Nabanina naluphi na ulwazi encinane lwenkqubo, esazibuza kutheni kukho iiklasi isiseko abstract. Yintoni injongo yawo? Indlela ukudala i class abstract? Ziziphi iingenelo abanikela ufundisa? Kungandawoni na ukuba zidingeka kweenkqubo kunye kwezinye iinkalo ukuphunyezwa yazo kufuneka athathe ingqalelo?
iiklasi abstract
Ngoko kweenkqubo ekuthiwa unit ikhowudi rhoqo apho izinto awubunjwa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kulo udidi ezihlangwini ayikwazi ukuba abstract. Ngoko ke, ukudalwa izinto esekelwe kuzo kakhulu kunokwenzeka. Xa siqwalasela umzekelo Java, sakha umfuziselo ukuba sikwazi ukuchaza abakhi eklasini A. Kodwa ukusebenzisa kubo, thina asikwazi. Indlela yokuphuma kule meko kukuba lixele variable. Kwaye kufuneka ichazwe ngokucacileyo ukuze zithetha into yodidi A. Oku kunokwenziwa njani? Oku kuya kusinceda kuthi. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba udidi umzali usoloko uthathwa ukuba ubhetyebhetye ngaphezu umzukalwana. Iilwimi ezininzi kweenkqubo ezisetyenziswa ukuba ngokuzenzekelayo. Ke, ukuba akukho intembelo phambi kwindlela, ngoko umele ngokucacileyo ireferensi into.
iindlela abstract
Ntoni na ke? umnxeba Abstract ezo iindlela ukuba akukho ukusebenza kule klasi. Ngenxa yoko, parentheses ilandelayo (edwelisa wempikiswano esisetyenziswe apha) musa ukunika emise (apho block inkcazelo ibekwe yendlela), kwaye kuphela semicolon. Ngoko ke, kule meko, akukho lwazi ngayo into ayenzayo. Apha lo mbuzo ukuze wabuza: "Yaye yintoni indlela ngaphandle ukusebenza?" Ngapha koko, yena ukuba kusetyenziswa! Kakade ke, phakathi eklasini, apho wachazwa, oku akwenzeki. Kodwa xa siqwalasela imeko ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa kumlibo, oko kubizwa ngokuba. Kwaye iya kusebenza kwi inkcazelo ethile efumaneka kule klasi.
Iimpawu iindlela abstract
Kukho izinto ezifika zibe yimiqobo usebenzisa kuzo. Makhe sihlolisise umzekelo ye Java ulwimi lokuprograma. Kukho imfuneko ukuba iklasi uye ubuncinane enye indlela enjalo, kufuneka ibe abstract. Yaye nayiphi na imeko kufanelekile ukusebenzisa izakhiwo ezinjalo? Masiqonde oku kunye izilwanyana umzekelo eklasini. Ukuqala ukuqonda ukuba akukho sandi ukuba ashicilelwe. Ngoko ke, eklasini kakhulu jikelele lingakulungele ukuphunyezwa isandi indlela. Kodwa umzimba wadala leyo ngaphandle nge iibhloko kuye. Kwaye zilandelayo, xa kudalwa inja eklasini, ikati okanye Hamster uza kuchazelwa indlela enye ngenxa yalo,-sikhokelo eza wayityhila yonke iimpawu.
interface
Xa udweliso wadala izixhobo ezininzi esinenjongo - ukunceda abantu benze imveliso esemgangathweni. Kunye nesihloko phantsi ingqalelo kufuneka inikwe kule nkalo, kwaye wonke umntu uyazi Ngokungafaniyo i iklasi nje ukusuka interface. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi osemqoka yokugqibela kukuba ayikwazi kuba iimpawu kunye neendlela nje umzimba kuchazwa. Ngokuhlola umahluko phakathi kwiklasi nje ukusuka interface, kufuneka bahlale ngaphezulu kwelinye ethile. Ngoko ke, lo sokuqala ilifa, ngelixa yesibini - liyafezekiswa. ngomntu ongenamava oku ubala. Kodwa, inyaniso kukuba, anokuthi ilifa udidi omnye kuphela, kwaye waqonda - kangangoko kuyimfuneko. Yiloo nto yahlukile elilujongano beklasi abstract. Java Usenguye iimpawu ukuba linokuchazwa abstract kuphela iindlela zoluntu kunye constants static. Kodwa ujongano olunye nayo ilifa. Kuyimfuneko ngokumbonisa ukuba abaqhubi ezisetyenziswayo kusesidlangalaleni nge uluntu.
ilifa Multiple lwenjongano
Olu phawu ayifumaneki ukuba iiklasi ngeelwimi iinkqubo ezininzi (umz; Java ingqalelo sithi). Oku kubangelwa eziliqela iingxaki. Njengoko kungacaci ibonisa ukuba zenzeka ngokulandelelanayo. Nantsi ke imbangi yokuba ukuqaliswa ujongano ilifa ezininzi. Oku ngokuyinxenye usombulula iingxaki ezikhoyo, kodwa aninjalo nonke. Ngoko ke, enkosi siseko encapsulation kunye polymorphism, ujongano unako ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo (nangona baya kuba igama elifanayo). Kodwa musa ukulibala malunga iingxaki ezikhoyo. Ngoko ke, xa usebenza lwenjongano ezininzi kuya kufuneka kusoloko uchaze nathi thina siphiwe engqondweni. Kwakhona, iingxaki ziya kuba xa uzama ukusebenza enegama elifanayo ngeendlela ezimbini - kulo mzekelo, abasayi kukwazi ukuthatha ithuba. Ngoko ke, kwiimeko ezinjalo kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthatha unonophelo lobukho yentengiso iyonke.
