Bone njengento isebe: isakhiwo, iimpawu, imisebenzi,

Bone njengenxalenye yomzimba kwenkqubo imibutho intshukumo kunye nenkxaso, kwaye iyahluka ngokupheleleyo imilo ezizodwa kunye nesakhiwo, imithambo kakuhle boqobo architectonic kunye imithambo yegazi. It yakhiwe becala kukho inyama ithambo esisodwa igutyungelwe ngaphandle periosteum, yaye ngaphakathi iquka lomongo wethambo.

iimpawu eziphambili

bone ngalinye libe ilungu abe ubungakanani ethile, imilo kunye nendawo emzimbeni womntu. Konke oku kwanefuthe kakhulu iimeko ezahlukeneyo apho asaphuhlayo, kwakunye imithwalo eyahlukeneyo olusebenzayo bafumana amathambo ngoba umzimba abantu.

Naziphi amathambo badla isixa esithile yobonelelo kwegazi emithonjeni, ubukho kweendawo ezithile indawo yabo, kwakunye njengokuba izitya ngokwanelisayo eqhelekileyo architectonic. Zonke ezi mpawu ezo ncam isicelo kwimithambo- innervate ithambo.

isakhiwo

Bone njengento ilungu ibandakanya eminye amalaphu ukuba kulwalamano ezithile, kodwa, Kakade ke, eyona nto ibalulekileyo phakathi kwabo ke ithambo isakhiwo inyama lamellar leyo kubhekwe umzekelo diaphysis (isebe central, umzimba) amathambo elide tubular.

Inxalenye yale nto ibekwe phakathi amacwecwe yangaphakathi langaphandle kwaye isethi amacwecwe gusset kunye osteons i engqongileyo. Le yokugqibela yi neyunithi noshowo kwaye zisebenza wethambo kwaye kubonakala phezu kwemizekelo zeethishu ezikhethekileyo okanye kumacandelo obhityileyo.

Ngaphandle thambo singqongwe kwiiseli ezininzi iingxelo okanye ngokubanzi, ezo ngqo phantsi periosteum. Emva kokuba ezizodwa ezi zoleko perforating amajelo eziqulathe izinto ezifanayo igama yegazi. Ngelo umda kunye kwisisu medullary of amathambo elide Ngumfanekiso umaleko ezongezelelweyo ezingqonge amacwecwe yangaphakathi wahlatywa ngenxa nobuninzi lamajelo ezahlukeneyo, kwandiswa iiseli.

kwisisu Medullary igcwele ngokupheleleyo ekuthiwa endosteum ezimele i umaleko obhityileyo kakhulu kwithishyu nokuqina, equka iiseli osteogenic engasebenziyo atshabalalisa.

osteons

Osteon emelwe concentrically amalungiselelo iipleyiti ithambo ezikhangeleka ngathi yimiqulu ngobubanzi ezahlukeneyo ifakwe kwezinye ezingqongileyo emseleni ngamnye Haversian, ngalo imizwa ezahlukeneyo kunye imithambo yegazi. Kwiimeko ezininzi osteons nenzuzo dlinniku amalungiselelo ngaxeshanye ithambo, apho anostomoziruya multiple ezihambelanayo.

Inani lilonke osteons na umntu ukuba ithambo ngamnye ngamnye. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, yifemur , njengokuba umzimba iqulethe ngendlela imali 1.8 1 mm² nganye, kwaye ke isabelo lomsele Haversian kulo mzekelo ubalelwa 0.2-0.3 mm².

Phakathi osteons ezi eliphakathi okanye intercalated ipleyiti esukela onke amacala yaye besenza inxalenye eseleyo osteons omdala esele kutshatyalaliswa. Ubume wethambo njengoko umzimba ibonelela eyayinethombo rhoqo iinkqubo Unxunguphalo nokubunjwa entsha osteons.

plates Bone akheke cylinder, kunye fibrils osseinovye ezikufutshane abanye ukuba basibamba ngaxeshanye. Phakathi iipleyiti zilungiswe elele concentrically osteocytes. Iinkqubo ze iiseli bone kwaye isasazeka ngokuthe ngcembe phezu tubules amaninzi, ezihamba le asebumelwaneni-spikes osteocytes kwaye ebandakanyeka kuqhagamshelwano iseli-cell. Ngaloo ndlela ke akhiwe nendawo ogxile kwinkqubo lacunary-canalicular walunyukiswa ababandakanyeka ngqo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo metabolic.

