Edvard Dzhenner: engobomi, iifoto kunye ngempumelelo

Esifo - sesinye sezifo endala lubonwe. Abantu abenza bosulelwe yiyo sifo, wafa. Inani lamaxhoba akabalwa bamawaka, kwaye izigidi. Esi sifo kakhulu kunene, isigulana unesifo ifiva, umzimba wakhe, wayifulela anamadyungudyungu iyabhiqiza. Abo waba ithamsanqa kusinda, kwakungelula: abaninzi baye balahlekelwa emehlweni, iimpawu umzimba. Gqirha Edvard Dzhenner indoda eyasindisa ihlabathi kwesi sifo. Yena kuqala wanikela sokugonya.

Edvard Dzhenner. curriculum vitae

NgoMeyi 1749 e-UK, kwidolophu eBerkeley, umbingeleli ifani Jenner wazalwa abantwana 3, wanikwa igama Edward. Umnqweno ukulandela ekhondweni likayise yakhe aze abe ngumbingeleli umntu oselula na. Ngoko ke, emva kweminyaka eli-12 ubudala, waqalisa ukufunda amayeza, wafunda ngugqirha.

Emva kwexesha waqalisa ukufunda komzimba womuntu, waza waqalisa ukuziqhelanisa esibhedlele.

Ngowe-1770, umfana wafudukela eLondon, apho waba nako ukugqiba isidanga zonyango. Wayesebenza phantsi kwenkxaso ugqirha odumileyo kunye anatomist, ngubani wamnceda kakuhle zonke ubuqili ngokunamathelene- uqhaqho. Umfana abanomdla kuphela amayeza, kodwa inzululwazi, naturalistika.

Edvard Dzhenner ngo-1792 wafumana isidanga zonyango, leyo wamnikela ukuya kwiYunivesithi eSt Andrew kaThixo.

Xa ndandineminyaka eli-32, wayesele wayesaziwa yingcibi abanobuchule. ngempumelelo yakhe enkulu kucingelwa ukuba kokusungulwa lokugonya eyenza omzimba ku ingqakaqa.

Oku akuthethi ukuba wenza ngokwayo ukugonywa, ukususela kwisenzo ingqakaqa gonyo kumntu ogulayo bendiphilile ngaphambili. Le nkqubo kuthiwa "variolation", oko yabanjwa akusoloko yimpumelelo: Abantu basoloko begula kakhulu emva kwe Ukuchumisa. Edward ngokwakhe zagonywa umntwana ngale ndlela kwaye kudala ubunzima imiphumo.

Yavusa umdla ekusebenzeni kweli cala iinkolelo bakudala abantu abangafundanga ukuba ububi cowpox, esi sifo sichaphazela abantu ayisekho eyoyikisayo.

Yena ngokomfuniselo, ngokusekelwe intuition kwabonisa ukuba abalimi babechanile. Lo msebenzi zamgqiba, wamtshabalalisa lonke ixesha lakhe lokuba uphando.

Ngowe-1796, Edvard Dzhenner, ifoto apho thaca kweli nqaku liye wabethelela inkwenkwe iminyaka esibhozo into leyo kucishwe ukusuka pustule cowpox.

Le experiment waba yimpumelelo, ISAZINZULU waqhubeka kukubulaleka kwakhe.

Ngowe-1823, i-nzulu wayengekho.

ingqalelo emhlabeni

Le Isazinzulu ngokucokisekileyo yafunda iziphumo zabakubonileyo yaye kamva wabatshangatshangisa kule ncwadana, eyapapashwa ngo-1798. Emva kwexesha kubhaliwe kwathiwa enye amaphepha-5 malunga nesihloko gonyo. Injongo yale sisazinzulu yaba ekusasazeni ulwazi malunga nogonyo kunye noqeqesho nezixhobo zalo.

Unobangela olukhulu gqirha-izazinzulu ndizuze ingqalelo ehlabathini lonke. Waba lilungu Wawongwa ezininzi yenzululwazi Europe.

Ngowe-1840 variolation wavalwa i-UK. Ngowe-1853, eli yeza usebenzisa vaccinia waba kunyanzelekile ukuba zonke iinkqubo.

ofisi Wawongwa

Ngowe-1803 yayisekelwe i-Institute of yingqakaqha kogonyo, ekwabizwa ngokuba Dzhennerovsky Institute kunye Royal Society Dzhennerovskoe. Ukuze iinkonzo zakhe ehlabathini Edvard Dzhenner wamiselwa umlawuli yokuqala ziko. Esi sikhundla kuye kwalandelwa ubomi.

