Dada - yintoni na le nto? Abameli Dada yokudweba

Kwihlabathi mihla, abantu bahlawula kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ukuba inkcubeko yabo kunye nophuhliso ngokwasengqondweni. Ayisendim ngokwaneleyo ukuba oyingcali kwindawo enye ukuze agcine incoko umdla yinkampani okrelekrele.

Ukuze ugcine up nobomi, bangethi ubuso okwangoku amanqam, simele sihlale azivelele nokufunda into entsha.

Nabani na ocinga ukuba indoda zizifundiswa abacinga osisityebi, kufuneka baqonde ubuncinane azah ubugcisa kunye ukupeyinta, kuba yenye yemixholo zixhaphakileyo kwincoko abantu angaqhelekanga uluntu okrelekrele.

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kusungulwe amagcisa nababhali, ukusuka classical ukuya ngaphantsi komhlaba ezinkulu prim kunye anarchic.

Namhlanje siye sithethe malunga enye mlonyeni izimbo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini - malunga ne Dada.

Dadaism: Inkcazo

Njengoko usazi, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, abantu abahlaselwa ngenxa yenkohlakalo yabo lonya. Ihlabathi liphela waba lixhoba umlo eyehlela ngenxa yokuzingca, izenzo amanqe, kwaye nkqu maniacal kwezinye bezopolitiko. iingqimba ukunganeliseki wakhula. Konke oku Ingxabano ababeyiqwebile ukungaqondi Kwenzeka ntoni batshize ngalo kwicala ubuqambi ngelo xesha.

Dada ngokwayo - yinto icala yobugcisa avant-garde, omkhanyelayo yonke imithetho kwaye kuphela umbala indibanisela imigca ezicacileyo kunye iimilo zejiyometri. Ngowe-1916, amagcisa, eqhiphuke umbilini ububi imfazwe, abantu bafumanisa oku kwiincwadi, umculo, ukupeyinta, yeqonga kunye cinema. Olu hlobo kitsch, bazama ukubonisa nendelo kwabo urhulumente, sokugxeka yayo, ukunqongophala kwabantu, logic, kwaye inkohlakalo leyo eyaba, ngokoluvo lwabo, unobangela ingxabano phakathi kwamazwe amabini.

Umlandeli kwiindawo ezifana Uqamba - kwemiYalezo, naye kuphika kubuhle.

Unxunguphalo, imvakalelo obungenanjongo bobukho, umsindo kunye nokunqongophala yokholo elizayo eyonwabileyo - ukuba oonobangela le meko, uchasene yonke imithetho ubuhle.

Dada - style ukuba ndiqononondisa ngokuphandle inyathelo zomkhosi kunye noohlohlesakhe, ezama isiphithiphithi nolobukomanisi.

Apho igama

Kuba isihloko flow enjalo, ngokuchonga obungenanjongo iyonke kunye incomprehensibility ntoni kumandla ngaloo minyaka, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukufumana igama elifanelekileyo.

Tristan Ttsana, uzama ukufumana amagama afanelekileyo ukuze balungele isimbo abasandula kwemoto, Yayityhila ngokusebenzisa isichazi-magama kunye neelwimi zezizwe Negro waya ngaphesheya elithi "Uqamba".

Ngoko Dada - Liguqulwe lithatyathwa ulwimi Afrika wesizwe Crewe - umsila ithokazi. Kamva afika abayibiza kwezinye kwimimandla Italy umongikazi kunye nonina, kwakunye "Dada" ifana kakhulu baby Ukuphololoza.

Le artist bavakalelwa kukuba igama elingcono oku avant-garde, kwaye akukho mfuneko.