Osteon ukubunjwa iquka iipleyiti ithambo concentric ezahlukeneyo ezingaphezu kwama-20. amathambo Human zidlulile enye okanye ezimbini osteon microvasculature ngejelo, kwakunye ezahlukeneyo unmyelinated luvo kunye emithanjeni nkovu ezizodwa, ezo zihamba kunye kweengqimba kwizicwili evakalala, kuquka izinto ezahlukeneyo osteogenic ezifana osteoblasts, iiseli perivascular kunye nabanye abaninzi.

osteons nemijelo babe umfowunelwa ngokwaneleyo tight omnye nomnye kunye kwisisu medullary kunye periosteum ngenxa yobukho imijelo probozhdayuschih eyodwa, into leyo eyenza igalelo ithambo lulonke izitya anastomosing.

periosteum

Ubume ithambo nje umzimba kuthetha ukuba oku ngaphandle sigqunywe periosteum okhethekileyo, oluthi luqokelelane ukusuka izihlunu ezinezikhondo nokuqina kwaye .lulwaleko nomphandle wocango. Last iquka iiseli ukhokho cambial.

Le misebenzi iphambili iquka periosteum inxaxheba ekuzalweni okutsha, kwakunye nokubonelela ukhuselo kunye umsebenzi trophic, nto leyo kufikelelwe apha ngokugqithisela imithambo ezahlukeneyo yegazi. Ngoko ke, igazi kunye sebenzisana ithambo.

Yiyiphi imisebenzi periosteum

Le periosteum yi phantse ngokupheleleyo lugubungela inxalenye kumphandle ithambo, kwaye ngaphandle kuphela apha ziindawo apho kukho intlala articular, kwakunye lungu esisigxina okanye imicu kwezihlunu. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ngoncedo igazi bone le periosteum limited yi esikule ezingqongileyo.

Ngokwayo oko ibhityile kakhulu, kodwa ngaxeshanye, eyomeleleyo ifilimu ubunjwe izihlunu ashinyeneyo kakhulu nokuqina, nto leyo ibekwe izitya nkovu kunye negazi kunye luvo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba wokugqibela ukungena kulo ubuncwane ithambo ngenxa periosteum. Kungakhathaliseki nokuba ingqalelo ithambo ngeempumlo, okanye ezinye, periosteum iye kakhulu yandinceda kakhulu kwiinkqubo zophuhliso ngokomelela namandla alo.

Umaleko engaphakathi ukutyabeka osteogenic na indawo ephambili apho ithambo ibunjiwe, kwaye ngokwalo it ngokobutyebi innervated oluchaphazela ubuntununtunu yayo. Ukuba ithambo ovinjwa periosteum, ekugqibeleni uyayeka ukuba lilungu sphacelating akhulayo kwaye ngokupheleleyo. Xa uqhuba na ulamlo zotyando kwi ithambo, ezifana kwizaphuko, lo periosteum kufuneka igcinwe nakanjani, ukuqinisekisa ukukhula yabo eqhelekileyo baza baqhubeka zempilo.

Nezinye iimpawu zoyilo

Phantse thambo (ngaphandle uninzi elikhulu cranial, ebandakanya ithambo ngeempumlo) kufuneka umphezulu articular, nto leyo ibonelelwa kubhekela zabo kunye nabanye. iindawo ezinjalo endaweni periosteum kukho intlala ezizodwa elidityanelweyo, nto leyo kubume bayo ezinezikhondo okanye hyaline.

Ngaphakathi kakhulu lomongo wethambo preferential ikhona, nto leyo ibekwe phakathi iipleyiti na into nomsi- okanye ngqo kwisisu medullary, kwaye kusenokuba emthubi okanye obomvu.

Xa neonates kunye iimfambilini e ithambo ekhoyo lomongo wethambo kuphela ebomvu, nto leyo ke hematopoietic kwaye imele ubunzima bomzi, okroqiweyo izinto ukusekwa imithambo yegazi, kwakunye ezizodwa inyama reticular. lomongo wethambo Red iqulethe inani elikhulu osteocytes, iiseli ithambo. Umthamo mozag ithambo ebomvu malunga 1500 cc.