Ngo-1806 i sisazinzulu wafumana ibhaso evela kurhulumente - amawaka 10 eemina, ngo-1808 omnye, nto leyo eyayifikelela kwi-20 lamawaka eekhilogram.

Ngowe-1813, uJenner wawongwa ngesidanga Doctor of Medicine, ndandisithi Oxford. Le Isazinzulu iye igama ngumhlali Wawongwa London, wathi wawongwa idiploma, ezihonjiswe ngedayimani.

Russian uKumkanikazi Maria Feodorovna, ngexesha elikhokelwa-Ofisi uKumkanikazi Maria, ngubani umxhasi onke amaziko ononophelo yenzululwazi kunye unyango kunye nezempilo, uJenner wathumela incwadi yokubonga ngamaso elinqabileyo.

Wokuwonga elaa nzulu elikhulu ixesha Indondo ubethwe, amagama "Jenner" ube phezu kwawo.

Kakuhle eli wokulinga ISAZINZULU

Edward Entoni Dzhenner madolw 'ixesha elide phambi kokuba ukuqhuba uvavanyo imfundiso yakhe. Statement kumava babambelela wayevele nje yomntwana kunye ingqakaqa emva nokuphela Ukuchumisa.

Izazinzulu zisoloko bathuthunjiswe amathandabuzo enoba uqinisekile ngokwaneleyo imfundiso yakhe emngciphekweni ubomi bomnye umntu.

Xa Nelms umlimi ngemvumelwano cowpox, ngoko waba namadyungudyungu eluswini kwezandla. Jenner wathabatha ithuba futhi eletha imixholo elinye igutyana iminyaka esibhozo-Yakobi Phipps. Yena kubonakele kubeka iintombi emngciphekweni omkhulu, kuba loo mfana waba ububi cowpox, kwaba ayonelanga. Ukuze uqinisekise ithiyori, kwakudingeka ukuba ukosulela phambili ekupheliseni ingqakaqa yayo.

Edward wayesazi ukuba xa inkwenkwe iyafa, ubomi bakhe, kakhulu, angeke.

Emva kokuba umntwana elibuyisiweyo inkomo, ISAZINZULU wamazisa kuye ekupheliseni ingqakaqa yabantu. Ngaphandle kokuba zombini izandla isigulana kuye kwenziwa ukusikwa kwaye atyabukile ngenyameko umbandela ityhefu, kungekho mpendulo. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba olu lingelo waba yimpumelelo: Bulelani Jenner Phipps waba wokugonyeka ukuba ingqakaqa, nto leyo sesinye sezifo ezimbi. Nangona njengomntwana akazange abone ububi le meko kunye noxanduva.

Scientist wayeyoliswa kakhulu kaYakobi, ngokumthanda kwakhe efana nonyana. Ngomhla engama-20 sipapashiwe ulwazi olu lingelo, izazinzulu wanika indlu Phipps kunye igadi, okutyelweyo kunexesha lako ezininzi iintyatyambo.

Imvelaphi igama "ugonyo"

Ugonyo lusekiwe Scientist, ugonyo iye sibizwe "Vacca" liguqulelwe Latin lithetha "cow". Eli binzana ngokuqinileyo wangena kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukuba namhlanje nayiphi ugonyo oluqhutywa njengenyathelo lokuthintela, ngokuba ilizwi. Injalo, bubonakala "korovizatsiya," kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba isitofu elungiswe ngokusebenzisa izilwa lesi silwanyana ethile. Kwimeko umgada, umzekelo, ukuba yenziwe ukusuka umvundla ebuchotsheni sifo. Kwaye xa yesifo - ukusuka inwebu yemiphunga nezengekho yeempuku.

abaphikisi Jenner

Nangona bonke ubuhle bomnyango, kwaba kuphela sisiqalo endleleni olunameva. Izazinzulu ziye kufika ukubandezeleka ukungaqondani, intshutshiso. Nkqu izazinzulu bexesha abazange baqonde kuye, wajika sisazinzulu kunye nesicelo ukuba ukulalanisa igama lakhe zenzululwazi. Naxa ke ekuqalekeni, ngokufuthi wabelana nabo iingcinga zakhe, njengoko waba ngumntu kwakha nobuhlobo. Kodwa akukho namnye ekwabelwana izinto zakhe.

encwadini yakhe, apho baboniswa iziphumo izifundo engama-25 yokugqibela yobomi bakhe Jenner, wapapasha ngeendleko zabo.

Edvard Dzhenner kunye nabalandeli bakhe abazange ngoko nangoko ukuba zifunyenwe kakuhle, emva wapapasha incwadi yakhe, yena kwafuneka anyamezele ezininzi Ingcikivo xa idilesi yakhe. Le ngxoxo engundoqo abachasi ugonyo ibe ngaloo ndlela iphele ngokuchasene nokuthanda kukaThixo. Amaphephandaba apapasha le khathuni, apho abantu abaye zigonywe, wakhula iimpondo noboya.

