Bronze - i ingxubevange. Iimpawu bronze

Bronze - yinto intsila olusekelwe zezobhedu. Ukuxhasa metal kungaba nickel, zinc, inkcenkce, i-aluminiyamu, kunye nabanye. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga iintlobo, iimpawu zeteknoloji, shem. ukwakheka yobhedu, kunye neendlela umenzi wayo.

ngezigaba

1. Le khemikhali Ukubunjwa intsimbi zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini. Lokuqala - ithini yobhedu. Bathi tin yeyona alloying into ephambili. Okwesibini - Tinless. Ngezantsi sixoxa ngakumbi.

2. iimpawu lobuchwepheshe yobhedu lungohlulwa lube okusebenzileyo bamphosela aluminium. I lokuqala iphathwa kakuhle phantsi koxinzelelo. ZifunwaEzokugqibela zidweliselwe ezisetyenziswa castings ezimise.

Le metal kuthelekiswa obhedu abe ngcono kakhulu anti-ukukhuhlana, iimpawu mechanical kunye nokumelana. Ngokusisiseko, ubhedu - copper-tin ingxubevange (njengoko ilungu eliyintloko abangabancedani). Nickel nezinki apha azikho iimpawu alloying enkulu esetyenziselwa le amacandelo njongo ezifana-aluminiyam, inkcenkce, manganese, lesilicon, ilothe, intsimbi, beryllium, chromium, phosphorus, nemagnesium, zirconium kunye nabanye.

yobhedu ithini: ekhupha

Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni eyenza metal enjalo. yobhedu Tin (ifoto ngezantsi ibonisa amalungu uphose) - Fusion eye fluidity ngaphantsi koko ezinye iintlobo. Noko ke, ine- shrinkage singabalulekanga sibala ngokomthamo, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukufumana iwindow ekubunjweni ngobhedu. Le propati ukuba isicelo esisebenzayo xa ukulahlwa iinxalenye antifriction zezobhedu. Kwakhona, i-aluminiyamu ezisetyenziswayo xa kwenziwa imveliso semigudu enzelwe ukusetyenziswa kweli eliphakathi zolwelo (kubandakanywa olwandle) okanye umphunga, kwaye oyile phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu. Kukho ekuthiwa-non-standard bephosa yobhedu izicelo ezibalulekileyo. Zisetyenziswa ekuvelisweni iibheringi, amagiya, bushings, izahlulo impompo, namakhonkco malouplotnitelnyh. La malungu luyilwe ukusebenza phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu ngesantya esiphezulu kunye imithwalo ephantsi.

bronze phambili

Oku zenyathi bephosa aluminiyamu tin ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa iibheringi, seals kunye castings ezimise. yobhedu Lubonakala ezinjalo iipropati mechanical ephantsi, ukuze inkqubo avelise ethwele amatyholo kwaye ziyasetyenziswa kwi zeendawana sentsimbi njengoko umaleko obhityileyo kakhulu. I-aluminiyamu efanayo ezinomthamo tin eziphakamileyo iipropati aphezulu mechanical. Ngoko ke, ukuba ingasetyenziswa ngaphandle sikhokelo steel a.

yobhedu ithini: yasetyenzwa

Aluminiyamu uxinzelelo ukuqhubekekiswa lungohlulwa lube maqela alandelayo: tin-phosphorous, nebhekile-zinc nenkcenkce-zinc-phambili. Baye isetyenzisiwe Intlama nePhepha loshishino (kuquka nokwenza igridi) kunye nobunjineli ngomatshini (imveliso imithombo, iibheringi kunye namalungu machine). Ngaphezu koko, ezi zinto zisetyenziswa ekwenziweni bimetallic amanqaku, iintonga, amakhasethi, bands, amagiya, amagiya, bushings kunye enzima neelori umsebenzi gasket, iityhubhu lezixhobo, yimithombo manometric. In zombane ngokubanzi ukusetyenziswa yobhedu (deformable) sichazwe ngeempawu ezintle ngomatshini (kunye namaziko asebenza kwizinga eliphezulu zombane). Oku kusetyenziswa ekwenziweni imithombo yangoku-ekuthwaleni, ukuplaga izihlanganisi, abafowunelwa. Kushishino chemical iSebe bronzes tin ukuvelisa ucingo entwasahlobo ukukhanda ngqo - gingci, kwishishini bephepha - scrapers, kwi elishishina ngezithuthi nezeemoto - bushings kunye iibheringi.

