Ezikhumbuzo ebalaseleyo bobugcisa St. Petersburg: list, inkcazelo, photo

Indlela ebalaseleyo le complex - ezikhumbuzo bobugcisa St Petersburg of aseluphawu kakhulu kweziko isixeko esinembali, nangona ukuba ikomkhulu eliselula ehlabathini. Kulomcimbi St. Petersburg kucingelwa kakuhle ukwakha rhoqo jikelele, ukulingana emangalisayo zonke ensembles zasezidolophini kunye nemvisiswano indlela polyphony ngenxa indalo ephantsi-key kakhulu. Loo nto, kwaye ezixabisekileyo ihlabathi yobuciko yokwakha amangcwaba St. Petersburg.

Izimbo kunye inkosi

Izakhiwo kwisixeko ezininzi kangangoko elinesihlanu izimbo ezahlukeneyo zokwakha, izinto eziphambili ingabizwa yobuciko - koPetros Elizabeth, Classicism, uBukhosi, eclectic, mihla Unxibelelaniso. Italian ezimbejembeje - ixesha nokugqama absolutism - ukususela nge-16 ukuya kwi-18 leminyaka. Apha Filistiya wegophe ezintsonkothileyo, amandla, nokubengezela kunye quirkiness. ezikhumbuzo bobugcisa St. Petersburg zezona style nezimo kakhulu.

KuPetros bokwakha eRashiya ebizwa ngokuba "iipateni Russian i" eziqulethwe kwaye wawudla isithethe yaseByzantium ekwakhiweni kwayo indlu. sobuciko Russian - ukudityaniswa ezi ngeendlela ezimbini. Noko ke, eMoscow kunye iRoma kaPetros kwahluka kungekuphela enye kwenye, kodwa kwakhona ukuba kakhulu - esuka eNtshona Yurophu. Xa sithelekisa ezikhumbuzo bobugcisa Petrovsky St. Petersburg kaThixo elithile elizibalula ngeziganeko embindini nasiphi na isixeko samandulo Italian okanye French, ungenza ngokobuqu ukuqinisekisa oku.

sobuciko kaPetros

Tsar uPetros uyolo ukumema bezakhiwo evela West, yaye ngenxa yoko i-co-indalo German-Dutch-Italian-French kwalo mmangaliso kwavela isimbo St. Petersburg. Yaba Enkulu Northern War, izakhiwo zokuhlala phantse zakhiwa lulungiswe, ngokupheleleyo iinkuni zokwexeshana ngokukhawuleza.

Kodwa ke kukho izakhiwo kwabakwaziyo abaphila: loo ndawo yokwakhela, uthotho, enqabeni - nge izakhiwo ezilula, yavele nje, esithintelweyo futhi enengqondo wadala phantsi kwempembelelo ebalulekileyo i-Dutch kunye amaJamani.

Umakhi, porticoes kunye neeveranda babengekho, kodwa olungaphambili baba ngokufuthi pediments, volutes, pilasters, kunye nophahla - iCathedral egxininisa yonke indlela ethe nkqo nethe tyaba. Ngaphakathi isakhiwo kakhulu kufuthi ndizimisela kunye isuti. Nditsho ke, ezi zakhiwo baxhotyiswe zangasese ezigungxulwayo amanzi aphilileyo.

izibonelo

Temple kunye inqaba bokwakha yayilula, kodwa bumba intsimbi inqaba uPetros noPawulos Cathedral, Saint Panteleimon ibandla, uPetros Paul Fortress kanye Gate Petros, Summer Palace of uPetros Enkulu, Menshikov Palace, Zazilishumi Collegia, Kikin Chamber of yokufuna ulwazi, Alexander Nevsky Lavra, kwibhotwe Italian ku Kronstadt . Bezakhiwo ixesha: MG Zemtsov, Domenico Trezzini, A. Schluter, JB Leblon, G. Mattarnovi, JM Fontana.

Elizaveta Petrovna

intombi Petra Velikogo yaba kude amabhongo zokwakha kayise, kodwa zonke era asebenzise iingcamango European ezimbejembeje Western ekwimo yakhe ngakumbi nyulu, kuba bukhosi phantsi kwesandla sakhe wayelambile ubungangamsha, ubukhazikhazi nobuhle. ezikhumbuzo bobugcisa St. Petersburg ngenkulungwane ye-18 ukuchaza kakhulu ngokucacileyo indlela yonke mzi. Sakhiwe i enkulu icawa, iitempile, kwizindlu ezinkulu, amabhotwe - zonke imizobo zokuhombisa ngakumbi neplastiki, nyuko ebanzi ngaphakathi, kunye amanqanaba amabini iifestile abandwendweli zamagumbi.

