwa ngabantu namhlanje.
• Iifrimson eziphilayo. Bahlulwe kwi-spirilla kunye ne-spirochetes. Izakhiwo ezinokubhukuda ezincinci, ezinye zazo ziyi-microbes, kunye nabanye abameli be-microflora eziqhelekileyo zamathumbu nezilwanyana.
• Iibhakteria zogcino - zifana neefom zemilo, kodwa ekugqibeleni zinama-grade degrees. Ezi ziquka i-bifidobacteria, edlala indima ebalulekileyo ebomini babantu.

Olunye uluhlu lwamaseli ezinobhakethi lusekelwe kwizibonakaliso zanamhlanje: i-RNA kwisakhiwo, i-biochemical kunye ne-morphological properties, ngokubhekiselele kumatshini kunye nokunye. Kule mihlaba, zonke iibhaktheriya zinokuhlulwa kwiindidi ezingama-23, ngasinye sibandakanya iiklasi eziliqela, iifriji kunye nezilwanyana.

Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa ii-microorganms ngokweendlela zokutya, uhlobo lokuphefumula, indawo yokuhlala kunye nokunye.

Ukusetyenziswa kweebhaktheriya ngabantu

Abantu baye basebenzisa ii-microorganms ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Ngaloo nto, oku, kwakungekho isisombululo esiluncedo, kodwa nje ukufumana ukufumana inzuzo ngokwemvelo. Ngokomzekelo, izixhobo zokusela utywala zaveliswa, kwenziwa iinkqubo zokuvumba.

Xa kudlula ixesha kunye nokufumanisa iindlela zokuphila kwezi zidalwa ezincinci, umntu uye wafunda ukuzisebenzisa ngokubanzi kwiimfuno zakhe. Kunokwenzeka ukuba ungatshintshi amasebe amaninzi oqoqosho, apho i-biology idibene ngokuthe ngqo. Asetyenziswa:

1. Kwimveliso yokutya: i-bakingery baking and bread, i-winemaking, iimveliso ze-lactic acid kunye njalo.
2. Ukusetyenziswa kweMichiza: iibhaktheriya zivelisa i-amino acids, i-acids, iiprotheni, iivithamini, i-lipids, i-antibiotics, i-enzyme, i-pigment, iicucleic acid, ushukela njalonjalo.
3. Amachiza: iziyobisi ezibuyisela i-microflora yendalo yangaphakathi yomzimba, i-antibiotics njalo njalo.
4. Ulimo: amalungiselelo okukhula kwezityalo kunye nokunyangwa kwezilwanyana, iintsholongwane zeebhaktheriya ezandisa izityalo, ukuvelisa ubisi kunye nokuveliswa kweqanda, njalo njalo.
5. I-ecology: ii-microorganisms-producing-organisms, ukucocwa kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nama-resial asorganic, ukuhlanjululwa kwemeko.

Nangona kunjalo, ukongeza kwimiphumo emihle yokusebenzisa ibhaktheriya, abantu abakwazi ukulahla izinto ezimbi. Emva kwakho konke, iibhaktheriya ziyinto ekhuselekileyo yezifo zabantu? Eyona nto iyinkimbinkimbi, inobungozi kwaye ngezinye izikhathi ibulawe. Ngoko ke, indima yabo kwindalo kunye nobomi babantu banobini.

Izifo ezinobangela izifo: iimpawu eziqhelekileyo

Ukusetyenziswa kwezifo-mzimba ziquka ezi zimbonakalo ezikwazi ukulimaza izicubu kunye neenkqubo zangaphakathi zoluntu kubantu nasezilwaneni. Kwizakhiwo zabo zangaphandle nezangaphakathi azihlukanga kwiibhaktheriya ezinobuncedo: isakhiwo esingaselunxwemeni esisihlanganiswe nesibonda esinyeneyo (udonga lwesellu), ngaphandle sambethe kwi-capsule enamaqabunga, ekhusela ekungcoleni ngaphakathi kwindwendwe kunye nokusuka. Izinto eziphathekayo eziphathekayo zihanjiswa ngaphakathi kweseli njengekholeji ze-DNA molecules. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezingathandekiyo, banako ukwenza i-spores-ukuba bangene kwindawo yokuqhuma, apho iinkqubo zomsebenzi obalulekileyo ziphela phambi kokuhlaziywa kwezimo ezilungileyo.

