Yintoni isibaxo kunye litotes: imizekelo iincwadi

ulwimi Russian namhlanje phakathi ezilishumi kakhulu amahle, iingcali zeelwimi Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga nesiqingatha sesigidi amagama, hayi kuquka umsebenzi neziyelelane. Ababhali ezinkulu Russian zibe negalelo kuphuhliso lolwimi Russian yoncwadi, ngoko ulwimi kwakhona iindlela zobugcisa novakalelo, asetyenziswa ngokubhala ngentetho namhlanje.

Ukuphuhliswa kolwimi Russian loncwadi kunye ezityhutyhayo yokuqala

ulwimi yoncwadi Russian baqalisa ukwenza ngenkulungwane XI, ngexesha ubukho imo Kievan Rus. Ngoko ke ingxelo yokuqala kunye yobuciko noncwadi Old Russian zadalwa. amawaka Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ababhali basebenzisa iindlela zobugcisa novakalelo lolwimi (ezityhutyhayo): le isimntwiso, walithiywa, isikweko, isibaxo kunye litotes. Imizekelo la magama eziqhelekileyo kwaye kwiincwadi kunye ngolwimi ngemihla.

Ingqiqo ka "isibaxo" yaye "litotes"

Ukuva ixesha lokuqala elithi "isibaxo", iingcali alibalise kwimbali ezithile exhakazela edume Hyperborea, kunye nezibalo ukhumbule umgca ezibandakanya kwamasebe amabini, nto leyo ebizwa - isibaxo. Kodwa eli gama libhekisela ncwadi? Hyperbola - a umzobo zesimbo, nto leyo isetyenziselwa ukuphucula imizwa le ngokuthetha ubaxo ngabom. Asinto nzima ndiyaqonda ukuba lo gama kukho isichasi, kuba ukuba ulwimi ngeendlela ubaxo, kufuneka mfuneko yokuba abe nani zobugcisa ekhonza Izithetha. Abo iindlela zobugcisa novakalelo yi litotes. Le mizekelo ilandelayo ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba litotes onjalo yaye ngokufuthi kangakanani isetyenziswa kule ntetho.

Imbali Lweminyaka ubaxo

Isibaxo ixhaphake kakhulu kuncwadi yamandulo, umzekelo kwi "Lay": "Tom e Polotske matins pozvonisha, kusasa Sofei engcwele intsimbi, waza Kyeve yokhaliso nivayo." Ukuhlalutya isindululo, uyakwazi ukuqonda intsingiselo: isandi sendlela esezantsi yentsimbi, prozvenevshego e Polotsk, weza Kiev! Kakade ke, ngokwenyani oku kuba, kungenjalo abahlali kwiilali ezikufuphi baye balahlekelwa ezindlebeni zabo. Eli gama livela Latin: isibaxo lithetha "kukubaxwa." Isibaxo zingasetyenziswa zonke iimbongi nababhali, kodwa ingakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwayo rhoqo kwimisebenzi yakhe bema ngaphandle uNikolay Gogol, uVladimir Mayakovsky, uMikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin. Ngenxa yoko, xa umdlalo Gogol kaThixo "The Umhloli Government" phezu kwetafile yaba "ivatala engange ezilikhulu," - omnye ubaxo, ngokuba ivatala na imali eninzi ngoko, ukuba kunjalo, Kakade ke, igolide. Mayakovsky ngo "adventure engaqhelekanga" kwelanga yakhe wayitshisa "ngo ikhulu elinamanci mane sezigidi 'ukuba aku- eliqaqambileyo.

Litotes ezincwadini

Fumanisa ukuba isibaxo ukuze baqonde oko litotes, hayi kunzima. Ngu lo gama kwakhona xa ebiza Gogol. Kulo bali "Nevsky Ithemba," wachaza umlomo umntu encinane kangangokuba angabi nako ungaphoswa iziqwenga ngaphezu ezimbini. UNikolai Nekrasov kulo mbongo odumileyo "Sasungulwa Abantwana" ubhalo - indoda encinane kunye uzipho, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuthetha malunga ukuphakama kwakhe ngokweesentimitha: umbhali litotes Ndiyathanda ukuba ndiphinde ndicindezele ukuba le ndoda endala ephantsi ephethe umthwalo onzima iinkuni. Ukunikezwa a litotes zingafunyanwa ngabanye ababhali. Hi ndlela leyi, kwakukho ixesha evela litotes igama lesiGrike, elithetha "elula, ku tikhoma."

Litotes kunye ubaxo xa kwintetho yemihla ngemihla

Man, engazi, usebenzisa isibaxo kunye litotes kubomi bemihla ngemihla rhoqo kakhulu. Ukuba ungakwazi ukuthelekelela intsingiselo isibaxo ngenxa yonke isenzi ezizalanayo ezaziwayo "ukubaxa" yintoni litotes - kuba ezininzi igcina ingaziwa. Wonakele, indoda esisityebi uya kuthi: "Mna imali - eyaneleyo nokufunga," yaye wabona intombazana encinane mancinane ehamba esihla ngesitrato, nikwazi nje ukubucalula uyintoni na, "Thumbelina", yaye ukuba ngaba itakane kancinane - "inkwenkwe-nge-ngeminwe". Le mizekelo rhoqo litotes. Ubaxo, ngamnye wethu lutyabula rhoqo, umzekelo, wadibana ngengozi kunye nomhlobo, lo ezifanayo lokuqala "iminyaka engamakhulu bangabonanga," nonina, ediniwe yokwenza basivumela efanayo ninga-nyana uthi: "Ndabaxelela inani lenu kaliwaka kunoko!" . Ngoko ke, singakwazi kwakhona sigqibe ukuba asinguye wonke umntu uyazi ukuba isibaxo enjalo kunye litotes, kodwa usebenzisa le ndlela, nkqu umntwana ezintathu.

Ukubaluleka nenkcubeko tropes

Indima ulwimi Russian kukuba amanani amakhulu zobugcisa: bathi nca ngokweemvakalelo, ukuphucula imifanekiso uze wenze ukuba novakalelo ngakumbi. Ngaphandle kwabo, imisebenzi Pushkin kunye Lermontov wayeza uphulukene ngobuhle bayo, yaye ngoku uya kuba nako ukusebenzisa ngakumbi nangokuzithemba amathuba amahle ibinzana, njengoko naziyo, umzekelo, ukuba litotes enjalo.

Kule ncwadi, akunakwenzeka ukwenza ngaphandle kwezi ubuchule, ezenza ulwimi Russian yenye yezona ecacileyo, ezintsonkothileyo natyebileyo. Ngoko ke ukuthatha unonophelo ulwimi Russian - obu buncwane, lo propati ukudlulisela kuthi Turgenev kunye nezinye babantu bakuthi ebalaseleyo.