Palestine yaMandulo: imbali, inkcubeko kunye namasiko. IFenike yamandulo nasePalestina

Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba kuloyiso zezizwe yamaYuda ngasekupheleni BC nkulungwane yesibini kunye nokufumana imbali ebhaliweyo Palestine yamandulo yaba ummandla apho iimpawu yokuhlala abantu afunyanwa angamakhulu amathandathu amawaka eminyaka BC. Ngenxa amaqhekeza ndifumene zamathambo, izixhobo ezenziwe lenyengane, izinto lwezakhiwo, imingcwabo, kwafunyaniswa ngosoonzululwazi ukuba yokuzingelwa ubuthe kwingingqi malunga 0.6 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, yaye kamva ilandelwa yi ukuvelisa izixhobo ezenziwe iingqalutye, sicanda. Kamva, abantu kulo mmandla aye kakuhle ubuchule izinto zemveliso ngokuthi ukuhlahla NOKUCUKUCEZA kukubola, landa kancinci imveliso yabasebenzi ngaloo mihla.

Ukususela ngokuzingela nokuhlanganiselwa ebomini emzini

History of Ancient Palestine phambi kokuba script yahlulwe, ngokuqhelekileyo ngezigaba ezithathu. Eyokuqala, eyathatha ukuya ku-10 leminyaka BC, ibonisa ukuba abantu kulo mmandla kakhulu inxaxheba ekuqokeleleni nokuzingela. Kwisithuba esiphakathi ko-10 000 - 5300 iminyaka BC, abemi ezininzi zamazwe basePalestina kakuhle ezolimo, kamva - wafudukela emizini ixesha, leyo luphawulwa ukuvela borhwebo, zokuhlala ezisisigxina, ekhusela umkhosi litsha. Ukurekhoda isiganeko wembali saqala apha malunga 2 amawaka. BC.

Palestine Ancient kuyamangalisa ukuba ime emdeni wayo iminyaka eliwaka nesibhozo phambi kukaKristu, njengoko kunjalo "bodwa" kwakukho isixeko saseYeriko. Esi sesinye sezixeko indala emhlabeni, ibekwe iimitha ezingama-260 ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle (indawo lisezantsi). abantu bakhe wokuqala zange lakhe zomdongwe, kodwa bakwazi ukuba babe nokulima umhlaba kwaye yakhelwe ijikeleze iindonga zesixeko ngamatshe, siphila kwixesha elifanayo izindlu zodaka. Natufiytsy (njengoko zibizwa izazinzulu) wabonakala ngenxa ukuxuba Negro-Australoids Europeoids. Babehlala eYeriko kwi BC 8-9 kwiwaka. Emva kwabo, indawo ahlala kuyo abameli tahunian - izizwe, sele ukufuya ngodongwe. Olu hlobo ikomkhulu Palestine wamandulo yatshatyalaliswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kuquka ngokomyalelo kuYoshuwa ekuqaleni BC kwenkulungwane ye-12.

iidolophu Palestine ingabi embindini sasinempumelelo elinye kumaxesha amandulo

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane BC yesine ePalestina waqalisa kuzakubonakala amancinci isixeko-karhulumente, nempumelelo kakhulu ngenxa yokuba kule ndawo kukho iindlela zorhwebo ezininzi, edibanisa Europe, Asia and Afrika. Ukongeza, abahlali Palestine ilizwe bona ikwenzela iimveliso zifunwa. Ngabo abo ityuwa kunye itha ukusuka kuLwandle oluFileyo, kwistibhiya evela Levant, balms evela kwelaseGalili, yobhedu nekarbhunkolo iSinayi, iminquma, newayini, imfuyo kunye kwimveliso yezityalo. Ngelo xesha, Palestine yamandulo yaphuhliswa ubudlelwane urhwebo phakathi imimandla, kodwa akazange abe iziko impucuko, ngokungafaniyo eYiputa, Syria kunye emantla eMesopotamiya, apho kukho phantse yaba umbuso. Kule mimandla Palestine ukuba sele imizana, njengemizi zamaxesha aphakathi of Europe, kodwa, ngokungafaniyo eYiputa, kwakungekho ulwimi olunye olubhaliweyo kunye nokumkani kunokuba abanamandla ngubani kumanyanisa amaqumrhu olawulo eyahlukileyo phantsi kolawulo lwakhe.