Iibhaktheriya yilezi zizathu zokubangela izifo eziphilileyo? Ezi zinto zihanjiswa ngokulula ngamaconsi, ziqhagamshelana ngqo okanye ziqhagamshelana neendawo ezibonakalayo ezinqabileyo zesikhumba. Kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba ii-pathogens zibizwa ngokuba zixhobo zokutshabalalisa. Emva koko, banako ukubangela izifo eziphefumlelweyo, izifo, i-epizootics, epiphytotics njalo njalo. Oko kukuthi, izifo ezigubungela amazwe onke, ezichaphazela zombini izityalo (epiphytotics), kunye nezilwanyana (epizootics), kunye nabantu (izifo zesifo).

Ngelishwa, akuzona zonke iintlobo zezidalwa eziye zafundiswa ngokupheleleyo ngabantu. Ngako oko, akukho siqinisekiso sokuba nanini na kuya kubakho ukusuleleka, abantu abangaziwa. Oku kubangela ukuba kubekho uxanduva olukhulu kwii-microbiologist, abaphandi bezonyango kunye ne-virologists.

Ziziphi izifo ezibangelwa yiibhaktheriya?

Zininzi izifo ezinjalo. Kule meko, akunakwenzeka ukuba ungabalulekanga kuphela ezinye eziqhelekileyo. Emva kwakho konke, iibhaktheriya zingathinteli kuphela izilwanyana, kodwa zityalo zityalo. Ngoko ke, zonke izifo abazenzayo, kuqhelekile ukwahlula kumaqela amaninzi.

1. Izifo ezithandabuzayo zizinto ezibonakalayo kuphela ngabantu, kwaye ukusuleleka kunokwenzeka ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwabo (izifo zesifo sezifo). Imizekelo yezifo: i-typhus, i-kholera, i-smallpox, isisisi, isifo segazi, i-diphtheria nabanye.
2. Izifo ze-Zoonotic zezifo ezithintela izilwanyana kunye nezinto abazithwala zona, kodwa nangayiphi na indlela banokuchaphazela umntu. Ngokomzekelo, xa kubetha izinambuzane okanye ezinye izilwanyana, xa izilwanyana zidibanisa ulusu kunye nomphefumlo wokuphefumula womntu, ukuhanjiswa kweebhaktheriya. Izifo: utywala, i-anthrax, isibetho, i-tularemia, i-rabies, unyawo kunye nesifo somlomo.
3. Usulelo lwe-Epiphytic luhluma izifo ezibangelwa zizibhaktheriya. Ezi ziquka ukubola, iindawo, izicubu, ukutshisa, i-gummoses nezinye izifo zebhakteria.

Cinga ngezifo zabantu ezibangelwa yiibhaktheriya. Ezi zizona ziqhelekileyo. Ngubo bazisa ixesha elidlulileyo baze babone iingxaki ezininzi kunye neengxaki kubantu.

Ibhakteria yabantu

Izifo zabantu ezibangelwa yi-bhakteria zihlala zidala ingozi enkulu kunye nomonakalo kwimpilo yabantu. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kwaye iyingozi kuzo zilandelayo:

