Discoveries physics eziphilayo.

Apha ngethula lo mbono, zisithi ukubhaqwa. Kunjalo, akukho ndawo ndibonile ukuba unaloo nto. Lo mbono ubhekiselele kwizinto ezenzeka lilanga, oko kukuthi, loo nto ivula ngumba omtsha lonke njengoko izizathu eziphambili ezibangela ulwelo okupholisa inkqubo ngumphunga. Nhlamuselo classic ngu: ulwelo betekisi ukusuka kuphela molekyuli okukhawulezayo, ezo bayakwazi ukoyisa imikhosi yomtsalane aphakathi. Oku kunciphisa ngesantya ezo molekyuli eseleyo. Ngenxa yoko ke, ubushushu bomzimba, leyo ukuxhomekeka kwisantya lifinyele.

Kodwa ukuba sijonge kancinci ukuya kwinkqubo komphunga, kunokuthi kubonwe omnye, kubaluleke ngakumbi, ukuba kungekhona eziphambili, into okupholisa. Le meko (factor) ezingabhaliweyo nayiphi na incwadi physics. Ukususela theory classical kufuneka kwisigqibo esisengqiqweni sokuba molecule ngumphunga akusenzi ukya ekupheleni nya kunye nezinga yayo ngesantya vytolknuvshey molecule ayo. Kodwa oku akuyonyaniso.

Oomaleko kumphezulu kweemolekyuli ulwelo zicwangciswe kwi imigama ngaphezu kwiingcamba ezinzulu. Oku kubangela into yokuba kumphezulu akhululeke.

Umphezulu yamanzi

Mpilo 1 V1

V2

molecule 2

V3

molecule 3

Isazobe. 1.

Enkulu yokuba umphunga ejection-1 zinemoletyhule (bona. Isazobe. 1) yokungqubana kwayo molecule ye-2, edulusele kunye molecule 1 kwi aa Incopho kumphezulu ulwelo kwaye esinecandelo ubuncinane Velocity tangential. Emva yokungqubana, kude omkhulu ngaphezu radii ezi molekyuli ezimbini, imikhosi isizathu efanayo kufakwe yimikhosi ekhulayo yomtsalane efanayo. Ezi mabutho bancipha phantse zero isantya kunye namaqondo Kelvin asebenza kuphela 1 molecule, kodwa 2 kwemolekyuli ehleliyo kulwelo. Molecule 2 akazange ixesha ukudlulisela amandla abo kumandla entshukumo ukuya zinemoletyhule eliselumelwaneni 3: yayo "ukuyeka" zinemoletyhule ngumphunga 1. Kwimeko mhlawumbi yomtsalane ngaxeshanye enye molecule kwisibini molecule. Kulo mzekelo, imolekyuli linokuba enye kuphela isantya avareji. Noko ke, kule yokugqibela kwisigaba uphuma 1 molecule, 2 iimolekyuli kuya kunciphisa isantya kwaye lobushushu elililo Kelvin ukya ekupheleni nya. Kakhulu okuba kunye izithonga angabamelwane molecule iimolekyuli ezimbini osisi ezinciphisa isiphumo deceleration "kunokubahlangula," amandla agciniweyo of molecule 2. Kodwa nomphumela inhibition phantse ngokupheleleyo ukuba zibalulekile kuba umgama phakathi iimolekyuli kwiingcamba umphezulu ulwelo makhulu ngokwaneleyo. Inyaniso yokuba amandla yomtsalane efana kunye nemikhosi inertia ngumphunga molekyuli, wathi ngumkhuba uxinzeleko komhlaba, apho uninzi kumphezulu fluid umaleko iimolekyuli ziqhutyelwe kuyo de equiprobable kuzo zonke iimolekyuli yokungqubana womelele ngakumbi uthengisa 2. Ngenxa yoko molecule, molecule ngumphunga kunciphisa 1 ngesantya kunye isantya iimolekyuli-2 ukuya ukya ekupheleni nya.

uwase simanga kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo xa zonke nesayensi isifundo ihlabathi eziphathekayo. Incazelo entsha ngentla sezizathu engamanzi okupholisa ngexesha ngumphunga wayo kufuneka zinike ingcaciso luncedo kuzo zonke izibalo, ekufuneka athathe ingqalelo oku.