Wabaseki flow

Dada wazalwa ngexesha elifanayo Zurich naseNew York, ilizwe ngalinye ngokuzimeleyo. Ukuze wabaseki lweentsingiselo anti-ubuhle ziquka: imbongi wemidlalo ye-German Hugo Ball, uRichard Hyulzenbeka, uSamuweli Rosenstock - imbongi French kwaye isiRomania (wayengumYuda ubuzwe), eyaziwa phantsi igama Tristan Tzara, i waseJamani kunye imbongi isiFrentshi, nomkroli kunye opeyintayo ARP Jean ngcono kuluntu jikelele , igcisa German-French Max Ernst and Marcel Janco - ngomzobi Israel futhi isiRomania. Bonke aba bantu abadumile - abameli eliqaqambileyo Dadaism e kumzobo, uncwadi, umculo kunye nezinye zobugcisa.

Indawo, leyo obagwebelayo ngokwayo, eli qela labantu ezobugcisa, waba "umdaniso owenzelwa uVoltaire". Almanac esikhutshwe liSebe Dadaists ngelo xesha, ibizwa ngegama eli ziko.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba umntu ngasentla ingqalelo abaseki kuxoxwa ikhondo lethu, eminyaka embalwa ngaphambi kokusekwa kwayo yaziwe ehlabathini "fuizma yesikolo" liphela, okudalwe igcisa Artur Sapekom kunye nombhali Alphonse Ale kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kade, iye phambili imisebenzi zobugcisa zomculo athwale yonke indawo engundoqo nkongomiso.

Uninzi yokusebenza bohemian ngesimbo Dada, bahlala eFransi eJamani, apho ngcembe ngexesha ladityaniswa avant-garde kunye kwemiYalezo.

Dada eRashiya yafumana udumo Bulelani elidumile eMoscow Rostov Nichevke iqela ezoncwadi, kodwa ekupheleni ikho.

Ngo-1923, itshintshe ngakwicala iintsingiselo ezintsha ezifanelekileyo abavakalelwa yesizwe. Dadaists bahlaziywe ku expressionists kunye surrealists.

Uqamba yokudweba

Eyona ndlela ithandwayo yobugcisa kule isimbo luthathwa ikholaji: amagcisa ezininzi, ngokusekelwe naziphi na izinto ezifanelekileyo, uncamathisele iinyama zayo ezahlukeneyo iphepha elinombala, ilaphu, kunye nezinye izinto amehlo awayeno-.

Dada ukupeyinta yi lwekamva kunye constructivist kwindalo, apho kukhethwa izinto esidalwe ngumntu imishini, kunokuba umntu umphefumlo wakhe.

Fans le meko kunye ubuchule babo uzama ukuba atshabalalise ulwimi yemveli kwenkcubeko ngokwengqiqo ebanzi yeli gama.

Zonke abameli Dada ubugcisa emsebenzini wakhe ukukhanyela ngokupheleleyo zonke ubhalo kutshabalalisa zaveza iinkulungwane izimiso zokomoya nezentlalo, endaweni ukutyhala parading engenanjongo, engenangqondo kweziyatha arealistichnostyu imizobo yakhe yaye ikholaji. Noko ke, kufuneka ube yimpumelelo enkulu, njengoko ingqinelane ngokupheleleyo imo kuluntu.

Akukho esihlobene ulwalathiso iincwadi kunokuba Dada ukupeyinta. Artists yexesha sixabana zidityaniswe, ke ngoko, ukuba ndlela kakhulu olothusayo ibonakala izenzo zabo kwezi nkalo zimbini (R. Hausmann, G. ARP, K. Shviters, F. Picabia).

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, nempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo ngekamva Dadaists waba "fumizma" esikolweni.

Abameli Dada wafunda lukhulu kumsebenzi wegcisa imisebenzi Marcel Duchamp bakaThixo orientation avant-garde ekuqaleni umsebenzi wakhe.

Ngumzobi emsebenzini wakhe wamnika enkulu indima everyday, izifundo ingathi yimimangaliso ukuba ngandlel 'ithile - kakhulu Dadaism. Imizekelo umsebenzi wakhe - i "isityumzi for itshokolethi №2» kunye «Ivili le bhayisekile."

ubuchule bakhe, igcisa, kwakunye onke Dadaists, ihlekisa injongo ephakamileyo kunye msebenzi ubalulekileyo kwimizobo, ubiza ukuba inkululeko ubugcisa ukuba kukugeza.

