Imfundo aphezulu

Ph.D., uprofesa Dobaev KD

On kwinguqu esa kwindlela entsha yemfundo e Kyrgyzstan

Ngenxa konyaka omtsha wezifundo, okt KaSeptemba 1, 2012 kumaziko emfundo ephakamileyo zeRiphabliki ihamba ukuya inkqubo yomtshato ezimbini zoqeqesho - Bachelor kunye yeNkosi (South Korea Government Ndiwise № 496 ukusuka 23.08.2011g.). Ngokutsho ummiselo yunivesithi weRiphabliki kufuneka ngokutsha inkqubo ukuya inkqubo yomtshato kunye nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa ngetyala.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, Kyrgyzstan sele efunde amava abanye ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo Bachelor kunye izidanga zabo zeMasters, kwakunye noqeqesho kwi-technology ngetyala. Kwaye ke kumsebenzi weRiphabliki kutshintsho inkqubo yomtshato-zimbini kuqala ukusuka ekuqaleni. Kwaye ukuba ukhumbule umthetho karhulumente ngo-Agasti 25, 1993 № 396 "Xa ukuvunywa nemigaqo elawula kwimisebenzi Kyrgyz Republic of kwinkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo" kwaye isigqibo Ministry of Education and Science of the Kyrgyz Republic ukususela ngoMeyi 23, 1995, №3 / 1 "I-Standard Education State Kyrgyz Republic "imfundo ephakamileyo. iimfuneko jikelele 'ukuba une-iminyaka eli-17 ngaphezu kwexesha ukulungiselela le kutshintsho inkqubo yomtshato ezimbini kwenkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo.

Into esinayo yintoni na? Iiyunivesithi, ngokubanzi, zilungele ukuhamba kumalungiselelo sokuqala kunye iinkosi. Ukuba ngaphambili ekuhlaleni ngenxa yokunqongophala ingqiqo izidanga zemfundo Bachelor kunye Mfundisi, yaye ngenxa yoko ke iincoko ezininzi, nkqu yokuba BA imfundo hayi ngaphezulu, kodwa ngoku intetho enjalo kancane ibulale. Ukuqonda ukuba bachelor - imfundo esisiseko ephakamileyo, oko ubhetyebhetye ngakumbi ukuba amabanga emfundo nezikhokelo ezijoliswe kuphela okukhethekile enye yaba ncinane kakhulu. Liliphi ixesha ndamgqibela ngokwemiqathango yalo, xa umntu ubomi unakho ukutshintsha izihlandlo eziliqela indawo yemisebenzi, kwenza kube yimfuneko ukuba imfundo esisiseko ephakamileyo, evumela, ngoko "string" oko afuna amakhono - sele yokwenene.

Kwaye ke ekulungiseleleni sokuqala lujolise ukubunjwa kwikhono eqhelekileyo yonke. iinkqubo zoqeqesho Uhlalutyo kumaziko zidanga amazwe abonisa ukuba malunga 2/3 ye wexesha unikezelwa ukuyilwa eqhelekileyo, ubuchule jikelele. Oku kuyaqondakala. Ngaphandle ulwazi elungileyo negalelo, zokunxibelelana nabantu kunye systemic ngeke ibe nempumelelo zasemsebenzini kuyo nayiphi inkalo. Xa ulungiselela iinkqubo zemfundo zezidanga, kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo lo msebenzi. Ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthatha ingqalelo kwaye enye inkalo, ezizezi ukulungiswa kwicala wezifundo bachelor kunye Bachelor of ulwalathiso ngobungcali-ebomini.

