Idabi elide: umhla, isishwankathelo, beesekethe

Nakule amazwe amaninzi ehlabathini kukho idabi isikhonkwane, apho waba uhlobo uphawu izizukulwana ezizayo. Kuba Russia, oku Borodino kunye Stalingrad, France - ephakamisa kokungqingwa Orleans kumaSerb - Idabi eKosovo Polje. A indima efana amaGrike badlale marathon idabi. Isishwankathelo ngoonobangela kunye neziphumo kulo mlo iya kuxoxwa ngezantsi. Uloyiso kule mfazwe nje kuphela ukuba amaGrike ukulwela inkululeko yabo, kodwa ukudala iimeko ezikhuthaza ikamva labo ndawonye amandla simanyene kuyingozi yangaphandle.

Imvelaphi ingxabano

Ngowe-VI Ngenkulungwane BC xa le kusuhi na kuMbindi Mpuma kwasekwa amagunya ezinkulu ixesha - uBukhosi basePersi. Xa inani iimfazwe kwixesha elifutshane kwexesha sele iphumelele kwaye bephumelela ithi ezinkulu ezifana Media, iBhabhiloni, uLidiya neYiputa. NamaPersi zafakwa ezininzi Greek isixeko-karhulumente, ibekwe kwi kummandla ka-Asia Minor, eTurkey yanamhlanje.

Ngo-499 BC. e. Le nkqubo bamvukele ulawulo wasePersi. Ebonakalayo ndlela baye eAthene, apho ngelo xesha, ngenxa eziliqela nosaziwayo oluntu, ukwenza utshintsho lwentando yesininzi, baqala ukudlala indima kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho obaluleke kakhulu phakathi Greek isixeko-States.

Kodwa qhankqalazo nangoku batyumkileyo umkhosi wasePersi. Nabo ngokwabo namaPersi eAthene uphazamiseko kwimicimbi ubukhosi yaba lithuba elihle lokuba ukwandiswa umbutho Balkan Peninsula, phezu kuthinjwe ethe elide bephupha ngayo.

Isifo yemfazwe

Ngowe-492, ngokomyalelo wokumkani wamaPersi uDariyo I Leyiseka eThrace - ilizwe abakwiindawo kakhulu kwimida wamaGrike. Ke inkosi uBukhosi wathumela el kuwo wonke umzi-states of Greece, wafuna ukuqonda ulawulo lwakhe. Phantse yonke imigaqo of Greece, esoyika amandla yamaPersi, wathobela ngokuthobeka nale mfuno, ngaphandle inkululeko baseAtene Sparta.

Ukugqiba ukuhlawulisa Athene obstinacy, uDariyo I bathumela 490 BC. e. ngenxa ukoyisa kwabo hambo, ukhokelwa unyana wodade wabo Artafernom. NamaPersi lula bahlula siqithi Nakosos lawela kwi Euboea - siqithi apho kwakukho idolophu union Eretria eAthene. Ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni eentloko ezaxhobela enzima uDariyo wakwazi ukuba uthathe le nkqubo ngokusebenzisa ukungcatshwa balapho. Esi sixeko ukuba siwele egula ziphangwe, nabemi bayo babe ngamakhoboka.

Emva koko, amandla wasePersi ukusingisa zaseAttica - ummandla Greek apho sasikhona eAthene. Apho lawela kufutshane nedolophu encinane Marathon. Kulapha ukuba kukho idabi ebonakalayo Marathon ukuya kumaGrike. Umhla 12 Septemba 490 BC. e. Kwaba kubo ngokwenene ungene.

ngaphambi kokuba impi

Kwathi kamsinya nje baseAthene weva ukugaleleka imikhosi uDariyo kufuphi umzi wabo, ngoko nangoko wathumela umkhosi ukuhlangabezana nazo. Kwaba kakhulu ingalindelekanga ukuba isigqibo yamaPersi, kuba babecinga ukuba umkhosi incinane aseAtene bakhetha ukugcina zokungqinga phakathi kweendonga lomzi, kwaye ukudibana nabo ezingaphezu inani utshaba ezindle.