Umntu omdala osele kwenzekile ukukhula ithambo, nomongo ebomvu ebegqwese indawo tyheli, imelwe isikakhulu iiseli ezithile amanqatha, lo gama i-ekunene kubalulekile ukuphawula kukuba endaweni ngokupheleleyo umongo, nto leyo ibekwe emjelweni medullary.

yenyani

E ukuba le ndoda yomntu, indlela Fusion ithambo, kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye iinkqubo flow ezinxulumene nazo, benza yenyani. Inani ngqo kwemizimba ezichazwe abantu ayikwazi ngokuqiniseka, kuba itshintsha ngexesha ukwaluphala. Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba ukususela ebuntwaneni kuse ebudaleni ebantwini gqolo zisenzeka izitshanguba ithambo, izicwili ukufa kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezininzi. Ngokubanzi, ubomi lisenokuba ngaphezu kwe 800 iinkalo nokudleka ezahlukeneyo, 270 apho - nkqu Esibelekweni.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba uninzi lwabo ihlanganiswa omnye komnye, lo gama i-mntu in esakhula. Le omdala skeleton yabantu iqulethe ezingama amathambo 206, nto leyo ukongeza rhoqo ebudaleni angase abonakale dice edlulayo, ukuba isiganeko ibangelwa ezahlukeneyo iimpawu ngamnye kunye nemisebenzi umzimba.

skeleton

Amathambo imilenze namanye amalungu omzimba kunye ihlangene zabo zakha amathambo zabantu, nto leyo isethi oxineneyo nezakhiwo yokwakheka, nto eziphilayo ukucinga kakhulu kuphela imisebenzi mechanical. Kulo mzekelo, inzululwazi yanamhlanje simi skeleton eziqinileyo ukuba livela amathambo, kwaye ethambileyo, ebandakanya zonke iintlobo nemisipha, iinwebu kunye namalunga ekhethekileyo cartilaginous.

Amathambo ngamnye kunye namalungu, kwakunye amathambo abantu ngokubanzi, inokuba emzimbeni ukwenza ezahlukeneyo kwemisebenzi. Ngoko ke, amathambo nemilenze kunye buti zinemisebenzi ube izihlunu inkxaso ethambileyo, lo gama uninzi mathambo zokuxhathisa, njengoko izihlunu zincamathele kubo, ekuboneleleni umsebenzi weentshukumo. Zombini ezi mpawu zikuvumela ukuba unelungelo unikwe ukubiza amathambo element isixando ngokupheleleyo kwenkqubo musculoskeletal yabantu.

skeleton Human imele isakhiwo antigravity counteracting amandla womxhuzulane. Ukuba phantsi kwempembelelo kwayo, umzimba womntu kufuneka icinezelwe ngokuchasene emhlabeni, kodwa oko kusenziwa ngokudlela indlala iifitsha athwale iiseli ngamnye ngethambo kunye amathambo xa iyonke, utshintsho imilo umzimba abayi ezenzekayo.

umsebenzi bone

Amathambo lukakayi, isinqe kunye nesiqu zinika zikhusela nxamnye umonakalo ezahlukeneyo amalungu abalulekileyo, zemithi-luvo okanye iimpahla ezinkulu:

• skull isiqulathi epheleleyo amalungu lizama, ukubona, ukuva, nobuchopho;
• emseleni spinal kuquka umnqonqo;
• iimbambo sikhusela imiphunga, intliziyo kunye luvo ezinkulu imithambo yegazi;
• amathambo zangasese ayakhuselwa umonakalo esinyini, ezinqeni, kwakunye eveze zangaphakathi ezahlukeneyo.

ezininzi amathambo Preferential ngaphakathi iqulethe lomongo wethambo ebomvu, nto leyo okhethekileyo amalungu hematopoiesis kunye amajoni omzimba womntu. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba amathambo awukhusele umonakalo, ngokunjalo nokudala iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu ukukhula kwiiseli ezahlukeneyo kunye trophism.

