Imbali Russia ka ngenkulungwane ye-14

ngekhulu 14 - ngexesha utshintsho ebalulekileyo kubomi oozilawuli Russian. Kweli xesha zembali ekugqibeleni wamisela amandla Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene ngasentla-mpuma imimandla zamazwe Russian. Ngokuthe ngcembe phakathi fiefdoms ezincinane ibatshise nomzabalazo ubukhulu kunye nokudala malunga nemeko yakhe fiefdom entsha zangaphakathi. Kuphela iinzame ezibambeneyo zomhlaba Russian bamphose off idyokhwe nothwal uthathe indawo yawo phakathi amagunya yaseYurophu. Phakathi imizi endala, ndawatshabalalisa yi kuphangwa Tatar, kwakungekho amandla, akukho elite lezopolitiko, okanye ukuba nempembelelo, ukuze kungabikho Kiev okanye Vladimir kunye Suzdal ayikwazanga ibango ukuba ubukumkani nekamva lweziko. Rus ngenkulungwane ye-14 savelisa buso ezintsha elugqatsweni. It Novgorod Republic, i-Grand Duchy of Lithuania kunye impangele.

umhlaba Novgorod. inkcazelo emfutshane

Ngemihla yakudala, mabutho Mongolian bengekafiki Novgorod. Esi sixeko wanda Sandixhasa impembelelo yayo ngenxa kwindawo yayo engundoqo phakathi kwiBaltic ithi, emazweni empumalanga Russian kunye Grand Duchy of Lithuania. iminyaka snap Cold 13-14 (Little Ice Age) ngokubonakalayo yancitshiswa izivuno kwi kumazwe Novgorod, Novgorod kodwa wasinda waza waba kubabetha nkqu ngokwandisa imfuno rye nengqolowa kwiimarike lweBaltic.

Novgorod device Political

Isakhiwo sezopolitiko umzi kufutshane izithethe Slavic Chamber. Olu hlobo ulawulo lwemicimbi zangaphakathi eyayikho kwamanye amazwe Russian, kodwa emva kokuba amakhoboka Russia ngokukhawuleza bafika ababhangayo. Ngokusesikweni, abasemagunyeni kwi seLizwe Vershilo Chamber - ifomu ezisemagunyeni yamandulo. Kodwa enyanisweni kwimbali Russia lwe ngenkulungwane ye-14 ngo-Novgorod ukulawula ezandleni abemi lezityebi. ukutya okuziinkozo Ukuthengiswa kunye norhwebo akuzo zonke iindlela adalwe Novgorod ezinawo ebanzi kakhulu lezityebi - i "ibhanti yegolide", ngempela leyo esetyenziselwa ukwenza ezopolitiko kwi ukubusa.

Kude kube ukulawula yokugqibela Moscow ubulawuli of Novgorod lizwe yaba yeyona olubanzi yonke olumanyanisa Russia ngenkulungwane ye-14.

Kutheni Novgorod waba iziko

indawo Novgorod zange enabantu abaninzi, nkqu ngexesha le ubulawuli yabemi Novgorod engazange ngaphezulu 30 amawaka abantu -. Eli xabiso wayengakwazi boyise kumazwe angabamelwane, okanye ukubabamba okusemandleni abo. Nangona imbali Novgorod ngenkulungwane ye-14 ubiza kwelinye lamaziko zamaKristu ngobukhulu, eBandleni seLizwe ngamandla enkulu. Enye ingxaki enkulu yaba ukuchuma ophantsi Novgorod kwaye uxhomekeke kakhulu kwiindawo kumzantsi ngakumbi. Novgorod ngcembe baba ngakumbi kwaye uthembele eMoscow, yaye ekugqibeleni waba esinye sezixeko eMoscow ubulawuli.

I sicelo yesibini. Grand Duchy of Lithuania

kuba Imbali Russia ngenkulungwane ye-14 akaphelelanga ngaphandle kwenkcazelo bempembelelo ethe waba phezu kumazwe kwintshona Duchy of Lithuania (ON). Kwakheka kwi emanxuweni lifa enkulu of Kiev, ibuthe phantsi kweflegi zalo Lithuanians, i Balts kunye nokuxubana. Sizoku lwisana kuhlasela njalo hlokondiba rusichi Western ukubonile Lithuania -isijikelezi yayo yendalo nxamnye mabutho Golden mkhosi.

Power nenkolo ON

Amandla kwilixa zikarhulumente ebeyinalo prince - oko Kwakhona ngokuba Gospodar. Wathobela akhonze ezincinane - rolero. Kungekudala ON livela liqumrhu lowiso elizimeleyo - ipalamente, nto leyo ibhunga yamakhosi anempembelelo uqinisa isikhundla babo kwiinkalo ezininzi nkqubo zasekhaya. Ingxaki enkulu yaba kukunqongophala ileli ecacileyo yokulandelelana - kokufa Prince yangaphambili Bamqumbisa ukuvela phakathi ezihlangwini ezinokubakho, yaye ngokufuthi ezongezelelekileyo itrone ayikho umthetho ngokwawo, kwaye eyona abanganyanisekanga kubo.

