Copper-nickel: iipropati, GOST. Ukuveliswa aluminiyamu yobhedu-nickel. Ukucoca iingqekembe zobhedu-nickel ingxubevange

Ubhedu fanele kwiqela zesinyithi non-ayoni. Xa uhlobo yayo enyulu iye conductivity eliphezulu thermal kunye zombane, ukuba kunjalo ikakhulu ezisetyenziswa kushishino zombane. Ubhedu - impahla ductile kakhulu, nto leyo ihambelana kakuhle kunyango xi engqeleni kunye nobushushu.

Ukuphucula uyilo kunye nokusebenza iimpawu mechanical le compound lobhedu ukuyisebenzisa kunye nezinye zesinyithi. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo fusion lutshintsha isakhiwo yikristale ezikrobeni, kukho unxibelelwano ezongezelelweyo phakathi ion kunye atom. Ezizezi kwenyusa amandla ingxubevange kuthelekiswa metal ecocekileyo.

Yintoni copper exutyiweyo nge nickel

Xa alloying nickel yengundoqo alloying element. It has a nokumelana, Noko ke, esisetyenziselwa lukhuni. Xa alloying kunye nefom zobhedu izisombululo rhoqo esiqinileyo. Copper-nickel ufumana iqela lemisebenzi esemqoka ezintsha:

• kwandisa kweelana ekutshiseni izinto;
• yehla kakhulu lobushushu ukungavumelani kwe resistivity;
• kukho ukuxhathisa eliphezulu umhlwa, ingakumbi amanzi amtyuba.

ngezigaba

Iimpawu zobhedu-nickel ingxubevange kuxhomekeke ipesenti nickel equlethwe kunye nezinye izinto. Okwangoku, wadala ezininzi izinto ezintsha ezizodwa harakteristikami.V unique ngokuxhomekeke isicelo, ukuba yahlulwe noshowo kunye zombane.

• Kwesakhiwo - ube anticorrosion kunye namandla neempawu eliphezulu. Products kubo abanganyangekiyo eendaba ndlongondlongo. Le isilivere German, isilivere nickel kunye kunial. A indawo ekhethekileyo kolu luhlu Monel, ogama ukwakhiwa kunye olinganise eziqalelo thile ezahlukeneyo.
• Electro - kwakhula ukumelana zombane kunye neempawu thermoelectric, ukusetyenziswa kwabo amandla kunye nobunjineli ombane. It constantan, manganin kunye Copel.

Ulwazi ubume iikhemikhali kunye neempawu zomzimba ukujonga ingxubevange yobhedu-nickel kwenye amaqela.

isiliva German

Liquka nama-80% lobhedu,-20% nickel, kwakunye intsimbi encinane kunye manganese. Olo ingxubevange yaziwa abantu nkqu kwi BC kwinkulungwane III. e. ebizwa ngokuba "copper white" ngenxa umbala ukukhanya isilivere, esifana zesilivere. It has iipropati eliphezulu anti-ngokudleka, kunye nomda omkhulu ukhuseleko ukuqina ingxubevange yobhedu-nickel. Lokunyibilika - engaba 1170 ° C. ductility Good ingaphatha Products kuxinzelelo. Isetyenziswa ekuveliseni capacitors, ukuba wenziwe kwezixhobo zonyango, izacholo cheap, amacephe, imali.

nickel isiliva

Le ingxubevange copper-nickel kongezwe zinc ukuba umbala yesilivere kunye nombala oluhlaza. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo anokuqulatha ukuya kwi-35% ye-nickel kunye ukuya kwi-45% zinc, abanye - yobhedu. isiqulatho zinc eqinileyo efana kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokuvelisa yayo. isiliva German uye malunga iimpawu mechanical efanayo njengoko cupronickel. It iyamelana umhlwa, ixesha elide, oluthambileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba kuqwalaselwa kwi indlela xi ashushu nabandayo.

Maxa wambi ngakumbi doped kukhokelela machining ngcono. Ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba silwenza izixhobo amacandelo, iiwotshi kunye nezixhobo zonyango. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba namhlanje ngenxa yeendleko eliphantsi ngenxa yakhe kaninzi ngaphezu kwesilivere waseJamani, ukuvelisa izacholo, iimbasa kunye nemiyalelo. Nickel Silver kuyasetyenziswa ekwenziweni lwawo.

Kunial

Siqulathe nickel isiseko sobhedu - 20%, ukongezwa ezincinane aluminium. Tho kwiqondo lobushushu ka-1183 ° C lilandelwa ucimayo kunye nokuguga kunokuba iphunyelelwe amandla eliphezulu kakhulu kwaye ukuxhathisa amaqondo aphantsi. Yahlulwe grade A (MNA13-3) kunye B (6-1,5 mna).
Brand A uneempawu ezimbini ezibalulekileyo - amandla aphezulu kunye nokumelana ekhethekileyo kwiindawo entsimbini. Umzekelo, emanzini olwandle, oko kungenziwa eziqhutshwa eminyaka. Ngoko ke, i intsila zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iindawo ngeenjongo ezizodwa (ophephela).