Noko ke, amaGrike azizange ngoko nangoko ukwamkela esi sigqibo, nangona yokuba baseAthene weza ukunceda abahlali ahlawule. Kodwa ke umphathi Miltiades azixhokonxa Ephakamileyo Commander Kallimaha imfuneko eli nyathelo. kwintetho yakhe liciko waphambukisa nezinye strategists akazange alinde ukuba umkhosi Spartan, leyo kungekudala wayeza bophula, kwakunye ezantsi kwimbali ukulwa waya ingasetyenziswa ukuqala, njengoko edabini lwe Marathon. Isicwangciso sekufika. Xa ibhunga jikelele umyalelo edabini ezayo wabekwa Miltiades.

amabutho esitha

Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, umkhosi yamaGrike namajoni angama-9000-10 000 Athene 1000 Plataeans. Umkhosi iphambili imikhosi Hellenic baba hoplites ecwangciswe ngendlela yokuhlasela. Yaphula i nkqubo, equka amadoda enocwangco abanamava, kwaba nzima kakhulu. Ephangweni lasekunene umkhosi isiGrike ibekwe hoplites ikhokelwa ngu Callimachus, embindini - amajoni baseAtene Phil Antiohidy Leontidy, phantsi kwesikhokelo, ngokulandelelana, Aristides kunye Themistocles, uTshawe elizayo eSalami aselwandle yokulwa, kukho Plataeans kwaliwaka ephangweni ngasekhohlo.

Kude ninzi aba umkhosi wasePersi. Ngokutsho kweengcali, izilingo angamajoni ahamba ngeenyawo 25,000 zaliwaka mahashe. Nangona mbali bamandulo ukuwafihla uloyiso yamaGrike ukunika amanani ka-200 nama-600 lamawaka. Kodwa ke ukwakhiwa esemgangathweni umkhosi wamaPersi kwakukubi kakhulu eAthene, kuba, ngokungafaniyo yokuhlasela monolithic zamaGrike bezibandakanya iiyunithi kakhulu saa kunye nezizwe ezahlukeneyo. Asingabo bonke bephela baxhotyiswa ngokufanelekileyo. Ukongeza, amaGrike zizizathu kakhulu ngakumbi aba, kuba elwela inkululeko yawo nomhlaba, njengoko kuchasene amajoni basePersi ukuya emfazweni ngenxa komdla yokumkani.

impi

Marathon mpi yaqala kunye kuqala ngokukhawuleza yamaGrike. Ukwahlula kubo yamaPersi kwiikhilomitha enesiqingatha, bona ngokoqobo wagidima, nangona kubonakala kungenakwenzeka, ekubeni hoplites baseAthene bangamajoni kakhulu axhobileyo.

Okokuqala, umkhosi wasePersi kwisabelo esisezantsi kakhulu licinezelwe iiyunithi fil Antiohidy kunye Leontidy, kwaye uqale ekufuneni labo. Kodwa Hellenic Army baba emihlubulweni eqinile, ngoxa amaPersi, ke kwakuba izizwe kakuhle nemibutho kwaye kakuhle exhobileyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kule ndawo kwaye Plataeans baseAthene wabhiyozela uloyiso zabo phezu utshaba. Kodwa ke, ngokungafaniyo amaPersi, baye luqalwe ukulandela ubaleka utshaba, waza wajika izixhobo zabo ngokusingisele kwimpi kwiziko uDariyo. Ngoko ke, nokuba kule ndawo amaGrike wasilela ukuphumeza noludumileyo isigqibo mikhosi. Esi kushenxa yajika emadolweni, wonke umkhosi wasePersi, yaye baqalisa ukuba abalekele imikhumbi yabo.

