Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Grand Duchy of Lithuania waqalisa ukuba imilo kwisithuba utshintsho olubalulekileyo meko ngamazwe.

Ngexesha lokusekwa karhulumente wabamba eloyisile indawo enkulu Russia i Mongol-nangezinto. Le nyaniso sisihle, njengoko Grand Duchy of Lithuania Ngaloo ayakhuselwa ayehlasela kwicala elingasempuma kwinkulungwane elandelayo.

Ekubeni Kwisiqingatha sesibini kwenkulungwane ye-12, Lithuanians bohlulwa ezimbini iintlanga. Eyokuqala ibandakanya ongentla Lithuania (aukshtayte), okwesibini - ezisezantsi okanye "Zhmud" (Zemaite).

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Lithuanians sasisendaweni kwinqanaba elisezantsi kwi uphuhliso lwezopolitiko kwe East Slavic izizwe. Ngokuthe ngcembe, iinkosana Lithuanian kwezinye izixeko Russian isamkelwa le theyibhile. Emva Mindaugas (umthetheli Lithuanian) etshabalalise iintshaba zakhe, kukho "yinye". Ngeli xesha iqala ukwenza ingundoqo karhulumente omtsha. Grand Duchy of Lithuania kunye Russian iyaqhubeka azivelele baze abanye balwamkele Duke Mindaugas, ingakumbi ngexesha lolawulo Gediminas. Ekubeni bolawulo lwakhe zikarhulumente bangena kummandla Lithuania phezulu kwaye ziqhotyoshelwe noko kummandla Black Rus (Poneman). Grand Duchy of Lithuania ukuba ahambe naye yaye ezinye Turov-Pinsk kunye nomhlaba Polotsk.

Likomkhulu karhulumente ixesha elithile phezu kwintsimi Russian e Novgorodok Lithuanian. Emva koko, oko bafudukela Vilna.

Ukusingatha ukwakha ilizwe elitsha, olwaqala wokuqala Grand Neendwalutho of Lithuania (Gediminas kunye Mindaugas), emva kokuba waqhubeka UAlgirdas kunye Kęstutis. imisebenzi ziye yahlulwe phakathi kwabo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuzithethelela yelizwe yokulwa imfazwe ngokuchasene le Knights walala phezu emagxeni Keistut, UAlgirdas ibandakanyeka kokuba kuthinjwe imimandla Russian. Ngenxa yoko, i-Grand Duchy of Lithuania ukuba ampheleke Kiev, Polotsk, Volyn, indawo Chernihiv-Seversky, kwakunye iziketi. Ngaloo ndlela umhlaba Old IsiRashiya iwonga lokuzimela.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-14 kule meko Polish kunqunyulwa abalawuli ubukhosi elifutshane. Enyukele itrone Polish intombi Louis xa Jadwiga. Emva kokuba ibekwa, umtshato kwimvumelwano phakathi Jadwiga kunye Jagiello (ezihlangwini UAlgirdas).

Emva komtshato, Jagiello kunye Jadwiga Krevo Union esayinwe 1385 (Union of Lithuania kunye Poland). Ukongeza, kukho ubhaptizo abahedeni Lithuania elukholweni yamaKatolika. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho buthathaka ukholo Orthodox kunye nokupheliswa unqulo lobuhedeni.

Ixesha 14-15 eminyaka amakishiweyo kunye nenkcaso zasekhaya bakha oonyana Olgerda Keistut generic kunye namasebe. Ngenxa yoko, Grand Duchy of Lithuania yayahlulwe iinkalo impembelelo. Ngukumkani e Lithuania Vytautas kwiilali (nyana Keistut).

Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, eli xesha lo zebhola kurhulumente.

Emva kokufa Vytautas ilixa ukuhla kwimbali Lithuania.

Ngowe-1413 waba entolongweni Union of horodło. Ngenkqubo yayo sotyikityo iqala polonization ubulawuli yamaKatolika kunye nokusasazwa. Ukongeza, kunye nesiphelo Gorodelskoy Union baqalisa ukuyila imiqathango ukuba kuhlaselwa kummandla Russian of Poland Grand Duchy.

Iimeko ukuba badalwa kweli lizwe, negalelo kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe. Xa imithombo yembali ibizwa ngokuba "mvukelo Svidrigaylo" (unyana UAlgirdas). Lithuania wohlukana kubini. Eyathatha (Keistut, unyana) wahlala phantsi e Lithuania. Ngomhla Russian amazwe ukuba ngukumkani kwakhe Svidrigaylo. imvukelo yakhe livunyelwe.

Emva kokufa eyathatha wenyuka etroneni Casimir. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, la mazwe Lithuanian ezidityanisiweyo kwakhona isiseko-nkqubo Uniate. Noko ke, bahlala simbi kakhulu.

Casimir waqhubeka umsebenzi ezihlangwini zakhe - eyathatha noAlesandire. Emva kwabo, ibhodi wathatha eyathatha Augustus. Kumlo oluqhubekayo phakathi urhulumente Russian kunye Lithuania ngo-1569 yena entolongweni ePoland, i-Union of Lublin. Kubalulekile kakhulu kuphuhliso yembali Central kunye naseMpuma Europe. Emva wabonakala kokugqitywa manyano Rzeczpospolita - amandla amatsha, kuquka Duchy Ozukileyo ikwazile ukugcina ukuzimela ethile.