Dada ukuhlokoma umculo kunye nemibongo

Ukongeza imizobo, i Dadaists waza wasithimba nezinye iinkalo ingqondo yemveli. Bakwazi ukuba zidibene ngemizobo umboniso mnye, umculo ophezulu, ukufunda imisebenzi ngoncwadi engqungqa.

Kurt Shviters - Dadaist, owaba Umsunguli isandi yesihobe, alibiza "umbongo elungileyo." Kule fomu ye ntetho webali zoncwadi zimanyene kunye umculo, umzekelo, bonisa isandi amadabi kumbongo. Ezi imibongo baphathe ngayo ingqiqo kwi anti-imfazwe kunye atiburzhuaznoy izandi ezincinane. Iimbongi bamhleka amandla yokuziphatha lusekiwe.

Kwakhona yinxalenye imibongo umnikelo wonke ndithi ukuba amagama namabinzana, yaye kwakuba iseti izandi, iileta, ekhala kunye umculo phezulu.

Dada - it kwakhona umculo eziziswe abantu abaziwayo ezifana: Francis Pikebiya, Zhorzh Ribemon-Desey, Erwin Shulhoff, Hans Heusser, Albert Sevigny, Erik Satie. kwayo yazo ubhalo umsindo futhi wabonisa kakuhle eli yoluntu yezilwanyana, kwakungasoloko kwacaca ummi elula.

Dancing kweli cala, kakhulu, akazange ayahlukanga iseti iintshukumo anencasa enxulumene, nesinxibo kunye abadanisi zaye athungwe kwi indlela nale-cubism, loo nto ayizange ukubongeza kubuhle.

Dadaists, wadinwa intiyo yesizwe, owanyusa imfazwe, ukuphupha abantu zobuchule behlabathi ukuba sibumbane elilodwa. imigca abazithanda "umdaniso owenzelwa uVoltaire", nto leyo kwakubonakala eBohemia ezikufuphi kwindalo, baba: umculo Afrika, jazz nokudlala balalaika.

Art e Germany

In Germany Dada - kukuthi, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, uqhankqalazo kwezopolitiko, wabonakaliswa into okunjalo art komhlaba.

amaqela Artistic yelizwe bekungenjalo wasiphikisa ulicekisile intsingiselo ubuchule, njengoko benza bale isimbo kwamanye amazwe. Apha Dada Ndinyule ngumlinganiswa zopolitiko nezentlalo wambonisa lonke ubukrakra kwabantu kubangelwa yimfazwe nemiphumo yayo ngendlela ezichithakeleyo kwaye akakwazi ukuba avuke emathangeni akhe lizwe.

Kwakhona le German Dadaists H. kobzon kunye G. Gross, kwimisebenzi yakhe, nabonakalisa uvelwano eRashiya, sise ngelo xesha ukwimeko wotshintsho.

Dada kule nkulungwane yama-20 bezisa iminikelo elibalulekileyo nezobugcisa, xa Gross, Hartfield, Heche kunye Hausmann liphuhlise photomontage, saza sakhupha inani neejenali zezopolitiko.

Ngehlobo lowe-1920 imbeko nezazi imfazwe adweliswe ngasentla liququzelela Dada Fair, ezitsala bohemians evela ehlabathini lonke.

Ku ri eJarimani, ukuba ithe yandiswa ikholaji, njengoko ngokuncedisana Cubism kuso kwakukho izinto photomontage.

Ukongeza ukusebenza kwicala yokudweba, Husman yenza igalelo elibonakalayo kumsebenzi uncwadi, thaca kuluntu ezimbalwa imibongo "abstract", equka nje iseti izandi, sifunda hi shamanic.

Abazali cinema Dadaist bakholelwa iRichter kunye Egelenga.

e France

Dada ubuciko ibinzana ingakumbi ezinkulu eFransi ukususela ekuqalweni kwayo oko yaqala phambi kokuba igama kule ntshukumo.