Zeziphi imizi ngelo xesha ilifa Palestine? Ihlabathi samandulo, wavula zizazinzulu ngexesha kukugrumba kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kwakunzima phambili ixesha layo. Ngokukodwa, nokuba Neolithic neAshkelon inani nanto lamathambo yezilwanyana kwafunyanwa, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba yindawo engundoqo slaughterhouse yamandulo, nto ezo inyama esinongwe iityuwa kuLwandle oluFileyo. Iyonke indawo ezifumaneka kulo maleko yenkcubeko ze m 16 zamafu. Nokufunda lwafumanisa ukuba kule dolophu Ndihamba indlela bethabathela eYiputa, bade namaHeti, yaye kamva eRoma Greece, umendo yobukumkani Parthian eYiputa. Okulandelayo kule ndawo enkulu kuvele "indlela isiqhumiso 'ukusuka Arabhi,' indlela iziqholo" ye baseNabataea e uPetra kwaye Eilat iemenskie namazibuko i-Indian Ocean. Akumangalisi ukuba isixeko wafuna ukuba zifake bonke abeza kumazwe Palestine.

Settlement ePalestina waye ngokuphindaphindiweyo tsariweke eBibeleni

Ziziphi zokuhlala ke eyaziwayo ababephila ngexesha Palestine yamandulo? Isifundo 5 esikolweni kwibakala, ungafuna ukongeza ulwazi zokuhlala ezifana eGaza iAshdode. EGaza yenye yezona izixeko zamandulo ehlabathini , Inxalenye yomFilisti Pentapolis (owasekwa ngo-3 amawaka BC.) - zokuhlala ezintlanu, umiwe amaFilisti, ekuqaleni kuphela kuMbindi Mpuma intsimbi owned lokunyibilikisa ubugcisa kwaye kuye kwakho iimfazwe ngempumelelo. IBhayibhile ikhankanya eGaza izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama mabini. Isixeko samandulo ePalestina, Ashdod, waye enabantu abaninzi nkqu BC-10 leminyaka. Izakhiwo zokuqala kule sayithi ziphantsi ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe BC, kwaye ukukhankanywa lokuqala esibhaliweyo - kwinkulungwane ye-14 BC. IAshdode bekusoloko yokuhlala orhwebo, nto leyo yathabatha amaKanan, amaFilisti, Asiriya, amaYiputa, kunye nabanye.

Ingcamango umdla oonobangela lokufuduka kumazwe Palestine kwi amawaka-2. BC. e.

Yamandulo Palestine (leklasi lesikolo 5 akunakwenzeka ukuba aqhelane mibono) ukususela ngenkulungwane yesithathu BC ndazi nokuphuma ongenelelo ebalulekileyo. Ezinye izazinzulu yesayensi (Zecharia Sitchin, ingakumbi) bacinga ukuba yokufuduka nabantu abavela esentlango entshonalanga kunye kumntla-mpuma nto ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa yokufana kwezixhobo zenyukliya 2048 BC kummandla we-yeSinayi lizwe ethile yimpucuko ehambele phambili ngakumbi. Oku kwabangela ukungcoliswa radiation ngengingqi kunye nencum enkulu zemfuduko (i imizila esele ngegalelo elingenzeka ye yaseSinayi Peninsula njenge sintered kwi amaqondo iingqalutye ephezulu). Ngokukodwa, ezweni wasePalestina zakwa ezininzi Hyksos (mhlawumbi umbutho amalekitov, hannaneev, huritov kunye nezinye izizwe amadlelo), owaba inqwelo kunye nomkhosi lula woyisa iYiputa Palestine, ngaloo mihla yayingenayo mahashe.

Izinto ezingekho eziziimpawu ngexesha wendlu kunye engile ezimbini

Qaphela ukuba inkcubeko wasePalestina kokubhalwa kwembali wamandulo zizityebi iimfihlelo zakudala. Ngokukodwa, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa kwiingcamba lilungu kuMbindi Paleolithic, blade, ezahlukeneyo kakhulu isigama ukusuka umzimba omkhulu yezixhobo lalibukele abantu emqolombeni emphakathini. bavuka njani apho kwaye kutheni ngokukhawuleza shwaka ukujikeleza, kuhlala imfihlelo unanamhla. Ukufunda indlela amalungiselelo yaMandulo (leklasi lesikolo 5) ePalestina, unako ukuzoba ingqalelo abafundi 'indlela zokuhlala bamandulo zakhiwa kule ndawo. ekuqaleni Kuba apho apse ekhaya (aseludongeni mnye egosogoso, leyo eyayingafuni nodonga ezimbombeni ezimbini). Kumagumbi eziliqela izakhiwo umiwe ngabantu, phantse lonke ngokudibene iinkomo isitokhwe ukutya.