Ngokunxulumene Bachelor ulwalathiso wezifundo, apha, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ecacileyo. Waphumelela iindawo zemfundo ekuqiqeni kufuneka kuqhubeka noqeqesho nomantyi. Yona kwicala lobungcali-ebomini, oko kuthiwa okanye indlela Applied baccalaureate, kukho umfundi ukhetha inkangeleko ethile, ukuze ndiwugqibe umsebenzi. Oku akuthethi ukuba akukho unelungelo kwixesha elizayo ukuze bafunde isidanga yenkosi. Emva practice abanye baye kugqiba isikolo ibe ngaphezulu olunzulu lokufunda izifundo ezikhethiweyo. Kyrgyzstan isicelo ingqiqo entsha baccalaureate. Njengoko abaphandi bathi le ngxaki (Chugunov D. Yu, Vasiliev KD-Shafranov Kutsev-GF.), Applied baccalaureate - oku isiqinisekiso lokugqibela ivumela ukufikelela ngqo kwi kwimalike yabasebenzi, yaye kunqabile kubandakanya uqeqesho phambili, nakuba oku akuthethi ingabandakanywa. Inkqubo baccalaureate Applied ilungele labo bafuna ngoko nangoko emva kokufumana isidanga seBachelor ukuze uqalise.

Kwi-West kunye eRashiya kwiprogram bachelor isicelo yaqala upheka nje kutshanje, okanye mandithi, ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iiyantlukwano ekulungiseleleni bachelor izicelo eYurophu naseRashiya. Kuqala kwinto zonke, bahambisana neqela nezakhono equlunqwayo kwinkqubo yokufunda. inkqubo yaseYurophu isidanga isicelo, njengoko iingcali uqaphele, ukongeza ekwenziweni izakhono, zibonisa ukuba ukuyilwa kwezakhono zeziko kunye nolawulo. Izidanga isidanga isicelo - a abanezakhono kakhulu, ngubani na nje ukwenza imiyalelo, ukulandela imigaqo, kodwa kwakhona ukuthatha inyathelo ezandleni zabo, ukuba zizakhele iindlela ezintsha zokusombulula iingxaki.

Ngokuphathelele baccalaureate Russian isicelo, oko akuyi ngokupheleleyo swi kuqoqosho lenene, akanayo uxhulumaniso uqoqosho yokwenene, efumaneka kwi-West. Kunye nomxholo wemfundo udla academicism, kunokuba kwimarike yabasebenzi ethile. Ngelo xesha Applied Baccalaureate kufuneka aqinisekise uqeqesho yokusebenza ebomini abaqeqeshiweyo. Amalungiselelo isicelo bachelor kufuneka ngentsebenziswano olusondeleyo abaqeshi, kunye nokuthatha kwabo ngqo kwinkqubo yokufunda. Kuphela Kule meko kungenzeka ukuba ukuqeqesha ziingcali eziyimfuneko kwimalike yabasebenzi.

Sikholelwa ukuba uqeqesho Kyrgyzstan kwi zidanga isicelo kufuneka evelele.

Ngokumalunga inguqu kwinkqubo ngetyala zoqeqesho, kuba uninzi kwiiyunivesithi e Kyrgyzstan isenzeko esitsha? New kungekhona ngengqiqo ukuba awuyazi into ngetyala, kunye nobuchwepheshe ngetyala. No. New ngokwemiqathango zozalisekiso. Ngoxa eli lizwe, kukho amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ngetyala. Thina engqondweni kuqala the American University of Central Asia.

Kakade ke, ngephanyazo ukuya ngokwenkqubo yesikweliti, akunakwenzeka. Sifuna eluntwini ngakumbi. Asingabo bonke ayikho kodwa uyazi kakuhle futhi uqonda konke malunga nendlela ngetyala. Kodwa kukho ukuqonda ezithile uninzi lwabasebenzi kumaziko emfundo ephakamileyo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukunika isikhokelo echanekileyo. Ke kaloku, kwakumalunga ingqikelelo ngetyala.

Credit - iyunithi yokulinganisa umfundi womsebenzi ngokwemiqathango ixesha elifunekayo ukuze kufikelelwe kwiziphumo zokufunda ezithile. Credit - iyunithi yokulinganisa le "ubunzima" ikhosi okanye inkqubo (inani eklasini neauditornyh iiyure, njalo-njalo) kwi-sikhokelo le emfundo afanelekileyo.

Credit - ubuninzi (wokwamanani) ngokoMthetho, umthamo ulwazi, kuthathelwa ingqalelo kwiziphumo ezifunyenwe kule khosi yoqeqesho, kunye nokuphunyezwa. I-credit nga kunikwa umfundi njengophawu ingqalelo kwakheka ngenxa ubuchule ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo kweziphumo zokufunda yokufunda.