Preddadaistskimi isebenza amanani abaziwayo ezifana Duchamp, Picabia kunye "yimbongi boxer" - Caravan.

magazini Last yakhululwa "ngoko nangoko", apho abadumileyo ngezinyeliso nophando ekwenzeni, kuquka amabali yasungulwa.

Kwaba apho kwakuhlala ngunozala Dada Tristan Ttsana.

IParis uthathwa ukuba ziyindlela ye avant-garde ixesha. Erik Satie, uPicasso kunye koto wadala ballet ihlazo, musa abonela ingqikelelo imilinganiselo yamandulo. Kweli lizwe, rhoqo bamthwala Dada imiboniso, nkqubo, imiboniso kunye oyiyekayo oluninzi iimagazini.

Duchamp uvelisa Imizobo odumileyo kuyasetyenzwa lomculo. Dada ingqalelo wobugcisa ntiyiso Mona Lisa kunye pririsoval Mthovu ofumana igama "Yena ukutshisa sele kunzima."

Ernest, ukudala imizobo yakhe, usebenzisa amaqhekeza beziva ubudala. Yena usizobela umfanekiso ocacileyo kubo bonke, kodwa phezu-okroqiweyo ehlekisayo omnyama.

Court Ttsana isinqumo umsebenzi karhulumente ezinkulu "Gas Intliziyo", nto leyo 1923 yi uqhushululu ngaphakathi lombutho "Dada," yaye Andre Breton ubiza ukuhamba yahlula ekumisweni koko kwemiYalezo.

Ngowe-1924 Ttsana ngexesha lokugqibela kuyintlekele "amafu eqhiyeni."

Dada eNew York

ikhaya eyesibini kwisithuba NY embalwa, nto leyo eye yaba yindawo ukuba inani elikhulu ezisemagunyeni engamkelekanga kwamanye amazwe amagcisa.

Marsel Dyushan, Francis Picabia, Beatris Vud kunye Mann uRay waba intliziyo-United States of America Dada, kungekudala kunye uArthur Crewe aloluhlobo emkhosini France. Bona umboniso umsebenzi wabo kwi kwigalari Alfreda Shtiglitsa kunye endlwini yomlingane Arensberg.

abazidibanisanga New York Dada nkqubo, baye bavakalisa izimvo zabo iincwadi ezifana "iimfama" yaye "New York Dada", apho ukugxeka isithethe, ihamba iimyuziyam.

American Dadaism eyahlukileyo ukusuka eYurophu, yena akazange wathwala uqhankqalazo kwezopolitiko, kwaye zisekelwe phezu ezihlekisayo.

Ngowe-1917 Duchamp wawubonisa iimvumi umchamo kwi kwidispleyi, apho wanamathela umqondiso esithi "I-Fountain", nto leyo ekhokelele yokothuka yabaphulaphuli. Lev ngaloo mihla, le ukukrola ngoku kugqalwa oqingqiweyo kwimpucuko.

Ngenxa ukuphuma inkampani edumileyo Dadaist Duchamp isiqaqa.

ENetherlands,

ENetherlands Dadaists edume waba Theo van Desburg eyaphuma lowu ebizwa ngokuba "De Stizhl". Amaphepha ale ncwadi, Ubazalise imisebenzi abalandeli adumileyo indlela avant-garde.

Kunye nabahlobo bakhe Vilmos Shtirvesom Huszarom kunye nomfazi wakhe Nelly van Disberg wadala nkampani Dutch Dada.

Emva kokufa Disberga kwafunyaniswa ukuba kwijenali yakhe ke yapapashwa imibongo okukokwakhe, phantsi mbumbulu ye Ik Bonset.

nemiphumela Dada

Ekupheleni kuka-1924 njenge Dada eyodwa intshukumo kwimizobo iye yaphela. Yena ihlanganiswa ne kwemiYalezo kunye ngokoqobo zentlalo France kunye ne kwimpucuko eJamani. Kwavela ngexesha ngexesha lokulahlekelwa lithemba yesizwe iingcali ezininzi walibiza ungumhambeli phambili postmodernism.

