Ezinxulumene Isini-ilifa (inkcazelo)

Uninzi eziphilayo (ngaphandle ezinqabileyo), ikamva bobabo kule okanye ngesondo eziphilayo uzimisele ngexesha xa kusenzeka kwezichumiso, kwaye kuxhomekeke kuhlobo zofuzo ngesondo kweyela elilodwa. Kulo mzekelo, kukho ezinye iimpawu ezinokuthi elakho amadoda okanye abasetyhini luhlobo oluthile. iimpawu ezifana xa kuhlangene kwenye ngokwesini, 'amakhonkco' phantsi. Yintoni ilifa enxulumene sex-yaye kutheni izifo ezithile kuchaphazela kuphela amadoda okanye abafazi kuphela? Siya kuzama ukuba uphendule lo mbuzo onzima.

Boy okanye intombazana?

Phambi kokuba uqale ukuphendula lo mbuzo, yintoni ilifa enxulumene ngesondo-, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela ngendlela efanayo kukho ukubunjwa umzimba obhinqileyo okanye oyindoda. Njengoko abafundi kweli nqaku basonta Homo sapiens iintlobo, ngokuqinisekileyo baya kuba kakhulu umdla ukufunda ngale nkqubo iqhutywa njani ebantwini. Kufuna ukuqonda oko yemfuzo sex: ilifa iimpawu, isini-ezinxulumene, ophuma kwi iindlela ngendlela ethile, kunye nemfuneko ukuqonda imithetho esisiseko ukuyilwa eziphilayo ye ngokwesini.

Ngoko ke, zonke iseli yabantu zofuzo 46. Kwezi, abameli sex 22 ngasixhenxe ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo twatse. Ezi zofuzo zibizwa ngokuba "autosomes." Kuphela elilodwa - zofuzo sex - abameli besini owomeleleyo enobulungisa kufuneka nokungafani. Kwabasetyhini, zofuzo zesini afanayo: babe X ezimbini (X) - chromosome. Ngabantu, i zofuzo ngesondo kufuneka isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, enye yazo X-edityaniswe, kwaye eyesibini - V (y) - chromosome. Ke kaloku, Y-chromosome ithwala inani elincinane yemfuza. ipateni ilifa enxulumene Isini-ixhomekeke zofuzo efakwe kwi zofuzo ngesondo.

Ngokufanayo, ilifa sex is not zonke iintlobo. Ezinye iintaka musa ukungqinela iduna zofuzo zayo genome Y: ezi oshukunyiswa bafayo kuphela X chromosome. Kukho kwakhona iintlobo apho uphuhliso umzimba imazi ifuna Y chromosome, inkunzi, phezu koko, ngaba abathwali ezimbini X zofuzo.

Homogametic kunye heterogamety

Ziziphi izizathu elilodwa omnye "ukufumana" X zofuzo ezimbini, ngoxa abanye Y-chromosome? Oku kungenxa yokuba ngexesha ekukhuleni gametes, okt meiosis, onke amaqanda ukufika 22 "obuqhelekileyo" chromosome ngesondo kunye omnye X chromosome. Oko kukuthi, emzimbeni manina gametes twatse. amadlozi ayafana, kukho iindidi ezimbini: kanye isiqingatha sawo uthwele X chromosome ngokwesondo, ngoxa abanye "ukufumana" Y-chromosome.

Floor, ukwakha gamete twatse ngu zofuzo ngesondo, ubizwa ngokuba "homogametic". Ukuba gamete eyahlukileyo - yena heterogametic. Abantu heterogamety amadoda, abafazi nabo homogametic.

Yeyiphi isidoda uya umgquba iqanda ixhomekeke zazivelela. Ngoko ke, kukho amathuba okuba 50/50 elilodwa ufumana X-zofuzo ezimbini okanye X kunye Y zofuzo. Ngokwendalo, kwimeko yokuqala, intombazana kubakho yesibini - umfana. Kakade ke, kusenokubakho ezithile ngaphandle kwiimeko ezithile, le amantombazana kwi genome ka U-chromosome okanye abathwali i iseti engaphelelanga ka yemfuza, oko kukuthi, kwizisele zabo kukho kuphela chromosome enye ngesondo. Nangona kunjalo, oku - ityala ezinqabileyo kakhulu.