Kodwa esisifo phambili, kwaye liyanda inani labantu ungxamile ukuzama indlela Jenner bazikhusele kuyo.

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha, ugonyo eyasetyenziswa kwi IsiNgesi wenqanawa nomkhosi.

UNapoleon Bonaparte wayalela ugonyo onke amajoni French amajoni. EsasiseSisili, apho wafika kunye isitofu sokugonya, abemi wavuya gqitha ukuba basindiswe esi sifo, leyo amalungiselelo mngcwabo.

indlela yothintelo. ugqirha IsiNgesi Edvard Dzhenner

Esifo - sesinye sezifo zifakiwe kwiqela ophezulu umngcipheko. Kunye nalo kukho icesina emthubi, isibetho, ikholera. Le ntsholongwane sisasazwa ngamathontsi emoyeni, ngokusebenzisa izinto. Yena ingena epithelium, ngenxa yoko, maqamza kwakheka kwi esikhumbeni. Inkqubo omzimba isigulane lifinyele, ukuze uqala iyabhiqiza amaqamza ukuba ibe izilonda. Ukuba isigulane ayitshanga, uya kuba phezu kwisiza izilonda emibi.

Edvard Dzhenner - umsunguli yingqakaqha kogonyo, lowo wenza kube lula ukuba azikhusele izisongelo yokugula. Ngenxa umsebenzi ISAZINZULU Kwakulula esi sifo okokuqala unako ukuphumelela encediswa gonyo.

1977 Unyaka lisukela emva kwimeko yokugqibela isifo ekupheliseni ingqakaqa. WHO wathi uloyiso phezu izifo emhlabeni ngoMeyi 1980. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, intsholongwane ingqakaqa kuphela a kwiilebhu kakuhle elimgcinayo.

Le ntsholongwane esifo biyela abanqolobi. Ukuba kokuba laxhwilwa, imiphumo ibiya kuba buhlungu, kuba akukho lalugubungela ifuthe elwa imithi ixesha elide akwenziwanga.

udokotela lesikhumbuzo

Kwakulula wafa 1/6 kuzo zonke iimeko, ukuba kaloku bantwanana, izinga lokusweleka kwaba 1/3. Ngoko ke, ngenxa sisazinzulu waba angathethekiyo.

Edvard Dzhenner, engobomi kwakhe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, makwazeke ukuba abaninzi, kucingwa uyise zizifo. Imbeko kuye Kensington Gardens kwindawo ubangel, leyo ibizwa ngokuba "Italian Gardens", na ilitye lesikhumbuzo. Kuye wakhuliswa ngo1862. Eli cwecwe, nto leyo ithetha yemfaneleko sisazinzulu sele Undibiyele kulo yabahambi ngo-1996.

abantu abaninzi baqonde ukubaluleka ngexesha lokufunyanwa sisazinzulu. Ngokutsho kweengcali, lo mntu zasindisa ubomi obuninzi kangaka Ayikho enye.

Igama lwezitrato Scientist ogama, amasebe kwizibhedlele, iidolophu nemizana. Endlwini apho kusetyenziswa ukusebenza, le myuziyam ivuliwe.

Izazinzulu usebenza kwi lesikhumbuzo ku William Calder Marshall. Ekuqaleni, yena waye e Trafalgar Square, kodwa emva kweminyaka emine kamva wafudukela epakini ngenxa uqhankqalazo abantu babengafuni logonyo.

Okwangoku, oogqirha imini kunye izazinzulu ziye lasungula iphulo, nto leyo uzama ukubuyisela lesikhumbuzo kwi square. Ngokutsho kweengcali, abantu ekhalazela ugonyo, nje asazi yonke eyoyikekayo izifo ezifana ingqakaqa.

impilo Personal

Scientist watshata ngowe-1788, bathenga ilifa e eBerkeley. Umfazi wayo nempilo enkenenkene, ngoko ke intsapho bachitha lonke ihlobo kwi Cheltenham Spa. Ugqirha waba ixesha elininzi lokuziqhelanisa. Yena nabantwana 3.

Ezinye kwesayensi ISAZINZULU

Uninzi inzululwazi yobomi bakhe azinikele kuphuhliso lugonyo ingqakaqa. Ngaphandle koku, naye ixesha ukujongana nezinye izifo. Ukuyiphi lokubhaqwa ukuba angina - sisifo esichaphazela imithambo yenhliziyo. Of kwemithambo kuxhomekeke igazi ubonelelo imisipha intliziyo.