I-Battle of the iSomme: igagasi emfazweni kunye nomphumela wayo

Ngo-1916, imfazwe yobume kwi yeqonga French imfazwe yayiqhubeka ixesha elide kangangexesha elithile. Kwaqengqeleka iinyanga ezininzi amajoni alwayo ayikwazanga phambili nkqu sekhilomitha.

uqeqesho

Sizana ebusweni British ne French wavuma phakathi kwabo malunga lohlaselo uhambelane. Eyona ndima ephambili beliselilunge kwicala republic, kanti amaBritane waqala ukwenza imisebenzi yenkxaso. Yaba zedabi iSomme, elisuke laba enye amadabi lalawo imfazwe.

Ngokwesi sicwangciso, loo namahlakani Entente zazihlasela izimpi amathathu: Russian, Italian kunye nesiFrentshi. Iimbalasane ingxoxo ngoDisemba 1915 kwidolophu Chantilly e Picardie. babesiya Italian kunye Russian ukuqalisa ukusebenza ngoJuni, ngexesha lohlaselo iSomme olwalubekwe NgoJulayi 1st.

Nxaxheba imikhosi ezintlanu, ezintathu isiFrentshi, IsiNgesi ezimbini. Noko ke, dabi iSomme akazange ukuya njengoko bekucwangcisiwe, xa kukho inani elikhulu lamajoni babhubha laseVerdun (malunga 160 amawaka). Front, owasungulwa ekhubekisayo waba ububanzi kweekhilomitha ezili-40. Kule sayithi umthetho yi njengele Fayolle ne Rawlinson. ulawulo ngokupheleleyo kuFerdinand Foch. wokhuselo German baxoxa Fritz von ngezantsi.

Nokuba sele kukwinqanam locwangciso kwacaca ukuba zedabi iSomme iya kuba ende kwaye olunzima ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwazo zonke izibonelelo ezikhoyo. Le ndawo eyenza ngezininzi imigca kunye imingxuma. Umyalelo kulindeleke ukuba zokudubula yokuqala wayeza yokutshabalalisa ilayini, ngoko kuya kuthatha elihamba. Kwakufuneka ukuba iphindwe kude lokuwa redoubt lokugqibela.

lohlaselo

Ekuqaleni, kwizikhundla aseJamani zaziza kudubula zokudubula. Olu qeqesho waqala phambi ezinkulu-scale ekhubekisayo ngoJuni 24. Lonke veki redoubts kunye nokomelezwa yomkhosi waseJamani ngendlela wabatshabalalisa ukuba enze indlela yokuba elihamba zikhundla utshaba bengakhuselekanga. Ubunzima nemipu. Phantsi malunga nesiqingatha kwiiyunithi yokulwa-ukulungele zaye sirhoxisiwe.

Njengoko kujongwe, elihamba bafudukela ngomhla 1 kuJulayi. Ngosuku lokuqala kwabulawa ezingama-20 amawaka amajoni aseBritani, kuquka ukukhonza angaphathi expeditionary ukusuka amakoloni bukhosi. Ephangweni ekunene akaphumelela ukuthatha indawo lutshaba, ngoxa ekhohlo lilinge efanayo ayiphumelelanga kwaye yaphela kwinani elikhulu yelahleko ezingenakuhlawuleka. Ezinye French kule mvelaphi phambili kude kakhulu yaye wamsongela okusingqongileyo kunye ukubonakala 'imbiza'. Ngoko Fayolle wayalela ukuba amajoni akhe inyathelo encinane umva kwaye babandulula kunifumana Amanyeneyo.

impi ngokokuma

Lohlaselo kancane kakhulu, nto leyo ngokubanzi uphawu lonke leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Zonke ngekhilomitha wanikwa ixabiso inani elikhulu amaxhoba. Ngamanye amaxesha amajoni bebuyela kwindawo apho kunyaka ophelileyo, ubulewe kwaye ekhohlo ukuya langaphambili. imida eyandulela waseFransi, Belgium kunye iJamani yaba emangcwabeni.

NgoJulayi, akukho namnye amaqela ababa kwimpumelelo ngobuchule. Ngoko ke, i-Battle of the iSomme yi shi candelo yonke entsha, udluliselwa kwezinye ezimbalwa. Kungekudala amaJamani waziva ukunqongophala imikhosi, njengoko ngaxeshanye kwiziganeko eNtshona Yurophu liqulunqe Brusilovski ekhubekisayo yomkhosi Russian empumalanga. Kwakukho ke ekujoliswe yokuhlaselwa Austria kunye iJamani kwafuneka Yitsho kuye andincedise ezininzi amajoni kunye nezixhobo, kungekhona ukufumana uxolo eqeleni lakhe sekugqibeleni uNicholas II.

kwamanani baseJamani

Ngo September, imfazwe okubangwa ubuyeleyo amaJamani ukuba kwanyanzeleka ukuba gxotha zonke izenzo zayo ezikhubekisayo ekulweni i-British ne-French. Eli nqanaba ebalulekileyo iziganeko igalelo Battle of the iSomme. Isiphumo sigqibo kwakucaca: Amanyeneyo bagqiba ukuphinda i Julayi elikhulu-scale ekhubekisayo.

Ngokwezibalo, amaqela amabini ukuya ungquzulwano abamelwe yi ngokwezahlulo 58 no-40 abangenazo kwicala yiJamani. Ukuze bafake amajoni otyhafileyo, umkhosi weza indlalifa ubukumkani eBavaria Rupprecht. Wathi IsiNgesi ukuba okokuqala kwimbali lweetanki asetyenziswe ukulwa. Yaba imodeli Mark V, alihlutha imipu guns (kuxhomekeke kuqwalaselo). Le moto engagqitywanga, ethe yaye azibi. Noko ke, loo nto abatyhafileyo ngokupheleleyo amaJamani, yena wayengazi ukuba ke bayamlungisela dabi iSomme. Umhla mpi yathatha iinyanga ezine (1 Julayi - 18 Novemba).

iziphumo

Xa kokwindla i-British ne French zobugcisa kweekhilomitha 37, uze emva koko yaphela dabi iSomme. Ngokufutshane kunye zeenkcuba manqaphanqapha kwaqhubeka. yolinganiso Front lokulinda elilandelayo. Ixesha lubonise ukuba ilahleko wopha Germany wabanika Amanyeneyo inyathelo qhinga kwinqanaba yokugqibela imfazwe. amava angathethekiyo zokubambisana eye wavumela nekomkhulu iBritani neFransi ukulawula izenzo zabo ngempumelelo ngakumbi kwimisebenzi elizayo.

Amanyeneyo walahlekelwa phezu kukuvela abantu malunga 146 lamawaka babulawa yaye 450.000 balimala. Ekhubazekile ahlale ikhubaziwe ebomini, ngenxa yokuba izixhobo ezintsha, ezifana mortars. AmaJamani washiya edabini 164.000 kwabafileyo 300,000 yawela ezibhedlele.