Kutheni uphawu kungenziwa 'amakhonkco' elinomgangatho?

Ke kaloku, ukuba umfundi uyakwazi oko yemfuzo isini, ilifa, concatenated elinomgangatho, ziya kuqondwa ngcono indlela. Zofuzo zezi media ekhethekileyo: akhulelwe omzimba womntu ngamnye uba ngumnini "kwithala" imithamo 46, nto leyo exhaustively ukuchaza zonke iimpawu kunye neempawu umzimba wakhe. Isixa wolwazi iqulethwe zonke iseli yabantu, ukuya ku 1.5 gigabytes! Ukongeza, chromosome nganye iqulethe inxalenye ethile: Iliso kunye nombala iinwele, umnwe dexterity, umthamo memory elifutshane elide, sinotyekelo abatyebe ... zofuzo ezi ezizodwa kakhulu, ezinye abanoxanduva ukutya, ngoxa abanye - kuba umbala iliso, okanye izinga lweenkqubo-luvo .. . Noko ke, ngenxa yemfuza ezinkulu ulwazi irekhodwa iimolekyuli protein - enzyme, leyo iza kucacisa iimpawu ukusebenza kumzimba yabantu.

Inxalenye ulwazi yemfuza ikhodi kunye zofuzo ngesondo. Ngoko ke, imiqondiso ukuba "ezibhalwe" kwezi zofuzo, badluliselwe kuphela kubameli besini zebhayoloji: le enxulumene sex-gene ilifa. Ngenxa yoko, nathi zoba isigqibo esibalulekileyo. Ukuba gene kubekwe kwenye zofuzo ngesondo, ezi ngcali vulavula hi isenzeko kwelifa iimpawu, isini-ezinxulumene. Kulo mzekelo, ilifa ezi mpawu sele eziliqela iimpawu: baba ngeendlela ezininzi ziya ubonakala eziphilayo ngokwesini.

Uphando lokuqala

Genetics waphawula ukuba ilifa lweliso umbala Drosophila iinkalo kuxhomekeke ngqo kwi isini ngabantu abo abanini of alleles ezahlukeneyo. Isakhi kugqiba uphuhliso kule nto ibomvu-iliso esoyisayo phezu gene "white-eyed". Ukuba amehlo inkunzi ebomvu, ngelixa iimazi - ezimhlophe, ngoko ke inzala sizukulwana sokuqala wafumana inani elilinganayo kwamabhinqa namadoda kunye ebomvu amehlo amhlophe. Ukuba sifumana i inzala eyindoda ngamehlo ezimhlophe kunye nemazi ebomvu amehlo, ufumana inani ngokulinganayo inkunzi nemazi elinamehlo abomvu. Ngoko ke, lo phenotype eyindoda uphawu sofuzo esizibonakalisa rhoqo ngokwayo ngaphezu nabasetyhini. Oku ukuba kwisigqibo sokuba umbala gene iliso ukwakweli X chromosome, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ilifa lweliso umbala in Drosophila - elo ilifa iimpawu, kunye emgangathweni.

Okukodwa edityaniswe kwilifa phantsi

ilifa enxulumene Isini-uneempawu ezithile. Bona ahlangene nesibakala sokuba i-Y-chromosome ithwala inani elincinci iiseli ngaphezu X chromosome. Ngoko ke, ngokuba zijini ezininzi, akhiwe kwi X chromosome, eyabakho umzimba eyindoda, akukho alleles kwi Y-chromosome. Ngoko ke, nayiphi na sofuzo uguqulela kwi X chromosome ngeke gene allelic kwi-Y chromosome, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ngokuyimfuneko izakuvela kwi phenotype.

