Lo mzuzu Imagnethi - ipropati esisiseko amasuntswana nezakhiwo

Lo mzuzu kazibuthe i-atom - basic emzimbeni esiyua ubungakanani, nezibonakalisa iimpawu kazibuthe nayiphi na into. Umthombo ubutsalane, njengako ingcamango classical umoya, microcurrents ukuba evela electron motion Orbital. Lo mzuzu Imagnethi - kuba isici kuyimfuneko zonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, amasuntswana limalunga, nuclei, amaqokobhe enyukliya electron neemolekyuli.

Ubutsalane, nto leyo eqhelekileyo onke amasuntswana asisiqalelo, ngokutsho ukukhanda quantum, ngenxa ebusweni mzuzu ngomatshini ngokuba basonta (amandla yesimo ngoomatshini quantum). Iimpawu kazibuthe i pulses spin lama-atom luqulathe iindawo ezingundoqo - of protons kunye neutron. istili elektroniki (intra-orbit) Kwakhona unalo ixesha nosiba, yona udibaniso zihlandlo kazibuthe electron eziphezu kwaso.

Ngamanye amazwi, ezi zihlandlo kazibuthe amasuntswana cebetshu orbitals atomic ngenxa isiphumo intra-quantum-mechanical, eyaziwa ngokuba spin amandla. Le effect fanekiso ukuba isantya emboxo wokujikelezisa ngeenxa axis yayo engundoqo. Spin nomfutho lulinganiselwa bahlale Planck kaThixo - rhoqo ezisisiseko theory quantum.

Zonke neutron, elektroni kunye protons, apho, enyanisweni, iqulathe atom, ngokutsho Planck ilifa basonta ngokulinganayo ½. Indlela esakhiwe ngayo esi-atom electron Bajikeleza eziba ngaphandle spin amandla abe nochatha ngakumbi Orbital emboxo. Core, nangona ithatha indawo engatshintshiyo, kananjalo amandla emboxo, nto leyo idala isiphumo spin yenyukliya.

Lo mhlaba otsalayo elenza mzuzu atom ngemagnethi ixhomekeke iintlobo ezahlukeneyo umfutho emboxo. Igalelo ephawuleka ukuya mhlaba otsalayo kwenza spin isiphumo. Ngokutsho kwe uPauli exclusion siseko, njengoko apho electron ezimbini twatse akakwazi kuhlala ngexesha elifanayo kwakulo mo quantum, electron ebotshiwe idibane iintshukumisa zabo spin babe projections eziphikisana. Kulo mzekelo, mzuzu kazibuthe electron lifinyele, leyo kunciphisa iimpawu kazibuthe isakhiwo yonke. Kwezinye iiseli nokubane noba inani elektroni, le ngongoma liye lancitshiswa zero, yaye ubuncwane akasayi iipropati ngemagnethi. Ngoko ke, lo mzuzu kazibuthe amasuntswana ezahlukeneyo eziziziqalelo kuba nefuthe ngqo kwi umgangatho kazibuthe yonke inkqubo atomic zenyukliya.

izinto Ferromagnetic ezinenani umtya elektroni kuya kusoloko kukho ubutsalane nonzero ngenxa electron unpaired. Xa izinto ezinjalo zinonxibelelwano omelene Orbital, yaye zonke kwimizuzu spin of elektroni unpaired uthabathe yokuqhelaniswa efanayo space, nto leyo ekhokelela kufezekiso karhulumente liphantsi amandla. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ukusebenzisana exchange.

Ngesi ulungelelwaniso mathuba kazibuthe athom ferromagnetic endle ngemagnethi. A izinto paramagnetic eziquka athom kunye mathuba engqondweni ngemagnethi abanalo ezabo intsimi yabo ngemagnethi. Kodwa ukuba usebenza kubo ngaphandle mthombo ubutsalane, ezi zihlandlo kazibuthe ezi athom ukulungelelanisa, yaye ezi zinto bakwafumana iipropati ngemagnethi.