Geoecology - it ... Yintoni izifundo geoecology

Geoecology isayensi - a uqeqesho elilujongano ngemvelo kunye nokwakheka kwaso. Kwisithuba sikhokelo, sifunda ekwakhiweni, isakhiwo kunye neenkqubo ze-zokuhlala abantu. Abaziingcali kule endle zisebenza ukukhusela umhlaba onokuphila evela utshintsho ezibi ezibangelwa yezoqoqosho yabantu.

endabeni yokufunda

Umsebenzi omkhulu abaziingcali kwicandelo geo-imvelo ukufumana kwizibhambathiso phakathi labemi, imveliso kunye nendalo. Ukuze benze oku, ayayifunda imithombo yokuchatshazelwa ngabantu kokusingqongileyo, usasazo kunye zexeshana lwendawo kunye ngamandla. Uphando ukutshatyalaliswa iindawo zendalo kunye namacandelo ijongwa kwezinto zabo.

Umthwalo kwi geoecosystem - oku ukufunda oko geo-eziphilayo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, oko ahlalutye impendulo eziphilayo ukuze kuchaphazela iinkqubo zabo zobugcisa. Izazinzulu balingise, ukuqikelela nokuvavanya ifuthe anthropogenic. Isiphumo yomsebenzi wabo, njengoko umthetho, oko ukulungiselela iingcebiso ezithile ezimisa ukuba usebenzise indlela engcono GEOECOSYSTEM.

kwezesayensi

Ukusuka kwinqanaba Ngenxa yokuhlelwa lwenzululwazi geo-eziphilayo - imvelo a icandelwana uphela (maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba megaekologiey). Njengazo zonke ingqeqesho, iye into yayo ezithile zokufunda. Kulo mzekelo geoecology ephezulu eziphila kwinqanaba oluneqela (umz wase-, biosphere, wemveli, ocean).

Kukho ezinye iingqikelelo nendawo ingqeqesho yenzululwazi. Ukongeza, geo-eziphilayo - IJografi icandelo yesine (kunye kwezoqoqosho, ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nezentlalo). Kodwa loo nto bonke. Geoecology into edibene yokwakheka - it ufunda bume zejoloji kunye nobudlelwane bayo namanye amajelo eendaba, kuquka kwehayidrosfere, umoya kunye biosphere. Olu phando ayivavanyi impembelelo zabantu bonke.

isiyalo umda

Isibakala sokuba ukufunda geo-eziphilayo, nature systemic ezahlukeneyo (ezi zinto, umzekelo, impefumlelwano bume abiotic kunye eziphilayo). Ngokukhethekileyo, izazinzulu ziye zaziswa isithuba esitsha kwale nzululwazi. Le GEOECOSYSTEM leyo Lukwabangelwa intsebenziswano le kwehayidrosfere, semvelo kunye nomoya lithosfere. Kwakhona, oko kubonwa imveliso ingozi endalo kunye noluntu. Le nokulandelelana imbonakalo ngokuzibandakanya kwabo vula iphinde ivalwe iinkqubo geoenvironmental.

Njengalo naluphi na uqeqesho wezwe, le inzululwazi usebenzisa iindlela zophando ngemvelo ezahlukeneyo. Geoecology - inkqubo ayinakuchazwa yi Isalathisi omnye kuphela, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kule meko ifuna ukudityaniswa komhlaba, ukuma, okusingqongileyo kunye neminye imimandla yolwazi kwabantu.

ingxaki Global kunye jikelele

Ukufunda iJografi kunye Geo kuchonga iintlobo ezimbini iingxaki. Baya lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe zehlabathi jikelele. Iqela lokuqala luquka iingxaki ezichaphazela lonke ecosphere (umzekelo - yi greenhouse effect). Ngokohlobo jikelele ngxelo zilolu hlobo ziphinda imikhuba emibi kwiinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ziquka ukuncipha zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni kunye ngokutshatyalaliswa ozone le planethi.

ingqalelo eyodwa geography geo-eziphilayo iSebe ehlawulwa kwiingxaki ekuthobeni umgangatho womhlaba. Ngokonakala umgangatho walo kukhokelela ekuncipheni ukuchuma. Njengoko umthetho, ukuthotywa okubangelwa yezoqoqosho yabantu. Kunjalo, unobangela wayo, kwaye akhonze njengomba yendalo (landslides, iinkanyamba, mlilo, njalo njalo. D.).

izimiso zophando

Xa geoecologists uphando na imigaqo ethile engundoqo. Eyokuqala them - yengingqi. Sithabathela ingqalelo iimeko geo-eziphilayo yasekuhlaleni. Umgaqo sembali olusekelwe kucazululo oonobangela lokusekwa kwenkqubo kunye neemeko yophuhliso lwayo. Xa isifundo ziingcali athabathe nakuwo ingqalelo isakhiwo, izikhombisi kunye neenkqubo ezisebenzayo. Enye iziseko phando yimephu landscape.