Kweli xesha kamva izityebi baqalisa ukwakha enemigangatho emibini izakhiwo buxande, apho abanini baphila kumgangatho wesibini kwaye emhlabeni ziye ishedi, yokugcina, igumbi. izindlu zabucala emizini ngokwabo akonelanga - uninzi kummandla wedolophu kuhlala iinqaba, izakhiwo zoluntu, ezifana iicawa, izitrato ezininzi elimxinwa. Apha kumiwa kakhulu yesandla seengcibi, ukuhlonipheka, amajoni, abarhwebi, lo gama abalimi babehlala ngaphandle kweendonga komzi, ku Selishche.

iitempile yazo efana eMesopotamiya

Ukubakho kwi zokuhlala (eMegido, gai, neBhete Dzheharov, neBhete-shan) izakhiwo ezinkulu iintsalela, ufikelela amashumi eemitha ubude, kunye iintsika, iintendelezo, ngokufuthi liqhutywe i "empuma-ntshona", kuvunyelwa ukuba imvume inani abaphengululi ukuba abantu basePalestina ngo kumaxesha amandulo banqula oothixo (iitempile ezifanayo ezindlwini eMesopotamiya kuBhahali-kaDagon isakhiwo). Kodwa kumbiwa kwezi zixeko ayikwazanga ukufumana naziphi izibingelelo ezifanayo kunye nenkolo. Ngoko ke, ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ezi "iitempile" nje bhuma. Palestine wamandulo ngemihla yokuqala ngokuhlaselwa abantu abashiya, azafunyanelwa ndawo kwinkcubeko yayo ngohlobo iiseramikhi ezithile (seroloschenoy) kwaye bazale (hayi eboniswe apho) udaka ilitye kwisingqusho, kunye nabantu abatsha izixhobo phantse zange sasetyenziswa zenziwe ngethambo okanye lenyengane . Nempembelelo inkcubeko yalo mmandla nommelwane nkqi - eYiputa, apho, wavele, weza "fashion" ezityeni zodongwe ebomvu ngenkxola, phezu kwizele elimxinwa.

EPalestina yamandulo umfanekiso befonti

An imeko yamandulo ePalestina abafunyenwe bebhaliwe kuloo leminyaka BC yesibini yokuqala wayo, kwaye leta lisetyenziswa kwi kufanekisela. Inani loonobumba ezisetyenziswayo kuquka iimilo ezahlukeneyo zejiyometri, umz, umnqamlezo kunye nomfanekiso somntu eyingozi ezahlukeneyo. Amaninzi uphawu wenza ezityeni, apho iimpahla zothutho. Kodwa nezinye izizwe wabhala kulo mmandla kakhulu ngakumbi. Umzekelo, eYiputa, ngenkulungwane ezingamashumi amabini anesine BC wabonakala uphawu yokuqala amaphulo emkhosini nama-namaPalestina mmandla (ekhokelwa yi-ngqwayi Ezantsi). Xa imithombo hannaneyskih, le ndawo ibizwa ngokuba, ngokulandelelanayo, eKanan. Malunga ePalestina (Syria Palestine) wabhala kwiincwadi zakhe yekaHerodotus, yaye ke, lo mmandla ngokuphindaphindiweyo ezikhankanywe kula maxwebhu zonqulo, kuquka iBhayibhile.