Kufuneka uchaze apha ngasentla. Allele luhlobo isakhi elinye. Allele unokuba lweendidi ezingundoqo ezimbini: a lubalaseleyo kunye sofuzo. Kulo mzekelo, i allele lwiimi ziveleleyo kweejini kubonakala ngokuyimfuneko ngokwayo phenotypically kwaye sofuzo - kuphela xa inikwa zikarhulumente homozygous. Ngokomzekelo, kunokubangela ilifa lweliso umbala ebantwini. Lo mbala ixhomekeka kwisixa-bala lintsundu kombala iris. Ukuba amehlo encinane bala lintsundu uya kukhanyiseleka, ukuba eninzi - emnyama. Kulo mzekelo, kuba iliso umbala omnyama allele lubalaseleyo unoxanduva ukuba unalo kwigenome, umntwana lowo uya kuba amdaka. Akukhathaliseki nokuba zombini gene ukhonya okanye sofuzo, oko kukuthi, nokuba umntwana ngezizathu khuba okanye heterozygous. Kodwa amehlo aluhlaza - uthelekisa nezinye "abaselula" ukuguquka, nelawulwa yi allele sofuzo. Bonke abantu blue-eyed ezi abathwali alleles ezimbini sofuzo, okt ukuba homozygous kuba sisiseko lweliso umbala. gene elibalaseleyo, njengokuba kucacile ukuba igama layo, ilawula sofuzo ukuba omnye umntwana genome ngayo isakhi olawula umbala iris, elibalaseleyo, allele sofuzo ukuthetha phenotypically.

Noko ke, zofuzo ngesondo kulo mzekelo zahlukile. Okwamadoda Y-chromosome yahlukile kwi-X chromosome ngobukhulu nemilo: ngokwenene kubonakala ngathi akukho umnqamlezo, ngathi abanye chromosome, kwaye Y. unobumba Ngoko ke, ezinye zofuzo, apho ibekwe phezu iya kubonisa phezulu apho kwanokuba liya kuba enye kuphela sofuzo khuphela: le uqhagamshelaniso ngesondo yahlukile kwezinye iintlobo yelifa.

X-ezinxulumene nesifo sofuzo

Sex ndzandzelelano, kubaluleke gqitha yemfuza zonyango, kuba ngalo mzuzwana kukho malunga ezingamakhulu amathathu yemfuza sofuzo ukuba abekiwe kwi X chromosome kwaye zibangela izifo yemfuza. izifo ezifana ziquka kubazali bakhe, myopathy, muscular dystrophy, ichthyosis, ethe X chromosome syndrome, hydrocephalus, kunye nezinye izifo ezininzi.

Isini-edityaniswe ilifa ebantwini kwenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Ukuba sofuzo engaqhelekanga ise kwenye i-X zofuzo yomfazi, iintombi zakhe ukufumana bethuna isiqingatha oonyana. Kulo mzekelo, intombazana, ufuzo ogama chromosome enesiphako, babe abathwali sifo, xa phenotype zofuzo njengesi kakubi njengoko intombi lifumana i X chromosome eqhelekileyo ukusuka kuyise. Kodwa ke inkwenkwe ubunzima sesi sifo, nto leyo ukuba 'sivuke' naye ilifa ngunina, ngenxa allele ezibalaseleyo zofuzo kwi Y chromosome na. Le nto kubalulekile ukuqwalasela xa isigqibo imisebenzi ilifa enxulumene sex-.

Ilifa X-ezinxulumene nesifo sofuzo ekuthethwa kunokuba nzima. Umzekelo, isifo efanayo, ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwezalamane yomguli, ifumaneka umalume koomama kunye nomzala bakhe, abo azalwa oodade sikanina.

Dominatnye X-ezinxulumene izifo

Ezi zifo angenzeka nobudala. Umntu isho imizekelo fa, isini-umaqondana yamathambo hypophosphatemic kwaye kumnyama izinyo lwawo.

Ukubandezeleka ukusuka enxulumene X-lubalaseleyo disorder kwamabhinqa kusoloko amaxesha amabini ngaphezulu kunamadoda. umfazi egula amathuba ka-50% yabo bonke edlulisela sifo kubantwana babo, kwaye umntu ogulayo - neentombi kuphela.

Ngamanye amaxesha, ilifa enxulumene sex- It ibonakala izifo ezinqabileyo kakhulu ukuba linokugqiba kumitha oyindoda ukuze abafazi kwandisa amathuba okuba isisu ezizenzekelayo.