Ngeli xesha, amaGrike akazange ayeke zityholo indulumbane ukufumana inkqubo yokulwa ilahlekile ngokupheleleyo lutshaba. Ngenxa yoko, ngaphandle iseti kwabafileyo, iinqanawa basePersi 7 zafakwa, yaye amaGrike abagqibe olu gqatso ngokupheleleyo edabini uloyiso. Ukuqhuba kule mpi ebalulekileyo ibekwe ngezantsi.

iziphumo ukulwa

BaseAthene, kunye nabahlali ukuba ahlawule; Kakade ke, waphumelela kwemfazwe Marathon. Isicwangciso Miltiades ukugwetyelwa ngokupheleleyo ngokwayo. Malunga oku mbali kakhulu azikho izimvo ezahlukeneyo. Ke inani lamaxhoba ukuba iingqikelelo iyahluka kakhulu.

Kodwa kufanele umngeni amanani anikiweyo phantse owayephila ezo ziganeko - yekaHerodotus, ngenxa yokungabikho kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo amaxwebhu nesiseko, akukho namnye unako. Uthi malunga 192 abulawa amaGrike namaPersi 6400. Kwaye phakathi kwamaGrike abafileyo ezifana Ubuntu indumasi Callimachus kunye Cynaegirus.

Usebenza kwi intengo yezinto

Kamsinya nje kwedabi Marathon, amaGrike wathuma umthunywa eAthene Evkla iindaba elivuyisayo koyisa. Wayekulangazelela ukuba ukukholisa abemi babo, ukuba wagidima iikhilomitha ezingama-40 eyahlula Marathon ukusuka kwidolophu yakowabo, ngokoqobo kamnandi. Wabaleka kukhuphiswano lomgama isikwere edolophini, wathi abahlali umgaqo-nkqubo uloyiso waza wafa isifo sentliziyo.

Noko ke, ukuchaneka sembali yale lamandulo na imibuzo, kodwa esinye sezifundo kakhulu eyayithandwa, ezizezi cross-42.195 km marathon umnxeba.

Ixabiso Battle of Marathon

idabi Marathon nangayiphi na indlela isiphelo uthakazelelo yamaPersi ukuze bazuze zintshula kwiiBalkans, ingakumbi ukoyisa eGrisi. Kuyinto kwiminyaka eli-10 kuphela elinye isicwangciso, xa kusekho umkhosi baninzi ka-Ahaswerosi, unyana uDariyo yahlasela Hellas. Kodwa ke memory yale loyiso aphefumlelweyo ngoko amaGrike ukuba into yayibonakala ku tsala. Marathon idabi wabonisa ukuba nkqu mandla encinci umkhosi enkulu kodwa kakubi elungelelaniswe zabahlaseli.

Ukukhunjulwa Battle of Marathon

Ukukhunjulwa olu loyiso angalahlekelwa zalena zeminyaka. Loo indawo ebalulekileyo ahlala Marathon lokulwa iintliziyo kwanamaGrike. Umhla yakhe isoloko bungcwele kumaGrike. Kodwa eli dabi lwaba nentsingiselo hayi kuphela uhlanga mnye, kwakubalulekile ukuba yonke imbali yehlabathi. Oku kubonisa ubuncinane into yokuba nayiphi na incwadi yesikolo kwimbali yamandulo ezikhanyisayo marathon idabi. grade 5 kwizikolo Russian ngokuyimfuneko uhlola le sihloko kule khosi imbali. Wonke umntu ofundileyo kufuneka bazi ngalo mcimbi.

Ngoku kuphela obelisk uthi kuloo ndawo apho ngoku kumi induli, xa into eyenzekayo Marathon edabini. Photo of the uqweqwe kuyabonakala ngezantsi.

Ukukhunjulwa imfazwe lwe Marathon isentliziyweni wonke umntu lowo ukulungele ukuba anikele ubomi bakhe ngenxa inkululeko kunye nokuzimela looMawokhulu.