Grade B uye iipropati uzithathe, ngoko lisetyenziswa ukuvelisa izinto elastic indawo uxanduva. Kwakhona exhathisayo kakhulu ikhefu kule ngqele. Ukusuka liveze iindawo zezakhiwo ukusebenza kwiimeko eziphantsi lobushushu.

Monel

Iqulethe abantu ababini kwabathathu nickel kunye kwisinye esithathwini zezobhedu. Lokunyibilika - 1350 ° C. Eyona impahla ingxubevange yobhedu-nickel - nokumelana. It has iipropati mechanical aphezulu - amandla kunye deformation zeplastiki. Monel brand NMZhMts iqulethe malunga ne-28% lobhedu, 3% intsimbi, malunga-3% magnesium, imali encinci ayibe kunye nickel.

It neneempawu ezifanayo Monel-400. Yena brand of Special Metals Corporation kwaye elilodwa lomenzi ngo-1906. Ngoko ke, ezinye iinkampani mveliso Awukwazi ukusebenzisa eli gama. Ngoko ke kukho enye ingxubevange - Nicorros. Noko ke, ezi zinto ziyafana kuzo zonke iikhemikhali kunye nobugcisa harakteristikam.Tak ingxubevange iqulathe ngaphezu kwesiqingatha ipesenti nickel, indleko yalo kunokuba phezulu. Noko ke, kukho netheknoloji bemveliso sobhedu-nickel ingxubevange usebenzisa izinto ekrwada sulphide zendalo kunye nomxholo izinto ezimbini, ngaphandle ukwahlukana phambi zibe kumalungu ngamnye. Oku kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko imveliso yokugqibela.

Monel isetyenziselwa imveliso, ekspluatruemyh kwiindawo ndlongondlongo phantsi ukulayisha phezulu ngoomatshini. Le yokwakha, iikhemikhali kunye noshishino ioli, nokuveliswa kwezixhobo zonyango, iindawo ezibalulekileyo oomatshini kunye nezixhobo.

constantan

Kuyinto emhlophe ngebala kunye nembeleko kuphawu elityheli. Le composition siquka: -59% zobhedu; nickel - 39-41%; Manganese - 1-2%. lobushushu yokunyibilika 1260 ° C. Le ingxubevange copper-nickel ifumene igama layo kwipropati engundoqo - uzinzo thermal. It has intsebenzo entle kakhulu yenkcaso zombane kwindawo elisezantsi lobushushu ukwanda ingumlingani. Ingxubevange yenzelwe kwimveliso wire thermocouple, ekwenziweni izixhobo, ngokunjalo izinto zokufudumeza yombane ukuba usebenze kwiqondo lobushushu ukuya degrees 400-500.

Iingcingo ezenziwe constantan, phantsi impatho ekhethekileyo ubushushu, ngenxa apho umphezulu metal ukwenza oxide umboniso obhityileyo. Nale mveliso ayifuni lacquering ezongezelelweyo okanye nokwaleka zokhuselo. Constantan yiplastiki kakhulu. Lo mhlaba ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwalo ukuwelda aluminiyamu yobhedu-nickel.

Engxakini constantan yi EMF wayo ngobulungisa eliphezulu - malunga 43 MV. Oku kushenxisa ukusetyenziswa macingo iiteyiphu ngaye izixhobo umlinganiselo ophezulu-ngqo.

manganin

Kuya equlathe malunga 5% nickel, 12% manganese kunye nesiseko ubhedu. Lokunyibilika - 960 ° C. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo manganin yaqanjwa American Edward Venstonom ngazo 1888 ngenxa nabo ceba constantan njengoko ngenxa engathi zombane lombane izinto okhethekileyo. Ikwenza ube resistivity eliphezulu zombane kunye EMF ophantsi kakhulu imazi ngobhedu (hayi ngaphezulu kwe-1 MV), nto leyo izahlule constantan.

Ukwenzela ukunciphisa ubushushu ukungavumelani kwe manganovuyu ukumelana ucingo annealed kwiqondo lobushushu elibekwe ngaphezu malunga 600 phantsi emoyeni, yaye emva koko kancinane zipholile. Le buchwepheshe ivumela ukunyusa iqondo lobushushu apho izinto igcina iipropati yayo yombane ukuya ku 200 ° C. Sele kwicingo inxeba coil shushu ngakumbi ngokuphindaphindiweyo ku 150 ° C. Oku liluphumeza isiphumo ngokwaluphala ngumntu, emva koko utshintsho isakhiwo crystalline ye intsimbi kuncitshiswe.

Eyona ndawo iphambili isicelo of manganin ezifana ngesixhobo ezinzileyo resistivity - izixhobo ngendlela ezahlukeneyo lemveliso ukulinganisa ukusebenza yangoku yombane (kul, ombane, amandla).

Kopel

Enye ingxubevange okhethekileyo. Iqulethe copper, 43% nickel, intsimbi encinane kunye manganese. lobushushu yokunyibilika 1290 ° C. Ngenxa ratio eliphezulu stably resistivity ephantsi TEDS aphezulu imazi yegusha kunye aluminium ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi esisetyenziselwa ukwenziwa wire ngenxa thermocouples kunye electrode. Isalathisi TEDS izinto ukunyuka ngokomlinganiselo lobushushu oluphangelayo:

• ngama 100 Celsius - 6,95V;
• at 600 - 49B.