Religion e Lithuania

Njengokuba unqulo, ngenkulungwane ye-14 iye iimiba ukuya kumda wesangqa Duchy ethile Lithuania iimbono zonqulo kunye sympathies. Lithuanians kudala ajika ngempumelelo phakathi ubuKatolika Orthodox, entliziyweni yakhe, wahlala nabahedeni. Prince akwazi kubhaptizwa elukholweni yamaKatolika, kwaye ubhishophu ngexesha elifanayo abathi Orthodox. Izihlwele ezibanzi abalimi kunye baloo dolophu ubukhulu becala ithotyelwe Orthodox waqalisa, ngenkulungwane ye-14 babelawula ukhetho wokholo uluhlu namahlakani iintshaba kunokwenzeka kunye. Ngokuba yobuKatolika iYurophu enamandla, Orthodox wahlala ngenxa kumazwe asempuma, apho kuhlawulwa qho nezinye iinkolo.

Kutheni Lithuania

West Russia e kwiinkulungwane 14-15, ngobuchule wajika phakathi Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunye bahlaseli yaseYurophu. Le meko ezingafanelanga ukuba amaqela amakhulu yonke imigaqo-nkqubo kwaloo minyaka. Kodwa emva kokufa UAlgirdas uyilawulayo ubulawuli ocande ezandleni Jagiello. Phantsi kwemiqathango Krevsk Union, yena watshata heiress ye-Commonwealth waza waba de facto kumlawuli zombini ilizwe elikhulu. UbuKatolika ngcembe ukungena kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi kazwelonke. Impembelelo enamandla unqulo baziintshaba wenza kube nzima ukuba umanyano zala mazwe kumntla-mpuma ngeenxa Lithuania, ngoko Vilnius akazange abe eMoscow.

impangele

Omnye ezinqabeni ezininzi ezincinane lokuzalwa kwabo yeyozuko Dolgoruky Vladimir ulawulo, kwindawo ilungelo ekwahlukaneni kweendlela zorhwebo. EMoscow Little yasingatha Abarhwebi bevela empumalanga nasentshonalanga, kwafuneka ukufikelela kwi iVolga kunye elunxwemeni emantla. ngenkulungwane ye-14 bazisa eMoscow ezininzi amadabi nentshabalalo, kodwa emva ukuhlaselwa ngamnye umzi ukuba sakhiwe. EMoscow baqala ukutshintsha umlawuli walo - umthetheli - wamphuthuma ngempumelelo umgaqo-nkqubo yokukhuthaza abantu ngenxa iminyinyiva ezahlukeneyo ngokuqinileyo ezinza kuluhlu entsha. ukwandiswa lomgadi ndawo wanceda ukomeleza amandla nesikhundla ubulawuli. Kule imeko ilungelo kobukhosi ngokupheleleyo, uze uthobele umyalelo ngokulandelelana. Amandla unyana omdala akukho olwaba khona bekukho imihlaba emikhulu kunye neyona ilungileyo ubulawuli ophethe yakhe. ukuthembeka iMoscow kakhulu landa emva seLizwe uloyiso phezu Mamai ngo-1380 - omnye loyiso eziphawuleka kakhulu ukuba kungafumaneka Russia ngenkulungwane ye-14. Imbali iye yanceda eMoscow ukuba ukuvuka imbangi obungunaphakade - lwaseTibheriya. Emva kwenye Mongol ayehlasela isixeko ebengenako ukuchacha yimali waza waba ingumbuso of eMoscow.

nokuqiniswa sokumiswa

Imbali Russia ngenkulungwane ye-14 ngcembe ibeka eMoscow intloko bengatshatanga. Sekunjalo ingcinezelo enamandla loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, kodwa amabango enamandla emasimini kumntla-mpuma ngabamelwane esemantla nasentshona. Kodwa wadubula phezulu ilitye yokuqala Orthodox e Moscow, eli nani lenyuswa laya indima ibandla, leyo waba nomdla kakhulu xa kwakudalwa bengatshatanga. Ukongeza, ngenkulungwane ye-14 yaba sisiganeko nangoloyiso ezimbini ezinkulu. I-Battle of Kulikov endle wabonisa ukuba Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, uyakwazi ukuqhuba elizweni Russian. Imfazwe elide kunye Grand Duchy of Lithuania yaphela kunye ekubulaleni Lithuanians, kunye Vilnius ngonaphakade ashiywe iinzame ikoloni kumntla-ntshona. Ngoko eMoscow wenze le Amanyathelo okuqala ukusekwa sokumiswa yayo.