Granada, kwiAlhambra - kwisakhiwo zokwakha kunye paka: inkcazelo. iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo Spain

Iindawo ezinika - enye uyolo eziphambili ebomini. Ukuze ubone ihlabathi, bathi, kufuneka ukuba batyelele kwiindawo ezinkulu 25. Indawo ezithathwa Spain phakathi zawo ezingqongileyo kubakhenkethi kakhulu ethandwa. Kutheni? Ngenxa yokuba kukho ezininzi obumangalisayo kunye nexabiso yembali iindawo. A gem wokwenene zakhe ezinde ka eSpeyin. Cordoba, Sevilla, Capdepera, Tabernas - la magama useza kwaye nomtsalane kubakhenkethi. Kodwa ke indawo yokuqala Granada, IAlhambra. It akulolize ebizwa ngokuba "nezimanga wesibhozo zehlabathi" - yena uxhawula ubungangamsha, isikali kunye neengcinga ezimnandi kwabayili yayo.

nemeko yezembali

ummandla Granada lalihlala BC. Emva kokuwa uBukhosi baseRoma emideni wayo uqala elithile elizibalula ngeziganeko ukuhla. Isixeko Granada nibuse ukusuka ukoyisa omnye komnye, ephelelwa isikali yabo nomfaneleko. Ngenkulungwane VIII, ivela Emirate of Córdoba, Granada kunye on-site igcinwe kuphela inqaba, esetyenziswa uthango. Ekuqaleni ngokuwa emirate ngo-1013 wathimba kummandla ummeli we Algeria Berbers, ngubani na indawo kwidolophu namhlanje kudala lakhona Midanat Garnati ( "nabasemzini kweenduli" in Arabic). Zirí bavuselele iziko wembali, kodwa isixeko watshintsha izandla kwakhona - ngo-1090 ukuya amandla indlu le Almoravids. Emva nommandla wayo liyancipha wayithimba Almohad Minor. Ngoko ke, ukuba iinkulungwane ezininzi kweli lizwe eliphethwe inkcubeko Muslim. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIII ubukhosi abatyhubela iintsilelo ezininzi emkhosini, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni ngo-1238 ummandla ithumba Muhammad Ibn Nasr kuqala, nto leyo idala Emirate SaseGranada kunye nohola Nasrid Minor. Ukususela ngoko, kwabaxhamla yokwenene, ukwakhiwa kunye nesicwangciso umzi kwaye niwabonileyo namhlanje e Granada.

Ngowe-1492, i-emirate yawa abaphumi-mkhosi i-Spanish Queen Isabella kuqala, iphepha elitsha waseGranada iqala kule ngongoma. Kodwa ke Ixesha Nasrid ngonaphakade zifakwe kwi elihle enqabeni-Wozisibekekisa iAlhambra.

indawo okuyo

Granada ise kumazantsi eSpeyin, inxalenye kwisithili solawulo eAndalusia. Naziphi ukhenketho lokuya eSpeyin, qiniseka ukuba ingaxuthi utyelelo kule ngingqi njengoko omnye kakhulu umdla engaqhelekanga. Uqhekekile umzi imi kumazantsi Sierra Nevada Mountains, nebonelela nokuthantamisa, isimo sivune ubomi. Imozulu emvula umhlaba ochumileyo lo mmandla nomtsalane kakhulu bahlaseli. Le dolophu esakhiwe iinduli ezintathu, nto leyo wadala iimeko azivumi ukuba ukuziphendulela, akulolize kulapha ukuba kukho inqaba yokuqala Muslim VIII leminyaka. amanzi City owondla umlambo Darro kunye kufutshane kuLwandle lweMeditera ibonelela ngamathuba ezinkulu zorhwebo. Enjalo indawo elungileyo geographical kukhokelele iimfazwe elide kule ndawo, wonke umntu angathanda ukuphila kule paradesi.