data abstract
Lo mqondo ngundoqo inkqubo. Kulo mzekelo, phantsi kokukhupha ananzi ngokutsha oluzimeleyo kwaye baqonde ukwahlulwa zojongano nozalisekiso. Makhe sijonge umzekelo. Sinento umabonakude, nto leyo into okanye umnqongo. Ine- interface. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba unguye na ulawulo, kwakunye isandi kunye nomfanekiso. kusetyenziswa i-interface ugqibeleleyo, i ukhululeke ngakumbi TV iyasetyenziswa. Sinako ukuswitsha phakathi kweenkqubo ngokucinezela naliphi iqhosha. Kulo mzekelo, akukho mfuneko ukucinga malunga neenkqubo ebonakalayo kwi TV. Babaxhase iingcali, abo baqokelela ifowuni. Sithanda abantu abanomdla kuphela kwizakhiwo. Ukubuyela kule kweenkqubo, singatsho ukuba basendleleni ujongano efanayo kunye nozalisekiso. Kwakhona, xa kukho umntu ukholose ulwazi lwakhe, unako 'ukususa' kugubungela TV wethu ezingenzeka nokuphucula kuyo. Nangona oku kunokukhokelela kwimpumelelo zalapha, kwiimeko ezininzi, isiphumo ukuphela negative. Ngoko, kwi iinkqubo isithintelo inkxaso kufikeleleko ukufihla amacandelo zangaphakathi ze data abstract. Lo mgaqo yale ndlela ubonelela indlela ukuthintela utshintsho ngabom okanye ngempazamo yeekhomponenti lwangaphakathi. Kwaye xa bethetha iindidi zedata abstract, imin iseti iseti imisebenzi leyo inokwenziwa kuwo.
izinto
Sele sibonile ukuba iklasi abstract kunye yekhompyutha ngokubanzi kunye ngokubanzi. Ngoku makhe iinkcukacha ulwazi lwethu. Ukuqalisa izinto ingqalelo pay. Ngaphantsi kwabo, ngokubanzi, wazi inyaniso kokusingqongileyo olukhoyo isithuba kunye nexesha. Kodwa ngokusesikweni ukuchonga izinto ngaphakathi nkqubo kunzima (kunye ngongoma zefilosofi yeengcingane view). Ngoko ke, kungenxa iimpahla zazo. Ngokomzekelo, oku kulandelayo: An into zingathunyelwa ngokukodwa ezichongiweyo (kunye igama elikhethekileyo), oko sikwimo ethile kwaye usebenzisa ipateni ethile yokuziphatha.
lifa
Ekubeni kohlelo isekelwe kwisakhiwo emthini ubudlelwane oluneqela phakathi kwezinto, lo mbuzo emalunga yokuba iimpawu ezenza yeendidi ngabazali ikhowudi iilayibrari zadluliselwa. Phantsi ilifa ukuqonda ulwalamano xa umntu omnye ephinda ukuziphatha kunye nolwakhiwo into enye. Kubomi eziqhelekileyo, ingafunyanwa yonke. Loo makongezelwe elinye ixesha kwaye lwenkqubo izinto abstract kakhulu. Njengoko uthelekiso, isibakala sokuba akukho umzimba onjalo njengentaka. Lo gama nje lothando. Njengoko umzekelo ethile ukukhokela iti, Nightingale okanye undlunkulu. Ngenxa ilifa singakwazi ukusebenzisa iilayibrari eklasini, kwakunye ukuba siyiphuhlisa ngaphakathi kuphela ukuba inkqubo ethile. Esi sixhobo ivumela ukuba ukwenza izinto ezintsha, ngaxeshanye ukudibanisa okanye ukutshintsha iimpawu esivele wadala. Indlalifa ifumana zonke iindlela kunye namasimi sikayise ezidinga iimpawu zayo, xa kukho imfuneko. Ngenxa yokuba kukho izinto abstract kwaye umgaqo lemveli, kukho amathuba elaneleyo zokuwaguqula phakathi kweenkqubo into ebomini. Ukongeza, kuba ivumela nebonelela ekusombululeni iingxaki. Xa ilifa i iklasi entsha idatha adluliselwe kunye nemisebenzi.
polymorphism
Kuyimfuneko ukuba asebenzise umsebenzi ofanayo ukusombulula iindidi ezahlukeneyo iingxaki. Kulo mzekelo inika ubukho kusengakho inyathelo ezahlukeneyo, okubhalwe apho kuya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo into apho umsebenzi owenziwayo. Phantsi polymorphism ukuqonda iimpawu izinto abe umzali eqhelekileyo, ukuba enze efanayo intsingiselo lwesemantiki ingxaki ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Sinqwenela ukutsalela isifaniso kunye nezilwanyana. Kukho amanyathelo - ukubaleka. Sonke siyazi ukuba kwenzeka njani. Kodwa izilwanyana ezahlukeneyo (ingonyama, indlovu, imfene, ingwenya, ufudo) eli nyathelo liya kwenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kulo mzekelo, intshukumo yabo developer uxanduva, awothi oluyimfuneko kunokubangela ukuba kwimeko ethile nocwangciso ethile, algorithm nokuphumeza ngayo ngempumelelo. Oku kwenziwa kusetyenziswa iindlela. Ngelo xesha elinye umdwelisi nkqubo yeklasi nganye ikhankanya ukuba yeyiphi into iimpawu ezithi azalwa. Ukutshintsha into kwi inzala, unako ukufikelela ezithile, inyathelo efunekayo kule meko. Olo isiphumo kuthiwa polymorphism bezinto. Ngokubanzi, i iklasi abstract sisixhobo esiluncedo kakhulu kweenkqubo.