Chemistry Organic kunye fizkolloidnaya: inkcazelo, iinjongo kunye neempawu

Fizkolloidnaya chemistry - isayensi lifunda iimpawu zomzimba lwemichiza ngezimanga kumphezulu ndikuchithachithe iinkqubo.

ukuchaza

Fizkolloidnaya chemistry ezinxulumene neenkqubo abasasazekileyo. Ngaphantsi oko ithathwa ukuba ibhekisele isimo apho izinto enye okanye ngaphezulu basasazekileyo (ngokwahluka) karhulumente ngokobunzima izinto yesibini. Isigaba ubizwa ngokuba isigaba saa zuka. Usasazeko medium kuthiwa imeko apho ngendlela olungamanyananga Lisisigaba discontinuous.

Adsorption elo izenzakalo

Fizkolloidnaya chemistry ucinga isimo ocinga ukuba zenzeke kujongano kweenkqubo saa.

Phakathi kwabo siphawula:

• ilele;
• iveze imimoya;
• adsorption.

Chemical ihlaziya Fizkolloidnaya iinkqubo zobugcisa ebalulekileyo ngokuphathelele amdaka kunye zokuhlanjululwa umoya, nokwandiswa yezimbiwa, iwelding metal, kombala iindawo ezahlukeneyo, ukusifaka, ukucoca indawo.

ubuso amaphaphu

chemistry Organic kwaye fizkolloidnaya achaze ngezenzeko ezenzeka kwi esibonakalayo. Sihlalutya inkqubo equka igesi kunye engamanzi. Per molecule, leyo ngaphakathi kwinkqubo, imikhosi umtsalane ukuthobela inxalenye elikufutshane iimolekyuli. Per molecule, apho ibekwe phezu kwamanzi, kwakhona nempembelelo amandla, kodwa azikho babuyekezwe.

Isizathu kukuba nakwimo sukube le umgama phakathi iimolekyuli ngamandla elikhulu ngokwaneleyo eseyiphantse engephi. Uxinzelelo yangaphakathi ukuzama nsinya ubunzulu molekyuli lulwelo, nto leyo ucinezelo.

Ukudala ujongano kwindawo entsha, umzekelo, xa esisuka umboniso, kuyimfuneko ukwenza umsebenzi nxamnye soxinzelelo lwangaphakathi. Va amandla owenziwe yaye ingcinezelo lwangaphakathi nolwalamano ngqo ikhona. I-eneji buzinze molekyuli ingabekwa phezulu nje, amandla umphezulu free uthathwa.

Imithetho obizwa

Eyona engundoqo Imisebenzi fizkolloidnoy chemistry kuquka ukubala we quadratic thermodynamic. Kuxhomekeka basabela ekuthethwa, sikwazi ithuba ivela ezizenzekelayo.

Ngenxa xenga thermodynamic iinkqubo iinkqubo flow enxulumene ne wawandisa amasuntswana, sikhatshwe ukuhla interface.

Izizathu yenguqu karhulumente thermodynamic

Ziziphi izinto ezichaphazela ngengxabano komhlaba?

Okokuqala kubalulekile ukuba ukuqaqambisa uhlobo lwento. Ngengxabano kumphezulu sihlobene ngqo iimpawu kwesigaba yinto enye. Ngokwandisa ezichaseneyo kwi kweziyobisi kwenzeka ukwanda imikhosi akhululeke.

Isimo lojongano echaphazela lesigaba kunye neqondo lobushushu. Kwimeko ukwanda kwe ukuhla mongo imikhosi zokubambela phakathi kweengqakumbana ngamnye.

Uyondelelwano lwee- izinto ichithwe kuvavanyo fluid, ikwachaphazela karhulumente kwenkqubo thermodynamic.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini kwezinto na. TID (surface-engasebenziyo material) ukwandisa ubukhulu bezinto ukuqina sisombululo kuthelekiswa nezi ziqhelekileyo sijike efanelekileyo. izinto ezinjalo electrolytes olomeleleyo. Surfactants (surface arhente esebenzayo) ukunciphisa ubukhulu uxinzeleko kwi kubonwa sisombululo ngenxa. Ngokwandisa ezi zizinto isisombululo emsebenzini, ingqalelo kumphezulu inwebu isicombululo. khompawundi Polar organic ezi-asidi, alkoholi. Ziye ke yakhiwa amaqela polar (acid, carboxyl, hydroxo) kunye chain hydrocarbon nonpolar.

Iimpawu sorption

Fizkolloidnaya neyezinto (ACT) ubandakanya icandelo onxulumene neenkqubo sorption. Adsorption - yinkqubo utshintsho ezizenzekelayo kumphezulu inwebu ukuzikisa kweziyobisi malunga nemali yabo umthamo kwisigaba.