Le ngaphakathi xesha fantastically ahlekisayo, intabalala imikrolo, zaba nemikrolo izivatho kunye ukutyibilika kufuze nezibuko. Okuye kwabethelelwa imibala yobuciko edityaniswe i ifaka umyalelo. Kuye Sabuyela ukwakhiwa amabandla ezintlanu-angqukuva, wabuya isithethe iconostasis ihonjiswe eqingqiweyo Russian umhombiso izimiso Byzantine zetempile. Kwaye ngoku abatyeleli bangazibandakanya ubungangamsha isimbo, apho igcinwa ezikhumbuzo bobugcisa St. Petersburg.

Ngokufutshane malunga iinkosi kunye nezakhiwo

Eli xesha izithsaba, Kakade ke, Rastrelli, kodwa ayesebenza ne FS Argun, no SI Chevakinsky AV Kvass and P. Trezzini and AF Whist. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini phambi 1760 Anichkov zakhiwa kule Elizabeth yobuciko Stroganov kunye Vorontsov amabhotwe, Smolny Cathedral, Catherine Ibhotwe e Tsarskoye Selo, yiMidlalo Palace kunye Peterhof Enkulu, Naval Cathedral kwakunye nokunye okuninzi.

n Velikaya

Iminyaka engamashumi amabini ezayo, ulwakhiwo St. Petersburg wenza phantsi umqondiso absolutism bakhanyiselwa kunye nendlela classicism yokuqala. Izakhiwo zifunyenwe harmonically wathi, kunye uphuhliso oluqhubela phambili elula kunye nobukhulu ngaxeshanye - njengekhadi ishishini ilizwe olukhulu.

Iimpawu - indlela yamandulo, monumentality, ukuzeyisa, yonke into igcinwe kwizakhiwo classical-style ezikhumbuzo bobugcisa St. Petersburg. inkcazelo Photo kuya kunceda ezohlula classicism yokuqala nezinye iintlobo yayo.

Izakhiwo indlela classicism yokuqala

I yangoku Administration Building RGPU kwi Moika - kwibhotwe yangaphambili Count Razumovsky, owakha AF Kokorinov and JB Vallin de la Mothe, wayengomnye isakhiwo lokuqala yokuqala-classical-style. ngezakhiwo na izinto ezibonakalayo aseKorinte kunye nemiyalelo Ionic, imikrolo, arcade, kodwa impembelelo zobuciko buqapheleke. eyadini namasango omkhulukazi kwaye ucingo ephakamileyo kubonisa elimisiweyo sakhiwo.

ezikhumbuzo bobugcisa St. Petersburg, nto leyo uluhlu olude kakhulu izipho kunye nezinye izidalwa ezi abaculi abanetalente. It Repin Institute kwi-University eweni, 17, kwaye kwangoko kwakukho Imperial Academy of Arts Fine; isakhiwo St. Petersburg State University phezu chibi, 9, ngaphambili - ityala ngenxa imidlalo ibhola; Yusupov Palace. Vallin de la Mothe zakhiwe Hanging Garden kunye North inkundla ye Hermitage Small. KaYuri Felten, umfundi Rastrelli wakha isikolo for girls umFilisti, ezinkulu Hermitage, i-Armenian Church, yamaLuthere Church kwi Vasilyevsky Island kunye ibandla St. Anne on Kirochnaya, 8.

classicism engqongqo

Completely izi- iimpawu izakhiwo ezimbejembeje ezakhiwa emva 1780, naye abe Catherine classicism. Va va nokubafungisa imiyalelo wezinto Vitruvius kunye Palladio - Ubeko buxande macala, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu Iiveranda, neeveranda, pediments, porticoes. Le ngaphakathi ahonjiswe iikopi ekroliweyo antique kunye nezinto ezininzi yamandulo.

Lo vulindlela lohlobo St. Petersburg waba Cameron, ngexesha elifanayo esebenza VI Bazhenov, D. Kvarnegi, IE Endala, NA Lions. imisebenzi yabo - imvisiswano ukugqibelela compositional, conciseness neefom ukulingana. A Umzekelo umxhelo - i Tauride Palace.