Ukususela phakathi BC kwewaka lesibini, ngenxalenye iFenike yamandulo nasePalestina (phantse ngokupheleleyo), umiwe amaKanan (kubandakanywa amaFilisti) kunye nezizwe amonitskie, waba ngokuxhomekeke nokuhlasela abantu amadlelo Habiru (Ibra, izinyanya wamaHebhere amandulo), ngubani, phakathi kwabo yonke ngcembe balufunda amavila. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho ezithile ngokwezinga iklasi eya kwandisa ngamandla ize namalungu oluntu ibango ukuba iinkokheli abaqala wafumana uluntu zesizwe ezincinane sizoku lwisana impembelelo kuyaphelelwa kwezi emphaya kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo ngokususela nokuphuhliswa kokutshintshiselana zorhwebo kunye yayiziimfazwe (Egypt). Akungeentloko zala iimanyano baqalisa yokuhlanganisa ummandla wayo uphela macala kubo. Ngoko ke, kwezi ndawo kwabakho ubukumkani uKumkani uSawule wakwaSirayeli, owathi kamva waba kubukumkani obumanyeneyo bakwaSirayeli nabakwaYuda (phantsi ookumkani kaDavide noSolomon). It yaphela emva kokufa kaSolomon, yaye ngokuyinxenye yoyiswa ngukumkani waseAsiriya uSargon II.

Kulo mmandla, akukho nakuphumla amawaka eminyaka

History of Palestine yaMandulo e kwinkulungwane elandelayo edibene ukungqubana kwemihla rhoqo iimfuno ezahlukeneyo, iinkcubeko, iintlanga kwizizwe ezikhoyo kule mini, ngaphandle ngokongeza uxolo nokuthula kule ngingqi. Ngokomzekelo, emva kokuba iAsiriya ehlise lihambile BC ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe. e. AmaJuda azama ukubuyela kwintsimi Palestine, kodwa endaweni yoko wenziwa kamva yahlaselwa uKumkani uNebhukadenetsare nokuphangwa ikomkhulu labo njalo-njalo. Xa labemi kula mazwe baye ngokuphindaphindiweyo yebiwa ekuthinjweni (eBhabhiloni, Egypt), kodwa uye phaya.

Umahluko phakathi Palestine nezaseFenike

IFenike yamandulo nasePalestina, nangona ubume efanayo abahlala beentlanga zabo kunye nokuba kufutshane, abanye awohluke yommandla ngamnye. Umzekelo, iFenike zange indawo enkulu yezolimo, kodwa isixeko kwizibuko yorhwebo enkulu, apho kuphuhliswa elide oomatiloshe (yomkhosi abangekho). omkhulu Excellent, ngamaFenike, ukunika impahla eYiputa, ewela ngamaxesha phantsi kwedyokhwe ubukhosi yamandulo (phakathi kwenkulungwane BC yesibini, umzekelo). Kamva eziphuhliswe urhwebo kunye eKrete, nto leyo nayo ngelo xesha loovimba enkulu yobhedu.

YaseFenike isixeko-States yavelisa iintlanzi esomileyo, iwayini, amafutha omnquma, baba ngabokuqala ukusebenzisa amakhoboka Ngelixesha kwakwuse kumnyama kule imikhumbi. Zivela kule ndawo inkqubo yokubhala esekelwe kwi Imifanekiso zaseYiputa, esalinikwayo ekuqaleni kamva-alfabhethi zamaGrike. indawo yaseFenike kwi BC ngenkulungwane ye-12 yakwazi ukuba ukuzimela eYiputa yaphuhliswa ngendlela amazwe kwezinye iindawo. abahlali besixeko anesibindi eya ukuhamba elwandle nisekelwe umzi, umzekelo, eCarthage, amatyotyombe e Malta kunye ESardinia.

Inkoliso Bible afumaneka iingqayi kwihlabathi lamandulo

Ngomhla ummandla wakwaSirayeli, amaYuda Palestine ezinxulumene nezifundo zeBhayibhile, nto leyo banika ihlabathi unqulo elitsha - ubuKristu. Kwaye phezu kunxweme yoLwandle oluFileyo, kwindawo engqonge Wadi laseQumran imisongo yamandulo afunyanwa laseQumran nasemingxunyeni ePalestina. La maxwebhu, ezo yesandla emidala iBhayibhile ehlabathini, etywiniweyo iingqayi, ngempazamo wafumana umalusi. Ekubeni misongo ulusu akafanelekanga ukuba imveliso weembadada, umalusi babo waqhubeka kangangexesha elithile ententeni yakhe ephila, yaye emva koko Abathengiswa ngelize eBhetelehem ngo 1947. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba le-ngqangi oxabisekileyo kwinkcubeko ihlabathi wenza i enkolweni namaEssene kwi BC ngenkulungwane yokuqala. Ziquka phantse zonke iincwadi zeTestamente eNdala, kunye nenani amaxwebhu axhasayo.