1. Isibetho ligama elibi kubahlali be-Middle Ages kunye ne-Renaissance. Esi sifo senze amawaka abantu ubomi. Ngaphambili, ukugula ngesibetho kwakufana nokufa, kwada kwafika indlela yokugonywa kunye nokunyanga kwesi sifo esiyingozi. Ngoku esi sifo senzeke kwamanye amazwe aseTropiki kwaye sisondelene ngokuthe ngqo kwendalo.
2. I-Erysipelas isifo sezilwanyana, ikakhulukazi ihagu, iinkukhu, amawundlu, amahashe. Thunyelwe kumntu. Yibangelwa yi- bacterium ye-pathogenic, egama layo ngu-Erysipelothrix insidiosa. Ukulwa nalesi sifo kulula, ezi zifo-mzimba ziyesaba ukukhanya kwelanga, ukushisa okuphezulu kunye ne-alkalis. Okwangoku, isifo asiqhelekanga. Ukuvela kwe-foci kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zokulondolozwa kwezilwanyana.
3. IDiphtheria. Isifo esiyingozi sephepha lokuphefumula, sinika inkxalabo enamandla entliziyweni. Namhlanje, akunqabile, njengoko ugonyo lwenziwe kwinqanaba lokuqala lomntwana.
4. Isifo segazi. Esi sifo kubangelwa yi-bhakteria, amagama awo yi-shigella (Shigella). Umthombo wentsholongwane ngabantu abagulayo abakwazi ukuhambisa intsholongwane ngempahla yasekhaya, i-aqueous okanye inxibelelwano (ngomlomo). Abantwana basengozini enkulu kwisifo. Isifo segazi singaphathwa ngamaxesha amaninzi, njengoko ukukhuselwa kwesi sifo kuboniswa nje okwethutyana.
5. I-Tularemia-ebangelwa ibhetri Francisella tularensis. Ukuxhomekeka kakhulu, ukuxhathisa amaqondo okushisa, imeko yendalo, ukusuleleka. Unyango luyinkimbinkimbi, aluyi kuphuhliswa ngokupheleleyo.
6. Isifo sofuba - kubangelwa intonga kaKoch. Isifo esiyinkimbinkimbi esichaphazela imiphunga nezinye izitho. Iinkqubo zokuphilisa ziye zaphuhliswa kwaye zenziwa ngokubanzi, kodwa ziyakwazi ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo eso sifo.
7. I-Pertussis yintsholongwane ebangelwa yi-british Bordetella pertussis. Eyona nto ibonakaliswa yintlungu yokuhlaselwa. Ukugonywa ebusaneni.
8. I-Syphilis yintsholongwane exhaphakileyo ngesondo. Yibangelwa yi-agent ye causative spirochete trypanosome. Iyakuchukumisa izitho zangasese, amehlo, ulusu, i-CNS, amathambo namalungu. Unyango ngamayeza aphikisayo, unyango lwaziwa.
9. I-Gonorrhea - kwakunye ne-syphilis, isifo sekhulu lama-XXI. Izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi, unyango lwe-antibiotic. Kubangelwa yiibhaktheriya - gonococci.
10. I-Tetanus - ibangelwa intonga yeClastridium tetani, ephosa i-toxins ezinamandla kunomzimba womntu. Oku kubangela ukuxhalaxeka okukrakra kunye nokuchaswa okungalawulwayo kwemisipha.

Ewe, kukho ezinye iibhaktheriya nezifo zabantu. Kodwa ezi zidweliswe zona ziqhelekileyo kwaye zinzulu.

Zezilwanyana zezilwanyana

Izifo zezilwanyana eqhelekileyo, ezo zibangelwa amagciwane ziquka:

• izinto ezibolileyo;
• ngqi;
• pasteurellosis;
• colibacteriosis;
• isibetho ukudumba;
• glanders;
• melioidosis;
• yersiniosis;
• vibriosis;
• actinomycosis;
• anthrax;
• ngonyawo kunye nesifo umlomo.

Bonke bephela kubangela iintsholongwane ezithile. Isifo becala nako nokunikezelwa ebantwini, ngoko ke iyingozi kakhulu kwaye kakhulu. Amanyathelo eziphambili ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwezifo ezifana - ugcina izilwanyana ezihlambulukileyo care, ngenyameko kubo, angachithi ixesha elininzi kunye abagulayo.

amagciwane plant

Phakathi iintsholongwane eziyingozi ezosulela inkqubo iingcambu namasebe zezityalo nto leyo ebangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo, eyona zixhaphakileyo nabameli zilandelayo:

• Mycobacteriaceae;
• Pseudomonadaceae;
• Bacteriaceae.

izifo zezityalo ezibangelwa ziibhaktheriya ezibangela ilahleko esa ekufeni ezi ndima zilandelayo izityalo ezilinyiweyo:

• iingcambu;
• kushiya;
• olubangelwa;
• iziqhamo;
• yokudubula;
• izityalo ingcambu.

Oko kukuthi, isityalo lonke lichatshazelwe yi-arhente. Amaninzi ubunzima ngenxa yokutyala ezinjalo lwezolimo, iitapile, ikhaphetshu, umbona, ingqolowa, amatswele, iitumato, Rustica, iidiliya, imithi ezahlukeneyo iziqhamo kunye nezinye iziqhamo, imifuno kunye neenkozwana.

Ezi zifo eziphambili zibandakanya ezi zilandelayo:

• izifo bacteria;
• umhlaza;
• indawo bacteria;
• zibole;
• mlilo;
• bacteriosis carcinoma;
• yonakalise umlilo;
• ring ukubola;
• blackleg;
• gummosis;
• bacteriosis onemigca;
• bacteriosis abamnyama kunye nabanye.

Okwangoku, zezityalo eziphilayo kwezolimo ebexakekile ukusebenzela ukufumana iimveliso yokhuseleko izityalo kule mbandezelo.