kwakuphela Nasrid

Yeyiphi wangumlawuli ngo-1238 i-Nasrid ubukhosi emntwini Muhammad, ndaba kwisiqithi nempumelelo zobugcisa nenkcubeko. Muhammad wathabatha ummandla waseGranada kunye, eqonda ukuba babengenakuyenza phantsi kwengcinezelo evela kuhlaselo zamaKristu, wenza umnqophiso kunye kuFerdinand III. Oku kwamnceda nje ukugcina umhlaba wabo, kodwa ukwandisa imida yayo. Inzala Muhammad walawula isixeko de 1492. Kule 250 iminyaka Granada yaba liziko lemfundo kunye yobugcisa. Nasrid level ezahlukeneyo eliphezulu lemfundo kunye nothando inzululwazi nobugcisa. Bacelwa ukuba ikomkhulu izazinzulu, amagcisa, iimvumi kunye iimbongi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. IAlhambra Palace waba lesikhumbuzo yale lobukhosi, kwabonakala ezona yobugcisa Moorish kunye nenkcubeko.

Imbali yokwakha

Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi wabona Granada. ibhotwe iAlhambra waqala ukwakha kwinkulungwane XIII. Muhammad I, igxalaba yokuhlala yakhe yayiyiAlhambra, indawo yokuqala baqalisa ukuqinisa Palace. yakhiwa Watch Tower, yomelezwa kweendonga yamandulo. Kwafika Tower yonqulo. Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, Emir baba benza ukuphumelela. iziqalo zakhe baqhubeka ezihlangwini zakhe. Yusuf I and Mohammed wesihlanu Xa kuvela elona nani likhulu lwezakhiwo. zakhiwa uphucula kwaye lwandisa amabhotwe Alkabasa, wazomeleza iindonga, kukho intendelezo odumileyo kunye iingonyama, Comares Tower, inesango yentsimbi. Ngowe-1492, IAlhambra iphumelele amabutho zamaKatolika waba yokuhlala sasebukhosini. Apha nakhelwe kwibhotwe uCarlos V, ibandla Santa Maria.

Lithamsanqa Kamva wemka kwiAlhambra. I Bourbons akazange va akukho umdla yaye bevuthela up yinxalenye ezintsonkothileyo. Bathi bafuna ukutshabalalisa yonke komkhulu, kodwa ngethamsanqa, akazange aqonde. Ngowe-1821 umonakalo omkhulu kwabangelwa yinyikima IAlhambra. Xa wesithathu yesibini kwinkulungwane XIX, oko kwasekwa romantics ithanga, apha wasebenza Byron, Goethe, Chateaubriand. Ke iqala Ukubuyiselwa ebhotwe sengqondo ngcembe owawubumbela kwiAlhambra njenge isikhumbuzo imbali, inkcubeko kunye bokwakha.

Le complex yezakhiwo

Kuyinto engaqhelekanga kakhulu sokuyilwa yaseYurophu laloo mzi Granada. IAlhambra yayakhelwe ngokuhambelana nezithethe Muslim. Namhlanje, kwafika undwendwe okokuqala nombono oluntsonkothileyo kumazwe umbhodamo izakhiwo, iigadi neentendelezo. Kodwa ke eneneni, ebhotwe uye wacingisisa kwicebo. indawo nganye ebalwa kuyi- kwintendelezo evulekileyo. Isango lokungena kunye umyezo zaye siqulunqelwe ukujongana namatyala amancinci, kuba ulwamkelo iindwendwe, leyo ivalwe indlela ngaphakathi. Kwafika ke amagumbi karhulumente malunga namatheko kunye namagumbi neentendelezo ezithandekayo. A sicatshulwa elide nto leyo eyakhokelela endlwini yerhuluneli, wambiza La Barca, waba yindawo iintetho amukela. Lamakholwane kakhulu kwaye nxalenye intle - iikota zabucala. Apha wema isiqingatha Emir kunye nenxalenye nemazi. Iziko le nxalenye - kwintendelezo obutofotofo Lion kaThixo. Kwabakho indawo eyahlukileyo - nanjengomyezo ngumsebenzi lokwenyaniso zobugcisa. Xa ukukhulelwa yoqobo ukuya imini isakhiwo langoku yena waphila. Inxalenye izakhiwo zatshatyalaliswa, inxalenye - bakhiwa izakhiwo kamva. Kodwa kule fom ebhotwe ukunyanzela isikali ubomi obutofotofo.