Ekubeni ikakhulu kugxininisa izinto zenkqubo Bologna, oko kukuthi, i-transfer kunye ukuqokelelana iikhredithi inkqubo European (ECTS), umfundi ngexesha loqeqesho malifumane ubuncinane 180 ukuya 240 ZE ukufumana isidanga sedigri. Ithuba ubuncinane yokufunda iminyaka 3-4. Xa sisithi, nokuba zingaphi iiyure kwi-mboleko, ke kwiRiphabliki akukho ukuvumelana. Ezinye iiyunivesithi Russian emva ukumisela iiyure eziyi-36, omnye iiyure ezingama-30. Sicinga ukuba akunjalo ngokuncamisayo. Nangona idrafti CDDB - Incam Structures Educational eYurophu, omnye ngetyala ingqamana iiyure 25-30 ixesha lokufunda. Mhlawumbi le nto kweli Resolution yoRhulumente kaJulayi 4, 2012 № 472 esisodwa (credits) kumiselwa iiyure ezingama-30. Kwangaxeshanye, simele siqonde ngokucacileyo ukuba ekhredithi kulinganiswa kuphela isixa umthwalo uqeqesho, kodwa hayi kwintsebenzo yomfundi, imixholo okanye inqanaba mbaxa eziphathekayo. Mboleko zinikwa umfundi kuphela xa beyigqibe ngempumelelo imodyuli ethile, Kakade ke, uqeqesho, uqeqesho, yaye uvavanyo entle. Iimali-mboleko Ezi kukhululwa okanye efunyenwe ngabafundi amaxabiso isalamane, nto leyo ibonisa ubungakanani bomsebenzi ekufuneka ukuba bazalise kunyaka wokufunda. Kufuneka kugxininisiswe ukuba mboleko azikho izinto ezizimeleyo, kodwa ukuchaza umsebenzi ugqityiwe njengenxalenye yekharityhulam. Ethetha kwinkqubo ulwandiso ngetyala, siza kuthetha inkqubo apho iikhredithi ezi elaye kwinkqubo kweprogram yoqeqesho enengqondo kwakhiwa. Ngale ndlela, a ngetyala iyunithi nesibonakalisa umlinganiselo othile umsebenzi owenziwe ngempumelelo kwi indlela ekufumaneni iziqinisekiso ezithile.

A amagama ambalwa malunga izakhono kunye indlela yobuchule i kwezemfundo. Le ngxaki ye Kyrgyzstan na isenzeko esitsha, kude zonke abazi. Ngokubanzi le ngxaki intsha nje kuphela kodwa kwakhona kwinkqubo yemfundo yaseYurophu.

indlela yobuchule yavela eUnited States kwi-imi- 70 lwekhulu XX ngokunxulumene nemfuneko ukufumana isisombululo kule meko zilandelayo: i oonozakuzaku, Abaxhobele isicombululo kumazwe asakhasayo, injongo yeqhinga ukudala umfanekiso omhle we-US, abanokwazi ogqwesileyo kunye ekubeni ngokupheleleyo izakhono oonozakuzaku, asingabo bonke sakwazi ukuzalisekisa lo msebenzi. Uhlalutyo ngenyameko bafumanisa ukuba nangona zoqeqesho kwisifundo alupheli, zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye izakhono, izinto ezo ndaba ukuphunyezwa, kodwa zibalulekile kwi lo msebenzi. Kuba ezi lwezakhono olwenziwa ubuchule elide ezikhethekileyo, ngenxa yokuba bengazange ezinxulumene nayo nayiphi na ulwazi okanye ubuchule ezithile naziphi na izenzo, okanye kuyo nayiphi na indawo sifundo. Simple familiarization kunye imbali umba ibonisa ukuba nobuchule ziimpawu zendalo yasekuhlaleni - nshita kumanyathelo yesifundo, leyo ichazwa achazwe ziye kwaye kusoloko ziya kuchazwa phantsi ulwazi, izakhono nobuchule [2, p. 48].

