Imisebenzi nucleolar kwi yeseli ntoni? Le nucleolus: isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Iseli lusisisekelo esisiseko izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, kwaye ezintsonkothileyo izakhiwo umbutho imichiza ebizwa organelles. Ezi ziquka ngumongo, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi leyo iya kuphonononga kweli nqaku.

Iimpawu eziba eukaryotic

iiseli Nucleated kumafa yayo iqulethe organelles non-inwebu anazo, liyajiya karyoplasm wabiza nucleolus okanye nucleoli. Bathi eyafunyanwa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Ngoku nucleoli ngokwaneleyo bafunda electron microscopy. Phantse de 50 komsebenzi nucleolar kwinkulungwane yama-20 abazange ichongiwe, yaye izazinzulu ingqalelo oku organelle, gxebe, njengoko ichibi kwezinto nanceba kusetyenziswa ngexesha mitosis.

Uphando lwakutshanje luye lwaqinisekisa ukuba organoid iquka granules uhlobo nucleoprotein. Ngaphezu koko, amalinge kwemichiza waqinisekisa ukuba organelle liquka inani elikhulu iiprothini. Bakufikise mninzi yalo phezulu. Koko proteids, nucleoli ekhona ekwakhiweni imali encinci RNA ne-DNA.

Umjikelo cell

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kubomi yeseli, nto leyo iquka ixesha yokuphumla (interphase) neyantlukwano (meiosis - i sex, mitosis - i iseli somatic), nucleoli zigcinwa rhoqo. Ngoko, kwi ngumongo interphase kunye nucleolus, leyo ukusebenza - ukugcinwa zofuzo kunye lokusekwa organelles protein-synthesizing akhoyo ngokuyimfuneko. Ekuqaleni kwisahlulo yeseli, ezizezi prophase, nyamalala ndakubumba re-kuphela ekupheleni telophase, egcinwa ehokweni de kwicandelo elilandelayo okanye apoptosis - intshabalalo yayo.

Umququzeleli nucleolus

Kule 30 zenkulungwane lokugqibela, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba akuseko nucleoli kulawulwa amacandelo athile zofuzo ezithile. Bathi ziqulathe yemfuza, ezigcina ulwazi malunga nento isakhiwo yintoni na imisebenzi nucleolus kwiseli. Kukho unxulumano phakathi ubungakanani ngumququzeleli nucleolar kunye organelles ngokwabo. Umzekelo, i- African clawed isele iqulethe kwi chromosome yayo karyotype ezimbini nucleolus yaye ngaloo ndlela kube eziba iiseli somatic ukuba nucleoli ezimbini.

Ekubeni imisebenzi nucleolus kwakunye njengoko ubukho walo ngokusondeleyo hlula iseli kwaye ukuyilwa ribosomes, le organelles ngokwabo ningaswele isicwili sobuchopho ezizodwa kakhulu, igazi, yaye blastomeres elilodwa iNtonga yeGunya.

yokukhulisa nucleoli

Inyathelo eyenziweyo interphase kunye DNA ukukotshwa self-kabini kwenzeka elingaphaya rRNA yemfuza. Ekubeni nguwona msebenzi nucleolus - ukuveliswa ribosomes, ngokunxulumene overexpression ye DNA ngeso nadlulisela ulwazi malunga RNA landa kakhulu inani le organelles. Nucleoproteins, hayi ezinxulumene zofuzo aqalise ukusebenza odwa. Ngenxa yoko - a nucleoli nobuninzi yaseburhulumenteni kuyilwa, ukuzahlula ngokwawo evela zofuzo nucleolar. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba yokukhulisa rRNA yemfuza. Ukuqhubeka ukufunda umsebenzi nucleolus esiseleni, siphawula ukuba eyona esebenzayo of kuyondelelaniswe kwenzeka prophase meiotic of meiosis, apho oocytes ukuze yokuqala iqulethe nucleoli amakhulu eziliqela.

Ukubaluleka begazi yale meko kucaca xa ucinga ukuba nisaqala embryogenesis: ityumza yaye blastulation, kufuneka isixa esikhulu ribosomes synthesizing nezinto eziphambili zokwakha - protein. Yokukhulisa - inkqubo eliqhelekileyo, kuthatha indawo oogenesis izityalo, izinambuzane, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, igwele, yaye ezinye protists.

organelles kuqamba Histochemical

Siza kuqhubeka isifundo iiseli eukaryotic nezakhiwo zabo, cinga nucleolus, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi zihlobene. Kuye kwafumaniseka ukuba iqulethe iindidi ezintathu izinto:

1. Nukleonemy (intshebe ukubunjwa). Ba owahlukeneyo kwaye ziqulathe fibrils kunye amaqhuma. Njengenxenye zombini izityalo kunye neeseli zezilwanyana, amaziko ifom fibrillar nukleonemy. isakhiwo Cytochemical nomsebenzi nucleolus kwakhona kuxhomekeke kubukho kuyo le isizalo - ityathanga reference Iprothini isakhiwo neliphezulu iimolekyuli.
2. Vacuoles (highlights).
3. zithutha Granular (nucleolin).