Ezi aluminiyamu ezinokubonelelwa ngendlela eqinileyo (annealed) imeko semi-eqinileyo kunye ezithambileyo ingakumbi okuqinileyo,,. bronzes Tin bakholisa ukuqhubekekiswa ebandayo (iqengqwa okanye umzobo). metal Hot sicinezelweyo kuphela. Phantsi yengcinezelo evela lobhedu leyo ngokugqibeleleyo kusingathwa kule ngqele kunye nobushushu.

beryllium bronze

Le ingxubevange fanele kwiqela zesinyithi ubudala-hardenable. It anazo iipropati aphezulu ngomatshini, ngokwasemzimbeni, kunye elastic. yobhedu Beryllium abe nezinga eliphezulu yokuxhathisa ubushushu, nokumelana nokudinwa namandla. It iyamelana obushushu aphantsi, hayi umazibuthe kwaye uthintele iintlantsi phezu impembelelo. Tempering beryllium yobhedu yenziwa kwiqondo lobushushu ka 750-790 degrees Celsius. Ukongeza ayibe, intsimbi kunye nickel kunceda xa ubushushu ngayo utshintsho kwisigaba deceleration kukhawulezisa, oku kwenza kube lula kakhulu iteknoloji ukwaluphala lukhuni. Ngaphezu koko, kongezwe nickel ikhuthaza ubushushu recrystallization, kwaye manganese ukuze kutshintshwa, ukuba ngokupheleleyo, beryllium eninzi. Ezi mpawu zingentla ukuvumela ingxubevange zobhedu eyimveliso imithombo, iindawo abakwazi inwebu kwishishini umlindo le.

ingxubevange sobhedu manganese

yobhedu ezizodwa ezifana ebonakala ngeempawu aphezulu ngoomatshini. Uthwala xi njengoko engqeleni, kodwa eshushu. Le wentsimbi ebonakala ngamazinga aphezulu obushushu ngamandla kunye nokumelana. Ingxubevange ngobhedu kongezwe manganese liye lasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi lwemidlalo yokutsha.

Silicon bronze

Le ingxubevange, ezibandakanya nickel, ubuncinane - manganese. Loo eyahlukileyo omsindo metal ngomatshini, anti-zochuku kunye neepropati elastic. Xa oku silicon ngobhedu ulahlekelwa plasticity layo kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi. solder ingxubevange Good iphathwa ngamandla kwaye kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. iimagnethi metal kujongwa azikho ngaphandle iintlantsi phezu impembelelo. Oku kuchaza ukusetyenziswa lobhedu ngokubanzi (lesilicon) kushishino imikhumbi zaselwandle ekwenziweni amalungu antifriction, iibheringi, imithombo, gratings, evaporators, iigridi kunye bushings sikhokelo.

aluminiyamu Foundry Tinless

Olu hlobo luphawulwa bronzes umhlwa elungileyo, kwiipropati ukutyibilika kunye namandla eliphezulu. Zisetyenziswa ukuba nokuveliswa iindawo asebenza phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Oku, umzekelo, amagiya, izivingco, enemikhono, amagiya ukuba injini amandla milenge, worms apho umsebenzi ilangatye necandelo intsimbi lukhuni, iibheringi, olusebenza ngamandla kunye nokothuka iyalayisha.

Indlela yokwenza ubhedu?

Ukuzakhela intsimbi kufuneka kwenziwe emlilweni ezizodwa esetyenziselwa ukunyibilikisa ingxubevange zezobhedu. Intlawulo ye yobhedu ukuba yenziwe ngesinyithi entsha okanye kongezwe inkunkuma eziziisekondari. Inkqubo yokunyibilika ngokuqhelekileyo luqhutywa phantsi umaleko nobhobhozayo okanye namalahle.

Inkqubo ngokusebenzisa intlawulo entsha metal kwenzeka ngolandelelwano ethile. Okokuqala, xa kakhulu kwixesha lolayisho eziko osuke imali efunekayo ngobhobhozo okanye namalahle. Ngoko kukho ibekwe zezobhedu. Ukulinda de yokunyibilika yayo, ubushushu zokufudumeza inyuswe ukuya degrees 1170. Emva koko, lo zinyibilikile kufuneka deoxidized, nto leyo kongezwa copper phosphorous. Le nkqubo yenziwe ngokwezigaba ezibini: ngqo kwelo ziko, yaye emva koko xa a ukhamba. Kwimeko enjalo additive usiwe enkulu ngokulinganayo. Ngaphezu koko, baphele safakwa wotha ukuba degrees 120 iziqalelo alloying kuyimfuneko. amacandelo eliyinjubaqa kufuneka ilawulwe ngohlobo yenkosi aluminium. Okulandelayo, lobhedu olutyhidiweyo (iifoto, ngasezantsi ibonisa inkqubo yokunyibilika) kwakudalwa de zokuchithwa olupheleleyo lwazo zonke izinto esongezwa ndinobushushu lobushushu kwangaphambili. Xa ukhupha i ingxubevange evela eziko, phambi eyahlulayo, kufuneka ibe amasalela deoxidized ngokupheleleyo (50%) copper phosphorous. Oku kwenziwa ukukhulula oxides ukusuka zobhedu nokuphucula fluidity le anyibilike.