Moresque

Yakhelwe kwi indlela zaseMpumalanga Granada. IAlhambra esakhiwa ikakhulu Arabhu. Le nqaba ngumzekelo obalaseleyo Moorish isimbo, apho wazalelwa a Muslim, inkcubeko Arab, kodwa ngokulungelelanisiweyo wendele iinkalo zobugcisa Spanish. bokwakha indawo uye Okukodwa abahlukene. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu ukuba isimo sengqondo izakhiwo. Arabhu ngokwemveli wahlala ezinkqantosini, apho kukho ubomi obutofotofo kunokwenzeka kuphela kohlaza. Apha kule kohlaza, kwaye bazama ukwenza njengazo zonke iingxande zayo ezinde, kungoko kukho uthando olunjalo nokudalwa imiyezo, le intsingiselo ekhethekileyo wamanzi iinqaba vaaki. bokwakha indawo yayisekelwe udibaniso evumelanayo amanani ezifana isikwere kunye ityhubhu, ukuba isiseko kunye nolwakhiwo kunye pops up. Funda amaziko Moor akusoloko kulula ukusetyenziswa ophezulu zokuhomba kunye kaligrafi kwi kuyilo lwezisekelo. Design uphawula indlela amaSilamsi - a nakwiingqameko zalo intsimbi yehashe-ezimilise, angaphantsi iisilingi, ngokufuthi idibane embindini ngokohlobo inkwenkwezi-kwakubonisa anesibhozo. Planirovochnaja wakha kule isimbo zisoloko yayigxile intendelezo, kuyo zabekwa izakhiwo ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphakathi ukukhanya ezahlukeneyo, besebenzisa imisonto, mosaic, iikhaphethi, umqhaphu bebala. Indlela kwiAlhambra Moorish zafikelela kwincopho ngokuchuma, isakhiwo ngokumila ebukekayo ngakumbi buphuculwe ngaphezu ukwakhiwa zeminyaka edlulileyo.

Nasrid Palace

imodeli indawo style lelona exabisekileyo complex - i Nasrid iingxande. Ezi ziquka ezintathu complex elizenzekelayo omkhulukazi: Meshuar - yokwakha abaphulaphuli kunye neenkundla, Comares Palace - yokuhlala esemthethweni Emir ngenxa namatheko, Lion Ibhotwe - namagumbi angasese usapho umlawuli. Inxalenye indala wakomkhulu - Meshuar, ezinye izakhiwo zakhiwa ngamaxesha zamaKristu. Nangona kunjalo, le holo ephambili, ezihonjiswe iithayile kunye iingcaphulo yeKoran, igcinwe imilo yayo. Bayekela Meshuara Comares kwibhotwe ehonjiswe kunye iithayile yegolide. Xa Yusuf I Comares Palace yakhiwa kwigumbi lokuhlambela odumileyo Golden. Waba yokuhlala esemthethweni undwendwe ngokusebenzisa kwintendelezo entle Myrtle, ezihonjiswe trellis evergreen. Ehlabathini iyadi zilungiswe ikholam bendawo openwork kunye nakwiingqameko. Isigodlo inqaba Comares kwiholo elide inxibelelanisa ukubingelela of La Barca, ogama iindonga ezihonjiswe moldings udaka kunye iithayile. yingxonde kweemitha 45 silungiselela holo inkulu loonozakuzaku. uphahla lwawo ngephambili yeplanga imele amazulu ezisixhenxe iKurani kunye kwiparadesi engqongwe owawukuDonga emangalisa ngohlobo stalactite. Le nxalenye neyayinobutofotofo komkhulu, kwiikota zabucala, ukuqalela kwentendelezo yayingeyiyo sengonyama. Evela kwintendelezo, unako ukungena kwindlu yerhuluneli amaqhwa, ogama isilingi ke ezihonjiswe zemveli Arabic ndlela - nezibaya zemihlambi ezizodwa. Kwakhona, ukusuka iyadi, ungafaka iiholo of Kings, Justice, Oodade ababini, Biforiev kunye Abenserrahov. Ngamnye kubo umzekelo Moorish nesimbo bemilingo kwexesha. Apha ungabona imizobo, iithayile, sistucco.