iingcinga zakhe I ekuphikiseni imfundiso komphunga zoqobo, ezizezi:

1. "Isantya kweemolekyuli ulwelo vaporized ngentla avareji". Kweminyaka engama-15 ndibhekisa icebo lakho ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi kwimibutho-ngaphandle impendulo. Kunye nempumelelo efanayo wabhala V. Putinu kunye D. A. Medvedevu kunye isicelo iyithumele ukuba uhlalutyo ukuya kwimibutho yenzululwazi abanobuchule. Ukususela kulo ndanqophisana, akukho nto ukuphikisa, kodwa uqinisekise - amathuba zezenzululwazi umsebenzi. 28 Epreli kulo nyaka, ndadibana uluvo lwam yomviwa of Sciences zobugcisa, oyingcali physics eziphilayo. On umbuzo wam wokuqala, "Yintoni na isantya molekyuli ngumphunga," wathi, ", umlinganiselo omhle kakhulu ngasentla." Emva Ukuqhelana ngengcamango yam, oko bazifinyeza oku kala, "Ewe, mhlawumbi, ezinye iimolekyuli isantya. Kodwa molecule engamanzi kakhulu, ngokulandelelana, oluninzi amathuba ukuhlakaza molekyuli ngumphunga ukuba nodibaniso olunesantya esiphezulu. " Ndala oku: "Ukuze ukhule ufike ngesantya avareji ngasentla ngumphunga iimolekyuli" 1 1 "lisasazwe ukuya isantya, ngaphezu komndilili, ngaphezu kabini", kuyimfuneko ukuba ngumphunga iimolekyuli yi ". Kwaye esi siganeko, kwaye ukuba kunokwenzeka, kodwa akulindelekanga ukuba ufanele kuhoywa. Iimolekyuli - "izigidi" kuba amandla agciniweyo kufuneka kunqabile kakhulu ". Like amandla iphiramidi zemali ukuba umqokozo izizathu neziphumo kubunzulu engamanzi ekukhawuleziseni ngumphunga luza "1" kwemolekyuli - angamelwa njengoko molecule ikhowuni enekona kwi molecule "1". Umaleko olunzulu iimolekyuli, kokukhona kusenokwenzeka le uchithachithayo amandla kwinto esenokwenzeka. Esi siganeko kungenzeka kakhulu - zinemoletyhule nge ngesantya. Iimolekyuli ukuba isantya, kancinci okanye ngaphantsi kancinane kune-avareji - naye ingaqhelekanga. Isantya molekyuli ngumphunga, kakhulu kumyinge, kuya kuthiwa yenziwe inkqubo oluntsonkothileyo ukungqubana zangaphambili kwiingcamba enzulwini. Kodwa njengokuba ezinzulwini zonke molecule ngokulinganayo kwaye yonke imiyalelo transmission lwamandla kusenokwenzeka ngokulinganayo, ngoko amathuba ezahlukeneyo izicwangciso iimolekyuli kwicala elinye aze omnye molecule "1" - le elifanayo, njengoko amathuba ngokuzenzekelayo ukufumana kuyo nayiphi na inxalenye uninsulated na umthamo ulwelo yahlukile kwezinye iisayithi lobushushu. Esi siganeko Kungenzeka isantya molekyuli ngumphunga, ngaphezulu kancinane kune-avareji (okanye ilingana, ukuba kwisigaba sokugqibela komphunga "1" kwemolekyuli, xa ukwehla na loo nto kuza emva: i uqina ngu zero - etsala kunyuka molecule okanye umoya onjalo isiganeko kusenokwenzeka kakhulu. ngumoya ixesha, kodwa ngaphantsi okuba kunokwenzeka xa emi umoya).

2. kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba akhululeke umphezulu ibamba zonke molekyuli ukuba eliphakathi kunye nesantya asezantsi ngaphakathi ulwelo (ngaphandle itshimini okanye iimolekyuli umphunga umoya flying ngaxeshanye kumphezulu engamanzi). Ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba ukugqiba ukuba siganeko Kungenzeka komphunga zinemoletyhule kokuba isantya esigqithileyo avareji ubuncinane. Yiloo nto ke umahluko amandla agciniweyo kwemolekyuli "1" yaye amandla kho kwawo ezimelene molekulami- engephi. Oku kuthetha ukuba emva kokuba ndiyoyisile le yamandla, isantya - kwaye ubushushu kusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo Kelvin - ezi molekyuli ezintweni "1" aya kuba kufuphi zero. "Kwaye phi amandla agciniweyo ezi molekyuli izikhulu '? Lo mbuzo ndicela oyingcali physics eziphilayo. Ndathi (ndacinga ngayo ngaphambili) - mhlawumbi ingena amandla excitation ezi athom, ukuba mfutshane, akukho waqonda ngumntu nje ubushushu; Isenokuba samiliselwa ngokungaphelelanga yemisebe zibe nonthermal spectrum shortwave kagesi.

3. 2.Speed ulwelo eseleyo kwi molecule "2" emva ngumphunga molecule "1" ayikho ingozi kuhlala ingatshintshanga njengoko lulandelayo ingcamango zoqobo, kodwa kunciphisa ukya ekupheleni nya.

4. Ngokutsho Scheme umdlali yam (wayithabatha ngaphandle textbook), "Imigangatho kumphezulu kakhulu ngokusondeleyo kufutshane omnye komnye. A umgama omkhulu phakathi molecule e nwebu nganye. " Uvakalise oku refutation lam ibango ukuba "2" molecule Fig. "1" ayinayo ixesha ukudlulisela amandla abo ngxabano. Noko ke, ukususela ingqalelo ezilula kufuneka isikhundla ngenkuthalo nokuzinzileyo zomaleko kwi "kohlulwa": oko kukuthi, phantsi (kunye "phezu") molecule ngamnye ka-2, 3, 4, 5 maleko kufuneka ibe "umngxuma". Isazobe. 1 bazisa ichane ngakumbi isikhundla "2" molecule "3" - iimolekyuli ngalo umaleko. Molecule "2" ilele umaleko wesithathu, imolekyuli "3" - kule nwebu yesihlanu kunye molecule "1" - kule nwebu yokuqala. Kulo mzekelo, molecule "2" emva ejecting, molecule ezililize "1" yokungqubana - iimpukane nge umsantsa phakathi iimolekyuli elikufutshane emazantsi umaleko yesine ukuya, eyesihlanu, umaleko molekyuli elandelayo - kwaye lwanele ukunciphisa umgama ukuya kufutshane zero uqina kunye neqondo lobushushu. "1" molecule ngumphunga. kuyehla ukya ekupheleni nya ngokwayo, ixesha isantya ukya ekupheleni nya molecule "2". Le - isiganeko mhlawumbi kakhulu.

5. go 'isandla esandleni "Xa inzululwazi, amava kunye nethiyori. I ningathandabuzi ukuba, "Gibbs amandla", nto leyo kuqikelelwa lamashumi iibhondi atom ezinto - sibonisa ngokuchanekileyo into yokwenene. Kodwa ukuba ndiye ndakwazi ukubonisa ingcamango yakhe oyingcali physics emolekyuli (wehlisa phantsi emva kwengxoxo wethu, nangona ukuya ekuqaleni, kodwa bengaphantsi kakhulu kumyinge) - ngoko, ngethiyori, lo Ukupholisa ngumphunga ulwelo banobuthathaka kunye izikhewu. Kuyabonakala ukuba, oku kubangelwa kukuba amandla yentsebenziswano lwalusanda - mfutshane-losuku ukukhawulezisa kunye deceleration - elifutshane. Sasiya, esebenzisa ukubala ngesantya iimolekyuli. Oku kuyinyaniso ukuba iimolekyuli ngaphakathi engamanzi. Kodwa le ndlela iye yabangela ukuba iimpazamo isifundo yokuziphatha iimolekyuli ngumphunga.

6. umqondo wam ukususa le gap. Mhlawumbi ukuqonda oonobangela Ukupholisa ulwelo ngumphunga luya kuvula i intsimi entsha womsebenzi for nabasunguli iifriji ngakumbi kakuhle, izimiso umoya kunye ephathekayo. m. p.