Pavlovsky classicism

Kwesi sithuba seminyaka emihlanu ukuya ku 1801 lizisa uguqulelo romantic ephezulwana classicist lwezakhiwo, echatshazelwa ngokucacileyo indlela zwe. Oku ngokuyintloko Chesme Palace umakhi YM Felten - imilo yonxantathu esebenzisa izinto ngalinye ngohlobo turrets, iifestile Lancet sengathi kunye uthango.

ezikhumbuzo bobugcisa St. Petersburg amandla kunye neentlobo olusemazantsi yaseYurophu Mikhailovsky Castle, apho classicism ecocekileyo - kodwa lwefacade eziphambili kunye nomzantsi zala mazwe. Castle ikhangeleka ngamandla, ngesibindi, olungaphambili cornices enzima emantla embhoxo knightly iminqwazi.

classicism Alexander kaThixo

Owandulela yoBukhosi baseRashiya baba classicism Alexander, nto leyo lidla ngokunxulunyaniswa isimbo Empire. Alexander I Kwakhona ukumenywa nabayili amazwe, ingakumbi isiFrentshi.

Ngako oko, ukwakhiwa eli thuba bahlule imiyalelo engqongqo Doric okanye Tuscan nemihlathi enzima. Imbonakalo sphinxes kunye nezinye izinto ze Imvuselelo izakhiwo zaseYiputa. imigca engqongqo Ukusindiswa, iingangamsha, imifanekiso omkhulu kunye ekunyaniseni nokucaca ngal.

Imizekelo zoMbuso coil yokuqala

Kule style of St. Petersburg ezikhumbuzo zokwakha zimelwe yi kwisakhiwo Institute Mining on Vasilyevsky Island, eyenziwe ngemizobo A. Vorohnina. Imbande kumhlathi Doric ingakumbi kakuhle ukubalaselisa indlela efanayo ezindlwini amandulo, eqingqiweyo kunjalo Antaeus, uMofokeng kunye Proserpina akhoyo apho.

Badume ngakumbi imisebenzi yalo inkosi - Kazan Cathedral. Mbusi uPawulos, ngubani akujongwanga, wayefuna ukuphinda leVatican eSt kaPetros, yaye kwezinye ngokweenkcukacha ukufana inokubonwa: kuyilo zizonke, indawo esembindini amajukujuku enamandla, kwi kwindlu yonqulo evuthelweyo kwaye kungekho nenqaba yentsimbi. Kunjalo, oko uhombiso wokwenene Nevsky Prospekt.

classicism High (emva kwexesha)

Ngaphezu into kule isimbo wasebenza Tom de Thomon: sisakhiwo Bolshoi Theatre (ngelishwa, akukho nto isekhona ngokupheleleyo), ikhaya sisidwangube Laval kwisakhiwo esitsha kwimarike i Mothers of Vasilyevsky Island (ntsika rostral, kakhulu). Qiniseka ukuba ngokubanzi bebekwe ngokwahlukeneyo omnye imiqolo kongezwa isithuba isakhiwo Stock Exchange kwaye kuvisisana ekwakhiweni Nevsky Prostor. Kwaye isakhiwo ngokwawo, kunye zomhlathi rostral ezihonjiswe eqingqiweyo yimizekeliso.

Ngelo xesha namphakamisa iingangamsha ekwakheni i-Admiralty - Yimbonakaliso somzi Neva River - womzobi AD Zakharov. Kuye kwagqitywa ekwakheni ophelileyo, nto leyo kuphela ngundoqo spire wezakhiwo odumileyo Ik Korobov. Olungaphambili ukufumana iintlobo, kodwa enesingqi kakhulu ngenxa porticoes lithe tso nemihlathi Tuscan (endleleni, phezu embindini kwikholam waza wahlala Ionic). Ngaloo wayaleka lomculo yeeNgwevu, kunye iSt Palace Square kunye Alexander Garden. Kwangaxeshanye, umakhi Quarenghi wakha Smolny Institute - Kwakhona isimbo eliphezulu yamandulo.

Empire Russian

Iimpawu yoBukhosi Russian - ukuvuyela koyisa phezu Bonaparte: inkqubo odolo bamandulo ezimi efanayo kuvela imihlathi eyahlukeneyo nezikhumbuzo, nezingqameko loloyiso, ukwakha ifaka imifanekiso ngakumbi nangakumbi, izakhiwo ezihonjiswe okhozi, nezidanga ube ngowakhe, nezikrweqe kunye nezinye umqondiso ngokusebenzisa izigalo.

Le iinkosi edume oku - VP Stas and KI Rossi. Le yokugqibela echaziweyo ngenkalipho kakhulu baguqula lwezithuba ezidolophini, akuba Ibhotwe Square kunye kulwakhiwo Lwabasebenzi Jikelele, Yeengwevu Square kunye Sinodi kunye yeqonga indawo Yeengwevu, Alexandrinsky. ezikhumbuzo bobugcisa St. Petersburg uya kunika umfanekiso ongcono kakhulu ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na inkcazelo. Ngakumbi ngenxa yenani labo enkulu nje akunakwenzeka ukuchaza kwisithuba omnye inqaku elifutshane.