iiyadi Famous

amakhaya Muslim zakhiwa ezijikeleze intendelezo, yona iziko iphambili ebomini, ngoko balungiselela ukuba lula kangangoko. Kufuneka ilementi yoyilo - ithende, nto leyo yayisinceda cool kwaye udale imo ocothayo nozolileyo. Kubalulekile kwi IAlhambra ingqalelo eyadini Myrtle - iziko lobomi bentlalo isigodlo echibini elikhulu embindini, engqongwe umda kwemimirtile, Lion Yard - intliziyo ubomi yabucala Emir, embindini apho kukho umthombo namanani iingonyama 12 kujikelezo eyadini kukho nobumbejembeje kunye imikrolo. Enye intendelezo ukuba inxalenye lobuqu Emir - Alberca ( "kwichibi"). Yena ingqongwe kweendonga emarmore emhlophe kunye neeveranda kunye echibini buxande, etyelwe kunye uhlaza, nto leyo ebonakalisa isakhiwo. Zonke iiyadi azele kwimiqolo kunye Iiveranda adala i wamkelekile umthunzi nokunika ubungangamsha isithuba. kugudiswa Luks Iinkundla ngobambana nomnye: oko ithayile, imihlathi nangokukrola obumangalisayo, ngezihombo kunye imibhalo calligraphic. Kwibhotwe kukho iGeneralife kwiNtendelezo Water, nto leyo ifumaneka embindini echibini buxande, engqongwe iindonga Iiveranda.

Towers namasango

IAlhambra ebesoloko ekho, kungekuphela nje ibhotwe, kodwa nje isakhiwo ukuzithethelela. Ngoko ke, neendonga zaso zinokuhonjiswa ezahlukeneyo iinqaba ukuba enze imisebenzi patrol. Bonke enqabeni wasinda ngaphezulu kwe-15 ezinjalo izibonelelo. I Izikrweqe Tower - enye indala inqaba, yayakhiwe ngexesha lokwakha Alkabasy. uhlobo lwakhe ndikhohlakele nangoku osinika uluvo namandla nokuthembeka. Mthinjwa Tower XIII leminyaka waba entolongweni umfazi wakhe amthandayo le Emir. Peak Tower yakhiwa ngokudibene ngohlangothi isango kwaye akhusele izitiya Herenalife.

Kwamasango ngemihla ka-Arabhu zibalulekile, kodwa kufuneka nje yomelela, kodwa ukuba aveze uluvo oluthile, ukuba enze umsebenzi kubuhle. Osele Wine abadala ezihonjiswe nakwiingqameko ezintle etsolo kunye imikrolo. Iron Gate elakhiwa ngenkulungwane XIII kwaye iyakhusela oluthembekileyo yindawo. Ezihlelelekileyo abagcini emnyango yimiyezo iGeneralife.

gadi iAlhambra

East IAlhambra Palace idume izitiya zawo, kungekho ngaphantsi kwe izakhiwo. Emirs bafuna ukwenza ngeenxa ngokwayo uMyezo we-Eden, ngoko ngamanye amaxesha uhlobo iingxande ezihlawulwa ingqalelo ngaphezu izakhiwo. Amanzi kunye nezityalo badlala indima ebalulekileyo sokuyilwa ezibonisa izigodlo. Bezikrokrela amanzi, ivumba iintyatyambo kunye rustle amagqabi ukwakha umoya uxolo epheleleyo nemvisiswano. Kakade emnyango imiyezo ebhotwe undwendwe engena umnyango omkhulu, emagumbini onke licwangciswe ngenyameko, wacinga apha nemithombo namachibi. Kwaye kuyo yonke indawo a lot of imibala: namatyholo, flowerbeds, iimbiza intyatyambo - umtyeleli egxile kwi aura kwe elichumayo nokutshintswa ukuba nomoya sakhiwo. palace ngalinye singqongwe iigadi zangaphandle kwaye ngaphakathi apho unauthorised entry kunyiniwe. In zangaphakathi yawela izityalo zazenziwe, iintyatyambo ezininzi ezintle. Ngaphambili, iigadi yangaphandle nangaphakathi kuphela ngaphandle kweendonga, ngokuqhelekileyo namhlanje bosquets therebetween watyala zalungisa ukwakha iindonga.