7. imveliso iincwadi zezifundo phambi wasondela ngokusondeleyo. Kwakukho nenguqulelo esemthethweni yelogo enye, yaye yonke into iyavumelana ngokoluvo yenzululwazi esemthethweni.

8. Nanku tutorial 1976, kwiBakala 9, page 68:. "Ukuba amaqondo obushushu njalo, ulwelo lujika lube ngomphunga ayinyuki amandla agciniweyo ezi molekyuli, kodwa sikhatshwa ukwanda lamandla abo. Ngapha koko, umgama ongumyinge phakathi molecule igesi kuba amaxesha amaninzi mkhulu ngaphezu koko phakathi molecule engamanzi. Ngaphezu koko, ukunyuka utshintsho ukusuka into elulwelo kuzinto sukube,

9.

10. Okufunwa ukwenza umsebenzi nxamnye imikhosi kuxinzelelo lwangaphandle. Apha, ulwalathiso yangoku kuboniswe izibalo: "Isixa ubushushu ezifunekayo ukuguqulwa kubushushu rhoqo 1 kg. elulwelo umphunga, wabhekisela bubushushu ngqo vaporization. " Kuyabonakala ukuba, xa kungekho kwimithombo ubushushu yangaphandle kwi ubukhulu kwe-eneji ngesiganeko (kunye - ubushushu) nganye ngekhilogram komphunga ulwelo.

11 Kodwa alukhankanywanga naphi am - eqhelekileyo, kodwa ukhetho mhlawumbi kakhulu: zinemoletyhule umphunga, isantya yayo kunye nesantya engamanzi eseleyo kwi molecule phantse kususwa, i- eneji enokubakho ngokuzibandakanya kwabo wanyamalala. kwenzeke phi amandla? Lo mbuzo interlocutor wam nje kuphela, hayi kangako kwakhe - bonke babesebenza ngokusebenzisa ingongoma yam mhlawumbi yokucingela physics. I-eneji excitation ye atom, kwi radiation magnetic akayi? Le ncwadana yemvelo, apho ndiya wayelungiselela ukungena Polytechnic Institute (isidanga ngo-1983), wazoba scheme efanayo yaye banikwe ingcaciso efanayo endawunika kutshanje yincutshe. Kodwa incwadi yam yesikolo wachaza ngokweenkcukacha nesigqibo seengcinga ngandlel ezahlukeneyo:. P 84. Ukususela kule nkcazelo kubonakala ukuba imikhosi yentsebenziswano phakathi iimolekyuli zomphunga nazo zingananzwa, ngokuba ukuxinana yayo kwiimeko oluqhelekileyo amaxesha amaninzi ngaphantsi kwe lexinene engamanzi. "Kwelinye molecule kumphezulu engamanzi ebambeleyo ekhankanyiweyo inxalenye 2 kwemolekyuli kunye nomkhosi nokungafunekiyo yi umkhosi umtsalane lulele molekyuli ubunzulu 3,4,5, IT d. 2 zinemoletyhule amandla womxhuzulane evela molekyuli lulele ubunzulu 4, 5, 6, ne. t. d., kunye nomkhosi nokungafunekiyo ukusuka molecule 3 Kodwa ke, ukongezelela, izenzo yebo ibutho ukusuka isizathu molecule 1. Ngenxa yoko, umgama phakathi iimolekyuli 1 umlinganiselo U2 mkhulu umgama phakathi molecule-2 no-3 (molecule 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, njalo njalo -... ubuxoki kwi aa Incopho na kumphezulu ulwelo, kwaye amanani - njengokuba kuMfanekiso 1 -. ekhula nzulu). A umgama we-2 - 3 ngaphezulu kumgama-3 no -4. t. d. de kude kungabikho kuchaphazela molecule sendiselane ngaphezulu. " Obu bungqina eneenkcukacha obucacileyo lufumaneka ukuba umgama phakathi molecule "maleko" eliphezulu kwaye 2 molecule phantsi kwawo - Fig. 1 ungcoliso kungenzeka. Oku kakhulu kokwanele elekhtrons molecule 2 Isazobe. 1 - zero. 404118 Volzhsky, 30 m - oko dom40 kV. 17.