Geo-semvelo, okusingqongileyo kunye nomda nabo inzululwazi ngoyaba factor resource. Izazinzulu sinikele ingqalelo enkulu iipateni zexeshana lweendawo yomhlaba kunye lonke uhlobo ngokubanzi. Indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa ekuthiwa isitya Umgaqo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, uhlalutyo karhulumente ebalulekileyo nesakhiwo somhlaba onamanzi, amandla yokumpompoza izinto eendaba.

Concepts nemibono

Isiseko yeengcingane geo-imvelo kucingwa ingqiqo noluntu eziphilayo, yaphuhliswa umphengululi ngenkulungwane XIX uKarl Moebius. Eli gama libhekisela zizo zonke izinto eziphilayo abahlala iimeko ezifanayo zokusingqongileyo. Nayiphi Institute of Environmental Geoscience lujolise iingqiqo ezifana inshorensi eendawo, zendalo, ubume, noosphere, ingqiqo geosystem, ingqiqo kwinkqubo Geotechnical.

Isiseko theoretical kwingqeqesho liqulunqe Bulelani iinzululwazi ezimbini umzali, kunye nenkqubela yabo kwinkulungwane yokugqibela isiqingatha. Ngenxa kwendawo Geoecology liye laphuhlisa ulwazi olunzulu ulwalamano zendalo kunye nendima geocomponent ngamnye, iingqiqo-hlukeneyo kunye nomanyano. Kubalulekile ukuba elinye icala le ngqekembe. Ecology Wayizisa ngokwemimiselo geoecology noosphere nokuPhilayo kwiglobhu, inkqubo inkolelo ngenxa Ukubolekisa izinto kunye nomgangatho lokusingqongileyo.

Ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze isayensi

Imibono ngamnye ziqhelekile geo-eziphilayo, ichazwe kokuba ukwenzeka kwayo. Ngoko ke, lo yezoqoqosho enkulu British kwinkulungwane XVIII Adam Smit zaphandwa iinkcukachaa imithombo yendalo ibe ngumthombo wobutyebi yesizwe. compatriot lakhe Thomas Malthus ngo-1798, mhlawumbi okokuqala wazama ukuqonda isondlo ingozi kubunzima eziphilayo okubangelwa ukunqongophala kokutya sibe. Njengokuba sele sitshilo, leyona uchaphazelekayo ngumkhuba ebaluleke kakhulu kulo mjikelo mbandela. yokuqala wakhe wafunda owayephila kwinkulungwane XIX Yustah Liebig ngaloo ukuxhasa ingcamango bezimbiwa isondlo yezityalo.

Ekuphuhliseni geo-eziphilayo nefuthe umsebenzi esisiseko "Origin of Species" UCharles Darwin kaThixo (1859), kwakunye incwadi esiphambili American George Perkinsa Marsha "Indoda Nature" (1864). Yile umphandi ngowokuqala lowu imfuno izithintelo kumsebenzi woqoqosho, okusingqongileyo.

Isazinzulu Russian Alexander Voeikov ngo-1891 uchaze iindlela zokujongana iziganeko ezibi zendalo (yimimoya eyomileyo, kuneqabaka, iimbalela, njalo njalo. D.). Njengoko zokumelana, yena ecetywayo wokusindisa amanzi nakumahlathi. UNjingalwazi St. Petersburg University Vasily Dokuchaev ngo-1903 zigqityiwe kuphuhliso ngokwesiseko imfundiso, apho yena wabonwa nje umzimba ongowemvelo-zembali. Yonke le misebenzi kamva wadlala indima ekuphuhliseni geo-eziphilayo.

Imvelaphi Geoecology

Imbali isifundo yejografi, geo-eziphilayo, ukhenketho kunye nezinye iinkalo ezinxulumeneyo kufuneka lweengcambu. Bangakwazi usukela umva, ukuba ngenyameko ujonge ngendaleko zenzululwazi kwinkulungwane XX. Ukuvela geo-indalo enxulumene ukuvela landscape eziphilayo eyenzeka ngo-1939. Ngunozala olu qeqesho kwakukho Carl badla. Wafunda imozulu, isimo, utyani, yaye ubudlelwane yeemeko ezahlukeneyo zendalo. Ukuba badla waqamba ingqiqo landscape eziphilayo, nto translation evela German ukuya IsiNgesi ukuba similise kokusingqongileyo zejoloji okanye geoecology.

Kabini-term ngokucacileyo wabonisa umongo walo. Isiyalo ezintsha zophando Carl badla ehlangene iindlela ezimbini. Omnye (ethe tye) ukuba ekufundweni ngezimanga zendalo kunye benxibelelana, kunye nezinye (nkqo) ngokusekelwe isifundo kubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo. nenzululwazi entsha iye yaba counterweight ukuba iinkalo koko sele ikhona. Umzekelo, geoecology eyahlukileyo kakhulu kokusingqongileyo eziphilayo, leyo isakhiwo eyahlukileyo (izinto eziphilayo izilwanyana, izityalo, Cya kunye ezifana. D.). Le ngumqondo Carl badla andiswe kolawulo lwayo ngo-1960. phantsi emehlweni hit geoecology umsebenzi yabantu yezoqoqosho kunye nefuthe layo phezu komhlaba kunye nokusingqongileyo.