Lokunyibilikisa esekelwe izinto ezase

Ukuze avelise lobhedu usebenzisa izinyithi ezizisekondari zinyibilikile kwenkunkuma ukuze kwenziwe ngendlela elandelayo. copper lokuqala bunyibilike kunye phosphorous deoxidized nezongezelelo zayo. Waza wongezelela ukuya zinyibilikile nezinto isetyenziswe. Emva koko, ukulinda inyibilikiswa ngokupheleleyo intsimbi kunye izinto alloying ebiqaliswe ngokulandelelana. Kwimeko apho isigxina sakhiwa encinci ngobhedu ecocekileyo, kuyimfuneko kuqala ukunyibilika izinyithi ngoku, uze udibanise yobhedu alloying iziqalelo. Yokunyibilika lwenziwa phantsi umaleko nobhobhozayo okanye namalahle.

Emva zavuleka kwentlawulo kwaye amalahle ukuya kwiqondo lokugqibela ezinqwenelekayo ibanjwa umxube sobhedu phosphorous deoxidized. Ngaphezu koko, baphele igutyungelwe ngaphezulu amalahle eziko-eyomisiweyo okanye wobhobhozayo womile. ukusetyenziswa yokugqibela 2-3 ekhulwini ngokobunzima yesinyithi. Baphele eshushu lugcinwa imizuzu 20-30, hlale ukuluvusa, uze emva koko isuswe phezu zeBlack ekhethiweyo. Yonke into ilungele ukulahlwa ngobhedu. Kuba ukususwa olungcono zeBlack kwi ukhamba ungongeza zwi isanti, leyo sikhula kuyo. Ukuze ubone ukuba bephosa zibe ngumngundo ukulungele nokuba ngobhedu, yabamba isampuli zeteknoloji okhethekileyo. Ukwaphuka isampuli fanele ku yisiwa acwengileyo.

aluminium bronze

Le yobhedu aluminium ingxubevange njengento alloying. Inkqubo ukunyibilika intsimbi yahluke kakhulu ukusuka ngentla ngenxa iimpawu eekhemikhali ingxenye abangabancedani. Cinga indlela ukusebenzisa aluminiyam lobhedu kunye namacandelo alloying. Ekwenziweni kwale hlobo ingxubevange kunye ngokusebenzisa izixhobo isetyenziswe ophathwa operation deoxidation amacandelo phosphorous azisebenzi. Oku kungenxa yokuba phosphor unalo sendiselane esezantsi le mpilo ngaphezu aluminiyam. Kwakhona qaphela ukuba olu hlobo yobhedu yi-ethe kakhulu ubushushu, ngoko lobushushu mayingagqithi degrees 1200. Xa imeko ebilayo le oxidized aluminiyam kwaye nobhedu ingxubevange Igcwele neegesi. Ngaphezu koko, oxide, lasekwa ngo ukunyibilika yale fomu ngobhedu, nto ibuyiselwa kongezwe reductants, kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukuya ukususa ukusuka anyibilike. Le film oksayidi unalo eliphezulu kakhulu lobushushu yokunyibilika, leyo kunciphisa kakhulu fluidity kwaye ibangela umtshato yobhedu. Yokunyibilika wenziwa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, phezu imida ephezulu lobushushu zokufudumeza abantu. Ukongeza, asimele sibe ekulibaziseni zinyibilikile ogqityiweyo ezikweni. Xa ukunyibilika aluminium yobhedu umaleko ukutyabeka kucetyiswa ukuba usebenzise wampompoza esakhiwa-50% soda uthuthu , ize i-50% cryolite.

Ukulungele zinyibilika phambi ekhupha iifom kulungisiswa ngokusungula chloride kulo manganese okanye zinc chloride (0.2-0.4% ngokobunzima isigxina). Emva kwale nkqubo, ingxubevange kufuneka zigcinwe imizuzu emihlanu de ukuyekwa epheleleyo izinto zazivelela gas. Lo mxube ngoko lihambisane lobushushu efunekayo yaye agalelwa ngumngundo.

Ukuze kuthintelwe isigaba ukwahlukana lobhedu anyibilike ezinomthamo omkhulu ubumdaka lead (50-60%) kuyacetyiswa ukuba ukongeza 2-2.3% nickel ngohlobo yobhedu-nickel master ingxubevange. Okanye xa ithe yanobhobhozo kufuneka zisetyenziswe kwealkali metal sulphate ityuwa. Nickel, isilivere, manganese, ukuba ziyingxenye lobhedu ukuba zongezwe baphele ukuya inkqubo tin additive. Ngaphezu koko, ukuphucula umgangatho ingxubevange sele ilungiswe kuyo ongeziweyo ngamanye amaxesha ezincinane ngokusekelwe iintsimbi eliyinjubaqa.