Health kunye namanzi. Umgangatho wamanzi okusela

ngococeko amanzi, nokugcina umgangatho up yayo umgangatho - omnye wemingeni ejongene uluntu. Indlela siya ukumelana nayo, kuxhomekeke ubomi kunye nempilo yabemi boMhlaba.

Amanzi - obanzi kunayo kwi planethi inamehlo yendalo. amandla ayo ubushushu utshintsha nonlinearly: ifika amaxabiso asezantsi kwi 37 ° C. Amanzi umqhubi ihlwempu umbane. Phambi kuyo of neetyuwa zichithakala kwandisa conductivity yayo.

Awohluke zesakhiwo chemical

iimolekyuli Compound H ₂ O izinzile ngokwaneleyo ukuba, xa idityaniswe ngempahla zombane ezizodwa, yenza kube kuphela iphela. Kungenxa yoko le nto amanzi usoloko ezahlukeneyo iikhompawundi chemical. Isambuku izinto lucaciswa kule theyibhile ilapha D. I. Mendeleeva, ekhona ngamanzi yendalo. imisebenzi isanda esebenzayo mveliso uluntu kukhokelela imbonakalo kulo eziliqela iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo organic, nto leyo kutheni kufuneka basoko belwakhele umkhanya inani labo. Ngenxa yoko, ucoceko amanzi kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo. Ubume kwemolekyuli (ukusuka trihydric ngayo yeyona incinane) ichaza iimpawu ezininzi ezibalulekileyo iikhompawundi ezifana H ₂ O.

Isixa kwamanzi eziphilayo

Le omdala Umzimba womntu umthamo wamanzi umalunga 65-70% ubunzima bayo iyonke. Umxholo yayo liphezulu kakhulu ekutyeni. Iintlanzi, umzekelo, lufikelela 85% in inyama - 79% ngo-iziqhamo oyile yemifuno ifikelela 78-97%. Ethetha isixa amanzi emzimbeni, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba akhawunti isiqingatha kuphela kangangoko umthamo wayo kuthelekiswa eziqulethe zonke imilambo komhlaba. Umntu unako ukuphila ngaphandle ukutya iintsuku 65-70, kodwa kungekho manzi oko ukubamba kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa. Ukuba kuyenzeka ilahleko elingana 6-8% iyonke ubunzima bomzimba, uqala emzimbeni olomeleleyo. Ukuba ilahleko zayo ixabise 10-20% iyonke ubunzima bomzimba, kukho isoyikiso ebomini.

Uvavanyo kwezalathisi komgangatho wamanzi

ucoceko Amanzi kuvavanywa nezalathisi ezithile. Ngokutsho nesithethe, kufuneka ibe lula kumafa lwabo iikhemikhali kunye ngokunxulumene bhubhane. yezempilo Water evandlakanywe parameters zilandelayo: ubukho kwamagciwane khona olwaye lwamfimfitha izifo kunye magciwane; yoxinaniso emanzini lweekhemikhali, kuquka radioactive; utshintsho kwiipropati ekuthiwa organoleptic (umbala ukufumaneka, incasa, ivumba, ukubonakala turbidity, ifilimu okanye amagwebu).

umgangatho Amanzi kwesifo

Ukuba umgangatho wamanzi okusela yimeko ihlwempu yempilo abo basebenzisa oko, ibe mbi kakhulu. Ngokutsho WHO, nyaka ngamnye kumazwe asakhasayo, amakhulu amawaka abantu bafa ngenxa iipropati yayo ayamkelekanga. Ukusasazeka kwezifo wamathumbu (amatyala million 500 ngonyaka ngamnye, apho amazwe asaphuhlayo accounted for malunga nama-80% kwesi sifo yabhalwa) lu dityanisiwe izezikumgangatho ophantsi amanzi okusela okanye yokunqongophala.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kakuhle ezisemgangathweni ngaphakathi kungakhokelela zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa kananjalo zisetyenziswe imifuno ezingahlanjwanga ukutya eziye ikhule emasimini, ukunkcenkceshela obala. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba inani labantu abangenakho ukufikelela kumanzi acocekileyo ngu 1.1 billion. Ngoko ke akukho ngozi NGUBANI oye abeke phambili inkqubo kunyaka-10 ngenjongo yokuphucula unikezelo lwamanzi, njengengxaki lwehlabathi zentlalo kunye nempilo bonke amazwe.

imithombo yamanzi

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba imithombo esetyenziselwa sonikezelo lwamanzi, ngeenjongo amayeza, ulonwabo imidlalo, nokuqubha, kwakunye kwamachibi ibekwe ngaphakathi kwimida zokuhlala, umgangatho wamanzi ukuhlangabezana imigangatho yococeko. Ukuba ubume bendalo yamanzi ayikho ngokwanelisayo okanye ukuba umthombo luphawulwa ungcoliseko olugabadeleyo anthropogenic, nkqu iindlela ezininzi mihla wokucoca abakwazi ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ngokwanelisayo.