Yintoni nobuchule? Oku - uluhlu ethile ecacileyo oko kufanele azi umfundi, ukuqonda kwaye akwazi ukusebenzisa emva kokugqitywa kwenkqubo yokufunda - iziphumo ezivakaliswa iseti ubuchule zokufunda. UBUCHULE nga abunjwe zombini ngokunxulumene neenkqubo zokufundisa (imodyuli okanye iyunithi course). Ubuchule abunjwe ngokulandelelana kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngenxa yoko, ukwakheka ngobuchule nolwazi ethile inganikezelwa kwizifundo eziliqela okanye iimodyuli kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo kule program. Ngethuba lesigaba Uyilo lwenkqubo isigqibo ngoko iyunithi program iya ngqo kuseko nezakhono ezithile. Ngelo xesha, ezinye umfundi uya kufumana ubuchule kwimo "lahlukile" kulo lonke ucwangciso lwale ndibano, kodwa inkcazo iziphumo kufuneka anikwe kuphela ezo ubuchule, impumelelo eya kuba zivavanywe. Kwangaxeshanye kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba inkqubo yoqeqesho ayikho nje iseti kwezifundo avele akhethwa kunye nezintsonkothileyo oqhagamshelwano phakathi kuphuhliso leyo endinga indlela epheleleyo. Ikharityhulam swi umfundi kunye neziphumo zokufunda, zonke iiyunithi ngendlela enye okanye omnye ezinxulumene omnye komnye. Lo mgaqo usebenza nje kuphela iiyunithi kunye neemodyuli ezakha undoqo program, kodwa izifundo lesibini enkomfeni. Kwiziphumo ezifunyenwe kule izifundo iyunithi enye okanye imodyuli negalelo kwiziphumo jikelele kwaye ukuyilwa kwalo mqulu olunqwenelekayo nezakhono kwi nolwalamano olusondeleyo iziphumo ekufuneka ziphunyezwe izifundo nezinye iiyunithi kule program.

Umbuzo olandelayo ukuba kufuneka ukufumana phandle ngokwakho - lokuququzelela inkqubo yemfundo ngokusekelwe kwiinkqubo zemfundo seemodyuli. Xa ukuyilwa nobugcisa oluhambelana kakuhle iinkqubo yemodyuli. Ba selubala, kube lula ukudluliswa umfundi ovela kwelinye iziko ukuya komnye, nokunakana iziphumo kwenye iyunivesithi, nayo likuvumela ukuba babele ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi phezu kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo seemodyuli ivumela ukuphepha kakhulu isandla ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, isixa ezingaphezu iimviwo. Engxakini nkqubo seemodyuli kukuba kunciphisa inkululeko zokufundisa, zinciphisa inani iiyure zoqhagamshelwano ngaphakathi umnqongo. Xa inkqubo seemodyuli kwandisa bhetyebhetye, ekubeni kube lula ukwakha neekharityhulam kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kunye kwinqanaba qha. Kwinkqubo non-yemodyuli (oko kukuthi, olufana nolwethu, apho ootitshala isiyalo lemfundo enye) kulukhetho ephambili eziphathekayo, ngelixa inkqubo seemodyuli une ugxininiso isakhiwo kwikharityhulam xa iyonke.

Oku icela lo mbuzo, yaye yintoni swi kwimodyuli? Imodyuli iyunithi esizimeleyo ngokuphathelele kwinkqubo yemfundo ejolise ekwenzeni ubuchule ethile zobungcali okanye amaqela abanalo. Ngamanye amazwi, le modyuli - yinto unit epheleleyo kwinkqubo yezemfundo, ukwakha izakhono omnye okanye ngaphezulu ethile umsebenzi, sikhatshwe ulawulo lolwazi nezakhono baqeqeshwayo kwi imveliso. Ngoko ke, inkqubo yezemfundo zeemodyuli - indibanisela nolandelelwano modules ejoliswe wabongamela nezakhono ezithile ezifunekayo iziqinisekiso.