Kungabangela imizekelo ilifa ezingenakuphela, isini-ezinxulumene. Makhe nezifo ezifana ebala wokuchama okanye melanoblastoz Bloch-Sultsberga. sombala wokuchama ifumaneka kuphela xa abafazi: isakhi linokugqiba umntwana oyinkwenkwe. girls Body nokubandezeleka kulo sifo, kukho njengamaqhakuva eluhlobo maqampu. Emva ukujaduka hamba, ibala lesikhumba mava ngokohlobo spray kunye eddies. 80% yezigulane, kukho ezinye ukwaphulwa: malformations zophuhliso kwengqondo kunye enyama yangaphakathi, amehlo kunye skeletal system.

kubazali bakhe

Kukho intaphane yezifo ilifa, zifumaneka kuphela zesini mnye. Njengoko umzekelo uqhagamshelaniso ngesondo, kubazali bakhe kuba phantse zonke iincwadi zezifundo. Kubazali bakhe sisifo apho kwegazi akuwenzi yivala. imisebenzi emininzi ezinikele kubazali kunye sex ilifa edityaniswe: Unga bathi oku phantse umzekelo iincwadi zezifundo. Nangona isibakala sokuba kubazali bakhe kunqabile, khona yaziwa ukuba phantse bonke. Le nto ayimangalisi, kuba luqinisekiswa kakhulu indlela yembali Russian. Wahlupheka yindlalifa kakumkani Nicholas II Tsesarevich Aleksey.

Nokuba cut encinane ngexesha elifanayo kungabangela ukulahlekelwa igazi. Noko ke, ingozi nje ukopha ezinxulumene ingqibelelo nesikhumba kakuhle. A olukhulu ubomi izigulane intraenteric, Ukopha intracranial, nomqala, kwakunye ukopha kwamalunga. Kulo mzekelo, ngokokugqama asikuko: izigulane lixesha ukwamkela iziyobisi endaweni, ezo zimpawu kahle eliphezulu.

Ngaba abafazi bayahlupheka ukusuka zegazi?

Abantu abaninzi ngempazamo abakholelwa ukuba abasetyhini andimvumeli evela kubazali bakhe. Noko ke, akunjalo; besini enobulungisa, kakhulu, ubunzima kwesi sifo soyikekayo. Noko ke, kwenzeka kunqabile kakhulu. Ezingakumbi, abafazi abathwali isakhi predetermines esi sifo.

Umfazi-sikhundla enye zofuzo ecansini sofuzo ikutshoyo igazi incoagulability. Ukuba kukho kweejini of allele ezibalaseleyo kule gene, esi sifo akuthethi ukuzibonakalisa. Noko ke, umfazi, ukuba uthi abe inkwenkwe, apho ungena a sofuzo, uya abonakalise kubazali bakhe. Kodwa kubazali bakhe kwelo amantombazana kufuneka abathwali ababhinqileyo zofuzo wayetshate nendoda kunye kubazali bakhe (kodwa phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, amathuba ukuzalwa intombazana iya kulingana nama-25%). Kwiimeko ezinjalo ngenkankulu waphawula: okokuqala, lezakhi kubazali kakhulu esingaqhelekanga, kwaye okwesibini, abantu abanengxaki kwesi sifo kuyingozi kunqabile abazokuhlala yobudala okuzala.

Intsingiselo ikhe isifundo sex nedibanisa

Uphando njani ilifa iimpawu ezinxulumene sex-uza kubaluleke kakhulu eluntwini. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu yokuba sex-ezinxulumene ilifa izifo ezininzi, kuquka ingozi ebomini bomntu. Mhlawumbi kwixesha elizayo kuya kuba nako ukuyila iindlela ezintsha zokunyanga izifo ezinjalo, ezisekelwe phezu neziphumo ngqo kwi genome zabantu, nto leyo inaso a allele yezifo. Ukongeza, uphando olunjalo idlala indima enkulu kuphuhliso iinkqubo moshilongo ngokukhawuleza izifo ezinxulumene sex-. kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo izifo ezinxulumene nokuphazamiseka pathways Le: I ekuqaleni uqala unyango, kokukhona uya kuphumelela uya kukwazi ukufikelela.

Genetics libambe indawo ebalulekileyo kubomi babantu. Ngapha koko, le inzululwazi akwazi ukuchaza indlela umsebenzi yemfuza zabantu, kuquka ezo iimpawu zophendlo lwezifo. Kukho iqela iimpawu ezibangelwa ilifa zofuzo ngesondo. Yintoni ilifa enxulumene sex-? Le nkcazelo ithi ukuba ukudluliswa nangemiqondiso, apho zofuzo ezibangela, apho ibekwe phezu zofuzo ngesondo.