Ukuhlelwa izinto eziphilayo - sisiseko isifundo organic chemistry

Uyakwazi ukubona indlela nokwahlulwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo kwi inguqu ukusuka zondle ukuya organic chemistry. Ihlabathi alinaso iintlobo-oganikhi khompawundi kunye nenani elikhulu yokwahluka yayo. Ukuhlelwa kwezinto eziphilayo kunceda nje ukuyiqonda le ngokugqithiseleyo, kodwa izisa isiseko ecacileyo yenzululwazi isifundo sawo.

Njengesiseko ukwabiwa kwe-oganikhi khompawundi kwiiklasi abanyulwa theory yesakhiwo chemical. ukufunda rhoqo Organic ngowona msebenzi kunye neklasi inkulu, ekuthiwa lokuqala nezinto eziphilayo - hydrocarbon. Ezinye abameli kwihlabathi imveliso zomgquba, baphathwa njengabantu yezabelo. Eneneni, xa izifundo yesakhiwo Akukho nzima ukubona ukuba nokulungelelanisa ezi izinto kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa endaweni (replacement) isakhiwo, ezizizembiwa kunye athom hydrogen maxa wambi eziliqela kwi units kwezinye izinto, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha phezu imisonto yonke radicals.

Ukuhlelwa kwezinto eziphilayo lithathwe njengesiseko hydrocarbon ngakumbi ngenxa elula yesakhiwo, kwaye icandelo ezizizembiwa lelona ebalulekileyo uninzi oganikhi khompawundi ezaziwayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zonke ezaziwayo imichiza, enxulumene lihlabathi oganikhi khompawundi ezisekelwe ulwalamano carbon-hydrogen, kuba ubukho ebalulekileyo. Zonke ezinye izinto okanye xa abambalwa, ebavumela ukuba uzibeke kudidi ukuxolelwa ulawulo jikelele, a iyahlozinga kangangokuba kunzima ukufumana, nkqu ngexesha lethu.

Ukuhlelwa kwezinto eziphilayo ngokwahlula ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo kunye neeklasi likuvumela ukuba ukhethe udidi ezimbini omkhulu acyclic organic kunye nemixube elibujikele. igama wabo yenza kube lula ukuba bafikelele kwisigqibo malunga uhlobo yokwakhiwa iimolekyuli. Kwimeko yokuqala, ezizizembiwa links chain, kunye yesibini - le molecule ijikazi.

iikhompawundi Acyclic kunokuba branched kwaye kuquka umxokelelwane elula. Phakathi amagama ezi zinto zifumaneka ibinzana elithi "ezinamanqatha, okanye hydrocarbon aliphatic." Basenokuba umda (methane, isobutane, ethyl utywala) okanye unsaturated (ethylene, iasithilini, isoprene), ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lonxibelelwano kwezinye iiyunithi carbon.

Ukuhlelwa kwezinto eziphilayo bale iikhompawundi elibujikele, ukwahlukana ngakumbi kuthetha kwi kwiqela labo carbocyclic kunye neqela hydrocarbon heterocyclic.

Carbocyclic "ring" yabhalwa kuphela athom carbon. Bangafika alicyclic (isinyibiliko unsaturated), kwakunye iikhompawundi enuka carbocyclic. Le khompawundi alicyclic kwenzeka nje qhagamshela emancamini omabini Ikhonkco carbon, kodwa izakhiwo enuka ezi kokubizwa-ring lwabo benzene iba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwiipropati zabo.

Izinto heterocyclic ukwazi ukuhlangabezana atom zezinye izinto, amaxesha amaninzi ke umsebenzi nitrogen.

Into wabavoti woluntu elandelayo ochaphazela iimpawu kwezinto eziphilayo, kuba phambi kwamaqela asebenzayo.

Kuba hydrocarbon halogenated njengeqela ezisebenzayo unako ukwenza yedwa, kunye athom nangakumbi halogen. Alkoholi ukufumana iimpawu zabo ngenxa gidroksogrupp ebusweni. Kuba aldehydes osemqoka Uphawu kuba phambi kwamaqela aldehyde ukuya ketones - amaqela carbonyl. asidi Carboxylic zisingathwa ukuba ziqulathe amaqela carboxyl kunye amine ilifa iqela acid. Kuba iikhompawundi nitro luphawulwa ubukho qela nitro le.

Le ngasezantsi.Intlobo ngeentlobo zendidi hydrocarbon, ngokunjalo nemihlaba yabo, ngokusekelwe uhlobo ezahlukeneyo indibanisela. Umzekelo, ukwakhiwa lungaba molecule elilodwa ezimbini okanye twatse ngaphezulu, iqela maxa wambi eyahlukileyo esebenza ngokujonga iimpawu ezithile ukwimo (aminoacetic acid, glycerol).

Nika ukubonakala enkulu ukuqwalasela (lucalulo izinto zemvelo) itafile, nto leyo ngokulula ukuze kwakheke ngokusekelwe inkcazelo equlathwe kwisicatshulwa kweli nqaku.