Dvorets Karla V

Emva kokuba kuthinjwe abasemagunyeni yayiyiAlhambra zamaKristu, oko eyakhelwe kwebhotwe lokumkani uCharles the Okwesihlanu, kunye nomfazi wakhe Isabella of Portugal. Namhlanje ezithathwa eSpeyin ngokuyimfuneko kuquka utyelelo kule ndawo. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi izakhiwo eziphambili Noluyolo kwi ngesimbo sebhotwe Moorish ikhangeleka ngathi umzimba amazwe. Yenziwe kwi indlela Italian of banomkhwa, iindonga zayo kokutyatyekwa kunye zesi ezaziwa kwesikweri kwindawo eyahlukileyo bekuya kuba mhle, kodwa apha kwabakhangela ndawo. Esi sakhiwo uba lentendelezo, eligangathiweyo ngamatye, kuba singqongwe Iiveranda ezinemigangatho emibini of columns elinoonobumba Ionic. Namhlanje kukho imyuziyam of Arts Fine kunye Museum of iAlhambra.

yaseGeneralife

Kwinkulungwane XIII yayiyiAlhambra Castle elinye yokuhlala intle - kunyaka ekuthiwa yaseGeneralife. Ebhotwe iquka isakhiwo ephambili, izakhiwo lesibini kunye igadi entle. Kwindlu enkulu yakhiwa ngo ngendlela isimbo ngabom elula asifani izigodlo Nasrid. Apha uhlobo phambili. Eyona kwintendelezo yaseGeneralife - nenkundla i lomsele zonkcenkceshelo kunye apho sokutyala imithi yaye wenza uthotho Jets yamanzi. Kwibhotwe wenza iqonga kujongwa kakhulu, nto leyo Granada ibonakale ngokucacileyo. Kwinkulungwane XIX emiyezweni isigodlo yahlula eliphezulu ngezinyuko amanzi emangalisayo kunye Mirador abathandanayo style iniyo-zwe. Lower Gardens - ingaba ulwakhiwo kwenkulungwane XX, akukho ukuphuculwa edlulileyo, kodwa amatyholo kakuhle manicured kunye ezininzi iintyatyambo ndiyizukise indawo mnandi kakhulu ukuba ahambe nobushushu ehlotyeni.

Partal

A indawo eyahlukileyo iAlhambra - it Partal. Ekuqaleni kwibhotwe ngenkulungwane XIV apha Partal okanye ngomkhiwane ( "nesezindlu") yakhiwa. Noko ke, inkoliso izakhiwo azikhange zigcinwe. Namhlanje kule ndawo ungabona inqaba Dame okanye, ngamanye amazwi, i-Prince Tower. It is eyakhelwe eludongeni ongaphandle kwaye iquka ose- esinamasango ezintlanu enhle. ichibi buxande Traditional, kunye nezityalo akhiwe embindini. Ukususela kwentungo yenqaba leyo inde inika iimbono sihle iAlhambra. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX usomashishini German bathenga emazantsi kwintsimi ukwakha zabucala, wanika ilizwe kukumkani iSpanish, endaweni yokuba wafumana ilungelo zokuthengisela eJamani nophahla obutofotofo umsedare nemipopulari kunye ngomsonto, ngoku kuboniswa kwa- Berlin Museum. Lo mmandla Partalya imiyezo ezikufutshane, ezo nto zombini iziseko zezindlu iingangamsha.

ulwazi lokwenza

Ukuze ufumane ukuya yayiyiAlhambra, kufuneka uthathe unonophelo amatikiti. into bandwidth iphantsi, ngoko bathi saa ngokukhawuleza. Unakho ukuthenga ukhenketho eSpeyin e Granada nge-intanethi, kodwa ufuna ukushicilela itikiti kwi-ofisi ngebhokisi komkhulu. Oku kuya kufuna khadi, apho kokuba ihlawulwe. Kukho amatikiti eyahlukileyo izitiya kwaye zonke izakhiwo, ngaphandle Nasrid Palace. Kukho ngokupheleleyo - Kwathi zonke izinto. Kuba Nasrid komkhulu kwi tikiti ziya kubonisa ixesha ngqo lolu tyelelo, kokutyelela ithatha imizuzu engama-30 kuphela, owesibini akakwazi ukuya ngaphakathi.