Ngelo xesha ke kufuneka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ayisekho ukuqonda Europe-ngokubanzi elithi imodyuli. Abanye bona umnqongo njengexesha-umda, ivaliwe kokuqulethweyo ukuba iibhloko ekufundiseni ukufunda. Enye yemodyuli ichazwa njenge ambaxa iibhloko zoqeqesho, elungelelanisiweyo ngalinye elinye umxholo. Kuthathwa ukuba iimodyuli zingahlanganiswa kolandelayo umxholo zombini ngaphakathi uqeqesho esinye okanye iinkalo eziliqela.

In iminqongo short - i-elementi yeprogram yezemfundo, apho lunqongophele kwexesha, enesiqulatho evaliweyo iziphumo ezithile ekufuneka ziphunyeziwe kwaye abonisa ukuba abafundi.

Xa sifunda iimodyuli abafundi ukuba ngamnye wabo unokuhlawuliswa isixa esithile lamatyala (credits) omele umlinganiselo ukuntsonkotha zokufunda nokuvakalisa isethi yonke inkqubo efanelekileyo kwezemfundo. Xa kubalwa i iikhredithi lomnqongo kwi ukuntsonkotha ekuthini: umthwalo lokufundela, umsebenzi elizimeleyo abafundi, ukubhala umsebenzi elivumelekileyo lokugqibela, njl Ngokuqhelekileyo, kumnqongo inika mboleko 6-15.

Kuphuhliso phambi kokusebenza umnqongo omtsha bakhokelwe kule nkqubo ulandelayo:

1. Ukumisela injongo umnqongo.
2. unit Ulwazi - umbandela yeengcingane, loqeqesho olulungisiweyo iziqalelo ngohlobo iincwadi, iincwadi, iincwadi libeka izicelo kwi zoshicilelo exhasayo, iinkqubo zekhompyutha zemfundo.
3. Ukuphuhlisa imisebenzi yovavanyo (ngengomlinganiselo wokujonga).
4. Chaza indlela umbundu yovavanyo (usebenzisa iindlela amanqaku elisikelwe olu vavanyo ukuze ushukumise abafundi).
5. Ukuphuhlisa ukufundisa kunye neqhinga nokufunda (ukuququzelela abafundi ukuba bazuze iziphumo kunye Inkcanabo).
6. Bhala iziphumo zokufunda (ngokususela neenkcazo kwinqanaba).
7. Ukuphuhlisa module Hlaziya (kusekelwe amava kunye feedback).

Inkqubo yoqeqesho iimodyuli ikuvumela ukuba:

- ukumanywa neendidi ezahlukeneyo kwaneentlobo wemfundo;

- umbutho enkulu sisikhubekiso nezinto zokufundisa, kunye iingcebiso kunye imisebenzi yezifundo yayo;

- ukugqithisela uphando oluzimeleyo ngabafundi ngezixhobo zokufundisa;

- ulawulo ukufundisa ngenkqubo (ukulandelelana imisebenzi kunye nezigaba of study) kunye ubuchule yomsebenzi cognitive;

- inkqubo umfundisi lwemethodoloji phandle;

- Uchongo kwinqanaba wabagagamela ngabafundi, iifom, indawo nesantya kwezinto zokufunda;

- ukwakhiwa iimeko ngempumelelo umsebenzi kwengqondo kwinkqubo yokufunda;

- ukukwazi ukusebenza ngokweendlela zokufunda ngamnye zezixhobo zokufundisa, indlela yayo wokufunda;

- esweni zokusebenza enkulu kunye nokuhlolwa kweziphumo ulawulo lokugqibela.

Uhlenga-hlengiso inkqubo yemfundo phezu kwemimiselo modularity iquka:

- zokuqala ukufunda kakhulu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo okubhalwe lweenkqubo zemfundo ezikhoyo ukuze uphephe idlulela iingceba lwamacandelo emfundo.

- ukuzimisela soluhlu ngeemodyuli zoqeqesho zifakiwe kwi-PLO.

- ukusekwa trajectories zemfundo kwelinye PLO (subject proflizatsy, specializations, iinkqubo umninindlu, izifundo elective kunye neenkqubo zokufundisa ezongezelelweyo).