Ngexesha Second World War, inkoliso yala magcisa Dada wafudukela eUnited States.

Adolf Hitler, beqonda iinjongo zabo kuphela, ingqalelo ubugcisa "Dada" bonakele, bawenza inqambi oyinyaniso (ngokoluvo lwakhe) ixabiso anibufanele isimbo ukhona, ngoko wabasukela, aze afakwe amagcisa kwinkampu yoxinaniso owayesebenza kule nkalo. Ubuninzi tsarisiwile magcisa kwinkampu waseJamani waba iingcambu yamaYuda, ngokunxulumene abantu sebesazi ukungcungcuthekisa ezoyikekayo kunye nokubulala.

Ntlokoma Dada kwaye ngoku wabonakalaliswa anti-art kunye nezopolitiko amaqela bohemians, umzekelo, "a ntsholo uluntu." Kwakhona iqela ethandwayo "Chamboemba 'banotyekelo uzibiza ngumlandeli Dada.

Abanye ababhali bakholelwa uLenin ilungu Club Dada, njengoko inxaxheba kwi Balalaika Orchestra, ethe tye emehlweni abaphulaphuli kwi "umdaniso owenzelwa uVoltaire", yaye ixesha elithile khona, ababuyanga badle kude ukusuka kwisakhiwo, apho abameli ndawonye, le meko.

Ngamaxesha athile olondolozo lwembali famous ukucwangcisa eyokubonisa imisebenzi ulwalathiso Dadaist. Lo mboniso yabanjwa ngo-2006 kwi-Museum of Contemporary Art, ibekwe eParis, e Washington, DC, kwi-National Gallery of Art kunye Centre Georges Pompidou e Paris. imisebenzi Fashion kwi isimbo "Dada" - a imbeko Amagcisa wafa ngexesha ku Germany.

Ngoko ke gqaba-gqaba yintoni na oku, yaye uchaze isikhundla salo ezisisiseko.

• Dada yi ubugcisa kunye orientation antipolitical kunye impahla. Uyaphika zonke zinjalo, nobugcisa kokomoya, bekhuphela ukuziphatha abasemagunyeni yexesha.
• Painting - sphere ibalulekileyo kule nkulungwane yama-20, eyazalisa Dadaism. Amagcisa awayesebenza la mandla, kaninzi usebenzisa ikholaji, okuhlanganisa iintlobo bechola eliqaqambileyo zemathiriyeli, imibiko yamaphephandaba kunye photo montage.
• Umculo ezinikwa amarhamente le ndlela, leyo uhlobo ingxolo.
• Uncwadi kwakhona akukho luncedo kakhulu, ikakhulu kokusungulwa Dadaists waba yesihobe apho amagama asetyenziswa endaweni izandi, embhoxo ngokuqubuda koothixo abantu bakudala.
• Movie nemidlalo kulo mkhuba ngqiqweni kwaye hoywa abe namagama angaqhelekanga.
• imifanekiso yazo - ezi zesiqhelo wasebenzisa izinto sebenzisa mihla le. Monument Dada eyona odumileyo - umchamo, apho umbhali wayibiza ngokuba "Fountain".
• Indlela komnyhadala libekwe ngoncedo nabadanisi abanxibe izinxibo ezingabonakaliyo.
• Ezihlekisayo bohemians yexesha nga ngokuba njengokubonisa ye Dada kwi inkcubeko yokuziphatha.

Kweli nqaku, ukuqonda oko style of "Dada" kwaye ezinxulumene ngayo kuye kwavela ngayo thina, ezifundekayo igama layo, wathetha malunga Abaseki bayo, wafumana umahluko Dada kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwaye wabukela indawo yayo ezisisiseko kumculo, uncwadi, ukupeyinta, cinema , ngomdaniso bokwakha.

Siyathemba ukuba bakwazi ukuphendula yonke imibuzo yakho.