Kweli qela uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali, lo organoid iqulathe phantse nocatshulo RNA kunye protein DNA kuphela xa sikwi yayo, akha isakhiwo thunzi - chromatin okoloyadryshkovy.

Ngoko siye saseka ukuba isakhiwo nucleolus ubunjwe ezikhoyo ezintlanu: amaziko granular kunye fibrillar, chromatin, le reticulum iiproteins kunye necandelo fibrillar ashinyeneyo.

iintlobo nucleoli

Isakhiwo ezinto kula organelles ixhomekeke kuhlobo iseli apho zikhona, ngokunjalo iimpawu ukutya kwabo. Ukwahlula iintlobo 5 nucleoli ezisisiseko noshowo. Imvelaphi - reticular, i ziqhelekileyo kwaye ebalasele ngobuninzi lutyhido eziphathekayo fibrillar exineneyo nucleoproteins nucleons. Inkqubo Yeremiya ulwazi ngumququzeleli nucleolar iyasebenza kakhulu, ngoko ke amaziko fibrillar zaneleyo ibonakala phantsi ngemicroscope.

Ekubeni nguwona msebenzi nucleolus kwi iseli - le Yindibanisela subunits ribosomal, zawo organelles protein-synthesizing, uhlobo reticular lombutho ezendeleyo zombini iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. uhlobo Nucleoli thunzi ihlasela iiseli zomzimba nokuqina: lymphocyte kunye neeseli endothelial, ogama gene amagama rRNA nesele. nucleoli lentsalela afumaneka iiseli baphelelwa ukukwazi ukhutshelo, umzekelo, normoblasts kunye enterocytes.

uhlobo ngokwebala weeseli semvelo baye carcinogens ukunxila, antibiotics. Ekugqibeleni, uhlobo indawo amaziko fibrillar nucleolar lubonakala yintlaninge kwaye inani elincinane nucleons.

Nucleolar protein matrix

Siza kuqhubeka isifundo yesakhiwo lwangaphakathi izakhiwo kernel kwaye amisele ukuba yintoni na imisebenzi nucleolus kuseli ukutya. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba malunga ne-60% ngokobunzima owomileyo uwe phezu kweli organelle iiproteni enza chromatin, amasuntswana ribosomal, kwakunye iiproteni efanelekileyo nucleolar. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha. Inxalenye proteids kuthetha ekusetyenzweni - ukuyilwa ribosomal oqolileyo RNA. Ezi ziquka RNA polymerase 1 nuclease ukuba asuse ezintathu ongaphezu kwemfuneko zonke iimolekyuli rRNA. Protein fibrillarin ibekwe kwicandelo fibrillar exineneyo, ezifana nuclease kwaye yenza processing. Enye protein - nucleolin. Kunye fibrillarin ngayo kwi PFC kunye FC nucleoli kunye nucleolar umququzeleli chromosome prophase of mitosis.

polypeptide ezifana nukleofozin ibekwe kwindawo granular kunye necandelo fibrillar ashinyeneyo, oko inxaxheba kukwenziwa ribosomal 40 S kunye S subunits 60.

Yintoni na nucleolus

Le Yindibanisela RNA ribosomal - kowona msebenzi apho ukwenza nucleoli. Ngeli xesha, kumphezulu wayo (ngamanye kumaziko fibrillar) yenzeka Ukukhutshelwa yi-Polymerase enzyme RNA. Kule umququzeleli nucleolar kuhlanganiswa amakhulu ribonucleoprotein pre-ribosomes ebizwa globules. Kwabo subunits kwakheka ribosomal ukuba pores yenyukliya ushiye karyoplasm ngokwabo kwi kwiseli kukho icytoplasm. -40 enganeno amancinci liqhagamshelene umthunywa RNA, yaye kuphela emva kokuba ukuba elikhulu enganeno 40 iqhotyoshelwe kubo. Umfanekiso we ribosome oqolileyo ekwaziyo ukusasaza - le Yindibanisela iiprothini cellular.

Kweli nqaku isakhiwo nucleolar kunye msebenzi kufundwe iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.