Imithombo yamanzi alinganiswa kwi iimpawu ezahlukeneyo umzimba, phakathi leyo ebaluleke kakhulu ezi zilandelayo: umgangatho wamanzi, nangokuvela kwalo emntwini-ezenziwe (ezentlalo), kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo, kwakunye yococeko umthombo ukuthembeka, ngamanye ukuqina kwayo kwizinto zendalo ezenziwe ngumntu. Ukuba sithethe unikezelo amanzi okusela kwindawo enye, ukuthembeka ucoceko umthombo wayo kuxhomekeke kubuchule layo ukugcina umgangatho wamanzi kwinqanaba eliphezulu, kwakunye nezinga flow eyaneleyo ezifunekayo ukuze ezikunika inkqubo amanzi ekucwangciselwa yena.

Imithombo yamanzi - nto ngathi komhlaba kunye namanzi esesibhakabhakeni, kunye namanzi evulekileyo. Ne zithanda kukhetha idla kunikwa komhlaba, kungcono ukuba kusetyenziswe eyendeleyo. layers zomhlaba manzi ngokuthembekileyo ubakhusele ukungcoliseka komhlaba. Xa data ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa amanzi okanye engekho ngokusekelwe kwi kweminye imithombo yamanzi. Kulo mzekelo ziziiprayorithi zilandelayo (ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu):

• wamanzi uwabonisa;
• imilambo, amadama ukuba (a flow olulawulwayo);
• Lake;
• komlambo ngaphandle emadamini (kunye kwemali ezingalawulwayo);
• angenwa lulwelo omhlaba baveze zexa elizayo;
• imithombo kunye namaqhosha (ukhetho best).

Ukuvavanywa umgangatho wamanzi okusela

Phakathi amaxwebhu iphambili ngokusekelwe apho kwenziwa uhlalutyo bamanzi, kufanele kuqatshelwe ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• GOST 2761-84.
• SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01.
• SanPiN 2.1.4.1175-02.
• SanPiN 2.1.4.1110-02.

Chaza ngamnye kubo.

GOST 2761-84

Uxwebhu yokuqala kuludwe lwethu, GOST 2761-84, uthi thaca iinqobo ekufuneka ilandelwe xa ukhetha imithombo yamanzi (komhlaba okanye ngaphantsi komhlaba) sonikezelo lwamanzi kwindawo enye. Olu xwebhu kwakhona kwakubonisa imigaqo ixabiso iimpawu bacteriological, imichiza, organoleptic ngokwasemzimbeni amanzi. Ngaphezu koko, inika iindlela ukuze kungonakali yayo iyenze umgangatho kumthombo othile. Uhlalutyo Amanzi kufuneka sibonise ukungabikho Manyaniso kwezi Propati kwaye nokwakhiwa, ezingenako kungakhokelela ngeendlela processing esele yamkelekile.

Imichiza eziqulathwe emanzini, asifanele zikhuphe-incasa kunye nevumba, ubukho amagwebu unokukhuthaza, uguqule umbala amanzi. Ngamanye amazwi, akufuneki ukuba zimbi iimpawu zayo abathengi kunye neempawu organoleptic. Yeyona umsebenzi nokuqinisekisa ngexabiso ulandela GOST. isampulu Amanzi kufuneka wenziwe ngocoselelo ukuthintela intsebenzo Bill. Ngokungqinelana GOST, amanzi kufuneka ibe nempembelelo engentle kummandla we imowudi sanitary (iinkqubo self-zokuthambisa) zokugcina emzimbeni womntu.

Kuqheleke radioactive nemichiza izinto kwimeko-bume, kuqukwa amanzi, kukho isinyuko kusekelwe kumgaqo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphakathi boxinzelelo yokwakha (amathamo) ubukho kwezinto ezithile akuyongozi (ekhuselekileyo) ukuya eziphilayo. Efunekayo xa oku kuyimfuneko ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo iziphumo ixesha elide ukwenzeka.

SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01

Namhlanje le eziyintloko, esisiseko imimiselo ukusungula kweli lizwe imigaqo yococeko ngamanzi, ke wesibini maxwebhu angasentla, SanPin 2.1.4.1074-01. Ekubhekiselelwe kuzo norm ukwakhiwa amanzi okusela, kufanele kuphawulwe, cinga izinto akhawunti apho ayinqweneleki kwaye azisebenzisele kuphela ngaphakathi kwemida ethile. Izithako mayibekho emanzini, hayi ziyaqwalaselwa apha. Kufuneka ke ukuba imigangatho yococeko, iqulethwe kuwo, ngokupheleleyo zabo na umgangatho umgangatho wamanzi asetyenziselwe ukusela, kunye database federal. Yena siyabizwa xa kukho imfuneko inkqubo umgangatho wamanzi esweni ezithile (concrete) ezisendleleni. Ngu nokwakhiwa ezingummiselo kulo mzekelo, umgaqo indlela yommandla.

SanPiN 2.1.4.1175-02

Enye uxwebhu ebalulekileyo, ngokungqinelana ne apho ukuhlola ngococeko amanzi kunye bonelelo SanPin 2.1.4.1175-02. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kwizakhiwo zayo composition, kufuneka ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho ethile, ezo zidweliswe kule theyibhile lolu xwebhu. ingqalelo Kuninzi ihlawulwe SanPiN iimpawu amanzi, nto leyo oluvo. Uxwebhu alandelayo izalathisi imichiza ezichongiweyo: namasalela owomileyo, pH, igcwala permanganate, nitrate, kloride kunye sulphates. Ngaphezu koko, akukho nto ebonisa umxholo eyamkelekileyo kwezinto ezithile imichiza kwinqanaba kwangaphambili esingadlulanga Mac (ubuninzi yoxinaniso avumelekile imithetho yezempilo). Ngokuhambelana kwezi zalathisi kulinganiswa isampuli yamanzi. Kuba umthombo nganye, uluhlu ezilawulwa kufuneka ifakwe ngokwahlukeneyo. Kufuneka ngokususela kwiimeko zendawo, kwakunye neziphumo afunyenwe nokuhlola sanitary.

SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02

SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02 wadala ukulawula umgangatho wamanzi okusela zahlanganiswa kwizikhongozeli. Ukumelwa norms zococeko kunye nemigaqo azisebenzi ukuba amagumbi okudlela, lonyango-itafile kunye namanzi ukuphiliswa bezimbiwa. Eyona njongo ephambili yale migangatho kukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu kweli lizwe prepacked umxholo eliphezulu lamanzi kwezondlo leyo kangangoko. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngexesha imveliso yawo ukusetyenziswa ngamalungiselelo neklorin is invalid. Ozonation kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo processing ngokwasemzimbeni (umz, unyango kunye radiation UV) zezona ndlela owamkelekileyo kweentsholongwane. Uphononongo amanzi ezilungiselelwe intengiso iya kunyanzeleka ukuba aphumeze kumenzi nganye.

Ngaba kukho kubakho amanzi awaneleyo kuluntu

Standards ngamanzi asetyenziselwa ukuselwa, rhoqo zisahlaziywa ngenxa ukuhla komgangatho wemo engqongileyo, waphawula ngenxa zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, ngokunjalo ngokunxulumene ukukhula kolwazi lwenzululwazi. Ukuhlangabezana ezi nguqu, izixhobo eziphuculweyo kunye nobuxhakaxhaka esetyenziselwa zokuhlanjululwa amanzi. umsebenzi yomntu, ngamnye wethu, kukusebenzisa ngenxa inzuzo yabo, lo gama nje ukutshabalalisa eziphila emanzini.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ezimbaxa kunye H2O olungumgubo lweentsana yenye izibonelelo ezingundoqo iplanethi yethu. Kunzima ukucinga oko kwakuza kwenzeka kuye ukuba amanzi acocekileyo iphelile okanye hayi wenziwe ucoceko yayo. Ukusela amanzi kubalulekile ukuba umntu. Kufuneka ndisele usuku isixa iilitha ezimalunga 1.7. Ukupheka, ukuhlamba kunye nezinye iimfuno zemihla ngemihla ngamnye kuthi kufuneka senani izihlandlo-20. Intsongelo lokutshabalala kwamanzi ebalulekileyo okusela lethu lugciniwe okwangoku. Zonke izinto eziphilayo ubunzima ukusuka ungcoliseko lwamanzi. Iba eziphilayo mpilweni. Kuyimfuneko ukuba kuthintelwe ungcoliseko bafa emanzini, kuncitshiswe umthamo yayo emhlabeni.