- uphuhliso nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo le ngeemodyuli zoqeqesho, nto leyo eza kufuna iinzame ubuhlakani omkhulu kunye nokuhlaziywa esemgangathweni lokucwangcisela, ulwazi kunye zamathala eencwadi, kunye nokupapasha, noseko yoshicilelo leyunivesithi.

- ukuphunyezwa ulawulo nolawulo kwi-siseko omtsha uxanduva hlengiso mihla inkqubo zemfundo kunye nabanye [3, iphepha 12-13] ..

Ngolutya Bologna ngaphakathi isikali komiti mlinganiselo yaphuhliswa ngamanqaku ezisixhenxe reference, otyunjwe oonobumba A, B, C, D, E, FX, F [4]. Komiti scale nomgangatho isekelwe phezu elifomatiweyo umfundi kwezinye uqikelelo, nto leyo ibonisa ubungakanani kwisalamane yokusebenza kwayo abanye abafundi. Isikali yeekomiti ngokucalula nokwahlula abafundi abakula maqela mabini yokuqala - batshatsheleyo kunye esikoleni. abafundi abaphumelelayo zahlulwe subgroups ezintlanu: the best-10% kwezi mpendulo ngamazinga yesikali zibonakaliswe yi unobumba A ngongoma, alandelayo-25% kule leta, ezinye 30% yileta C 25% olulandelayo isimboli D kunye nabafundi yokugqibela ngempumelelo ukuphendula le leta E.

abafundi Underachieving zahlulwe subgroups ezimbini: FX (Fail - ukufumana imali imisebenzi efunekayo) kunye F (Fail - efunekayo isixa esikhulu umsebenzi ngakumbi izinto zokufundisa zihlolwe).

Loo inkqubo yokutshintshwa kwamanqaku iziphumo zokufunda Umfundi uya kufuna ntsha iirekhodi zovavanyo amanqaku yeziko kunye ikhondo misa ngokutsha inkqubo yonke inkqubo yemfundo.

Yaye ngaxa linye sifuna ukuyeka - oku ngokuzoba up iimathiriyeli zesalalhiso zovavanyo iziphumo zokufunda. Ngokubanzi, imisebenzi yenzululwazi kunye lwemethodoloji abazinikele uvandlakanyo lweziphumo zokufunda asondezwayo ukunamathela ngokulandelelana ilandelayo xa ubhala kunye nophuhliso iziphumo zovavanyo. Okokuqala, cinga ngoko umphumo uya kuvavanywa. Okwesibini, fumana isethi yemisebenzi yovavanyo. Okwesithathu, ukuchaza iimfuno, ubungqina, ukuphonononga impumelelo okanye iimpawu ezifunekayo. Okwesine, qiniseka ukuba iinqobo kunokuba ngokuthembekileyo nangempumelelo kulinganiswa okanye kuqikelelwa kwaye ukuba icace kwaye acacile.

Ngokubanzi, Kyrgyzstan, hayi iinkcukacha ipeyinti eqhelekileyo yesifundo kwiziphumo .Chetko zokuhlola wayengekho novavanyo. Kwaye ke ase Kuqulunqwe uqikelelo izinto, omnye yeendima eziphambili yokuphucula umgangatho wemfundo.

Izingqiniso:

1. State umgangatho lemfundo emfundo aphezulu Kyrgyz Republic. - Volume 1 - Bishkek, 1996. - 138 p.
2. Shafranov-Kutsev GF Ukphuculwa Russian zobungcali imfundo: iingxaki kunye nethemba. - ngodaba. - Tyumen. - 2011 - 296 p.
3. Scientific iindlela ekudalweni iinkqubo zemfundo kunye nobungcali ngeemodyuli kwinkalo yemfundo zobugcisa. - M - s. 12-14
4. I Bologna INkqubo: Midway / phantsi zenzululwazi. Ukuhlelwa yi VI Baydenko. EMoscow, 2005.
5. Bohr AV Rozov NH imigaqo olunxulumene umsebenzi pedagogy kunye logic nokufundisa. - M:. Max Press, 2010. - p. 48.