Le adsorbent lulwelo oluqhutywa phezu komhlaba kwezulu. Adsorbate - into ekwaziyo isimemezelo. Adsorbate - sivete eziphathekayo. Desorption - inkqubo reverse adsorption.

iintlobo sorption

fizkolloidnoy Teacher Chemistry othetha malunga ezimbini iintlobo adsorption. Kwimeko ka-physical umphunga nokufumba yi isabelo-mali amancinci eneji enokuthelekiseka nangokuvutha of amafu. Le nkqubo ingathityazwa. Le adsorption kunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kwandisa isantya yenkqubo umva (desorption).

Le adsorption imichiza na ngobuwena vuhlayiseki, ukusuka kumphezulu kokushiya akukho adsorbate kunye compound komhlaba. Xa ubushushu chemisorption liphezulu, oko yendebe kunye ubungakanani enthalpy umgangatho ukubunjwa. Njengoko ubushushu yokwanda kwandisa index chemisorption kwandisa intsebenziswano phakathi izinto.

Ngokomzekelo sikwathetha adsorption oksijini chemisorption bobume metal evela emoyeni, oko uhlolisisa fizkolloidnaya chemistry. Imisebenzi kunye nezisombululo badla ezinxulumene ne ngokuzimisela ixabiso kwempixano ezenzeka kwi elilujongano phakathi eendaba ezimbini.

Ukuze nangokobungakanani ukuchaza adsorption ngokukhawuleza, sebenzisa adsorption ngokupheleleyo. Oku kubonisa inani le adsorbate (in Mol) nganye unit indawo adsorbent ezithathiweyo. Xa fizkolloidnoy Izicwangciso Chemistry ziquka ukuzimisela oluninzi eli xabiso.

Iimpawu ze adsorbents

Physical kunye Colloid Chemistry lihlawula ingqalelo ekhethekileyo uhlahlelo iintlobo adsorbents kunye nesicelo wabo. Ngokuxhomekeka kubungakanani umphezulu adsorbent, mhlawumbi izixa ezahlukeneyo izinto adsorbed. Le adsorbents aveza imveliso ukufumana izinto zinomphezulu phambili: colloids, Ithatyathwe emigutyeni yonke, wezenzi misindo.

Njengoko iimpawu ezingundoqo ubungakanani adsorbents cell indawo umphezulu ethile kunye porosity. Ixabiso lokuqala ibonisa umlinganiselo ubunzima kumphezulu adsorbent. Uphawu lwesibini luthatha iimpawu kobume bayo.

Xa chemistry colloid bahlule iintlobo ezimbini adsorbents. into Non-aneentunja adalwe amasuntswana okuqinileyo kusekwe isakhiwo aneentunja "powder uvalo" kunye ivale ashinyeneyo. Njengoko kubekho ithuba elide phakathi kwabo kwenza phakathi beenkozo kweziyobisi. Isakhiwo inokuba isakhiwo abasakhulayo okanye macroporous. adsorbents misindo edalwe ukuba iqanjwa iinkozo yokuba porosity lwangaphakathi.

Xa chemistry ebonakalayo ijolise abalinganiswa kweenkqubo irhabaxa. Bona abhalwa powder akhiwa iinkozo okanye powder in ngokucinezelwa bapakishe zabo ashinyeneyo kwi ityhubhu. Iinkqubo kuphumela babe neempawu ezithile thermodynamic, ukufundisisa yona into ephambili fizkolloidnoy chemistry.

inkqubo unit Kukho (kuthathelwa ingqalelo uhlobo adsorptive) kwi ionic, eziphilayo, adsorption colloidal. inkqubo Ezinto ezinxulumene izisombululo ze electrolytes buthathaka okanye dielectrics. Oku kwenzeka adsorption lezinyibilikisi phezu komhlaba adsorbent eqinileyo.

Inxalenye lweziza esebenzayo kumphezulu adsorbent ahlala kuyo iimolekyuli zesinyibilikisi. Ngenxa sicatshulwa yenkqubo isimemezelo kunye adsorptive molekyuli zesinyibilikisi benza okhuphisana.

isiphelo

Physical kunye Colloid Chemistry iindawo ezibalulekileyo chemistry. Bacacisa ukuba iinkqubo zolawulo ezisisiseko zonyaka zenzeka izisombululo kuvumela izibalo izixa ubushushu lobuso (wendele) ekubunjweni kwezinto ezintsha. Umthetho ezisisiseko ezisetyenziswayo ukwenza izibalo zamanani, lo umthetho Hess. Idibanisa iimpawu thermodynamic izinto ezininzi azalwa: enthalpy, entropy, amandla. Inkqubo thermodynamic of ukubunjwa iikhompawundi ezinzima ezivela (sokuqala) amacandelo ezilula kungathathwa ngokusemthethweni Hess. Ukubala kwenza kube lula ukujonga ukusebenza kwale nkqubo.