Ukongeza, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe yokuba amathambo abanenxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo yezimbiwa ukutya, njengoko ifakwe eninzi imichiza, phakathi apho kwindawo ekhethekileyo kuhlala calcium phosphorus. Ngoko ke, ukuba ephilayo ilawulwa calcium radioactive emva kweeyure malunga nama-24 ngaphezulu kwama-50% ukwimo okongezeleke emathanjeni.

uphuhliso

Ukwakheka kwamathambo ikhutshwa phandle osteoblasts, kwaye kukho iindidi ezininzi Ukuqina:

• Endesmalnoe. Kuliwa ngqo kwi isigubungelo kwizicwili, ithambo zaseprayimari. Ukusuka kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo ze kwamathambo kwi zomzimba nokuqina inkqubo kwimveku kwamathambo uqalisa lwanwena imitha macala onke. Surface kunokudala kwizicwili kanjalo bahlale ekwimo periosteum ukusuka ithambo leyo iqala ukukhula ngokomelela.
• Perichondral. Kukho phezu ongaphandle iziqalelo intlala le nxaxheba perichondrium ngqo. Ngenxa umsebenzi osteoblasts, ezithi zibekwe phantsi perichondrium, ngokuthe ngcembe ithambo ilibele, indawo intlala nokwakha into ithambo compact kakhulu.
• Periosteal. Oku kungenxa periosteum, nto leyo lithuthwa perichondrium. Previous kunye neentlobo kweyi alandela omnye komnye.
• Endochondral. Iqalisa zakuqala intlala le nxaxheba ngqo perichondrium ngokubonelela feed kungena kwiinkqubo intlala equlathe iimpahla ezikhethekileyo. kancane inyama kosteobrazovatelnaya utshabalalisa izvetshaly intlala kwamathambo kwaye yenza ingongoma ngqo embindini imifuziselo ithambo cartilaginous. Ngamanye ukusasaza kwamathambo endochondral ukusuka embindini ukuya kwimiphetho lwenziwa ukusekwa ithambo trabecular.

Njani ihamba?

Umntu ngamnye abakwazi wabangela kwamathambo luqala kwimimandla ephithizela wethambo engundoqo. Ehlabathini ngenyanga yesibini ubomi esibelekweni ukuqala ukuvela ingongoma ephambili apho uphuhliso diaphyseal, metaphyseal kunye izidumbu amathambo elide. Kamva ossified yi ukusekwa amathambo endochondral kwaye perichondral, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba kuzalwe okanye emva kokuzalwa kwiminyaka yokuqala embalwa, baqale ukuvela kwindawo yesibini, ukusuka apho uphuhliso epiphyseal.

Ebantwaneni, kwakunye nabantu ebutsheni omdala angavela iziqithi kwamathambo olongezelelweyo, apho uphuhliso luqala apophyses. amathambo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezahlulo zabo ngabanye, eziquka into ekhethekileyo nomsi-, ngokuhamba kwexesha kwamathambo endochondral, ngoxa izinto ziquka ubulungu kweziyobisi yayo nomsi- kwaye compact, kubune qala kunye endochondral. Ukuqina kwe ithambo ngamnye ngokupheleleyo ibonisa iinkqubo ezisebenzayo ngenxa ye phylogeny.

ukukhula

Ngexesha ukukhula yenziwa uzakhe kunye ukubana ithambo encinane. Qala ukwakha osteons ezintsha, yaye oku kwakhona luqhutywa rezorbatsiya ngaxeshanye emele resorption of osteons yakudala, leyo yenziweyo osteoclasts. Ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi wabo esebenzayo ekugqibeleni phantse yonke diaphysis ithambo endochondral iyachithakala, kwaye endaweni yoko kwasekwa epheleleyo lomongo wethambo kwisisu. Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele ukuba bazimisele yaye zomaleko perichondral amathambo, kodwa endaweni shwaka ithambo efakwe maleko engaphezulu evela periosteum. Xa rezultatet ithambo iqala ukukhula ngokomelela.

ukukhula Bone ubude ibonelelwa intlala epiphyseal, umaleko ekhethekileyo phakathi metaphysis kunye epiphysis, nokuqhubeka abantu abaselula kunye nabantwana.