Copel kakhulu thermally kuzinza - ngaphandle kokuphazamisa iipropati usisiseko ukumelana ubushushu ukuya degrees 600 kwaye iyamelana umhlwa.
Copel isivamvo thermocouple lisetyenziswa izixhobo wokulinganisa iqondo lobushushu licwecwe. Le thermocouples zisetyenziswa kunye TEDS ubuninzi - chromium, ubhedu okanye nentsimbi Ezi zinto ke electrode HIV kunye Copel -negative. Kopel-chromel thermocouple isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi pyrometry iliso rhoqo kwesi lobushushu kwi ezahlukeneyo ukususela degrees 200 ukuya-600 kwiindawo zoshishino kunye elabhoratri.

inkqubo lokunyibilikisa

Ekuvelisweni aluminiyamu yobhedu-nickel balandele iiteknoloji ezifana kakhulu. Melchior, nickel yesilivere, kunial, constantan, manganin kuqala inyibilikiswa an ezikweni yoqheliso phantsi kwebhedi wamalahle calcined. Ukongeza nebhetshi kwenkunkuma ukuba 80%.

Le nkqubo iqala kunye lokunyibilikisa sobhedu nickel. Njengoko bayinyibilikisa luzizicuku ezinkulu inkunkuma wongezelela, ke entle. I-zinc yokugqibela ilayishe. Emva kokuba inyibilikiswa lokugqibela intlawulo evelisa deoxidized kunye yemanganizi lesilicon (nickel yesilivere), okanye lesilicon kunye manganese (constantan kunye nickel yesilivere). Emva koko isuswe kumphezulu anyibilike kwaye yonke zeBlack kongezwe nokuba namalahle. Fudumeza ubunzima isitsha ukuya kwiqondo lobushushu malunga 1300 ° C, kongezwa chloride manganese ukuba Enye into esinceda sisulungeke xa kuyimfuneko.

ukupheka ubuchule kancinci ezahlukeneyo kunialey kuba ziqulathe aluminiyam. Ngaphambi aluminium kwi zinyibilikile iyafuneka ukongeza 0.1% manganese ukuba deoxidation. Emva ezinyibilikayo i-aluminiyamu ziyanyibilika umphezulu afafaze ukubhobhoza. Ukuba oku akwenziwa, umboniso wabumba apho zinyibilikile uba azalufanelekela bathele.

Chemical, iimpawu zomzimba beemeko lijonge indawo ekuyiwa aluminiyamu zobhedu-nickel ezahlukeneyo. GOST 492-73, GOST 5063-73, GOST 5187-70, GOST 5220-78, GOST 17217-79 kunye GOST 10155-75 migangatho yemfundo esisiseko yezandla zabo.

ayenza

Ehlabathini ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela yonke baqalisa iingqekembe zetyeleba sobhedu-nickel ingxubevange. nokubunjwa kwayo isahluka kakhulu zobisi ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa ikakhulu iqulathe ukuya kwi-30% nickel, intsimbi ukungcola engephi nobhedu njengesiseko. Ekubeni metal eqhelekileyo zemali ukuba ngokuyintloko ductile, oluthambileyo, ixesha elide yaye kangako, indlela asebenzisekayo sizimisele ukwakhiwa ingxubevange lwemali. Kamva ezithandwa kakhulu ukuba nokuveliswa iingqekembe nickel yesilivere kusetyenziswa.

zemali Russian Modern zenziwa aluminiyamu ezahlukeneyo. Ngokukodwa, kuba ngokupheleleyo iingqekembe zesiliva nickel ekhutshwe phambi 2009. iingqekembe Steel of eesenti enye ezimbini ze-engange ezintlanu copper kunye maleko ubhityileyo nickel yesilivere. Loo nto ibizwa ngokuba 'bimetal ". Ke ngakumbi nangakumbi inciphise iindleko woveliso zemali sisinyithi.

Aluminiyamu yobhedu nickel, kancinane bangenwe igcwala emoyeni. Ngoko ke, iimpawu zayo zingafunyanwa kuphela kwi iinkozo omdala, okanye abo ezahlala kwiindawo ezinobutshaba. Iingcali, abazingeli eqwetyiweyo lwemali esetyenziselwa ukucoca leesampulu eziinkozo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo - ukusuka iiresiphi idumile ubugcisa eliphambili.
Ukucoca ngesepha namanzi ususa oxides zobhedu eluhlaza elungileyo kuphela. Bokwenza into, njengoko namafutha omnquma, acetic acid, ipasta "Goya". Simele sikhumbule ukuba ezi zixhobo kuphela ukususa nebhodi, kodwa kusabela kunye ngokwabo ingxubevange, ebangela umonakalo lwemali. Le ukucoca kakhulu kakuhle, nokuthantamisa okukhawulezileyo iingqekembe is a intsila yobhedu-nickel yi electrolysis.