Eyona eziphambili Iinjongo ze wano. inkqubo karhulumente ehlanganisiwe yothintelo kunye lomqhubi kwiimeko zongxamiseko

Ongalusebenzisiyo imfuneko yemfundo eRashiya nakumazwe aphesheya ke ibinyanzeliswa ukwanda kokuziswa usongo zomkhosi, uphuhliso kunye nophuculo oluqhubekayo zonke iintlobo izixhobo.

Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lemfazwe kunye nexesha post-mpi wokhuselo yasekuhlaleni (art EMERCOM of Russia) zange kusindiswa kuphela abemi ezininzi ngexesha zokudubula nomoya izimangalo notshaba, ukuvaleka nya, imiqathango basiwa ukuphila ophambili labemi, defused oonokrwece unexploded kunye zibhombu, wazisusa izakhiwo kunye isakhiwo, kodwa wambuyisela lwemijelo phantsi komhlaba kunye namanzi, imigca umbane kunye nonxibelelwano, izithuba umyalelo, yaye ngaphezulu.

inkalo zomthetho malunga ukukhuselwa labemi beli lizwe kunye nemimandla yayo kwiimeko zongxamiseko

Kuba ngqa kwilizwe lethu, nangenxa yomthetho ye-Russian Federation № 261 ukusuka 18.04.1992 kunyaka: "Xa ngokusekwa kwenkqubo isilumkiso Russian nempendulo likaxakeka", inkqubo ahambelanayo yasekwa ngenxa ekuthinteleni zonke iintlobo zemeko kaxakeka kunye lemfazwe kwaye loxolo, ukuvalwa wabo xa ukwenzeka, ngokunjalo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko ngokupheleleyo labemi, ukhuseleko olunzulu okusingqongileyo kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo koqoqosho.

Kamva, izithethe zombutho kunye esemthethweni ye-Russian Federation elawula ukhuselo yabantu ngexesha likaxakeka, ngokunjalo umoya, amanzi kunye nesithuba komhlaba, okusingqongileyo kunye nentlalo izibonelelo, amaziko mveliso, zaye kulawulwa nguMthetho Federal "Xa ukhuselo kubemi kunye nemimandla kwiimeko zongxamiseko yendalo ngumntu uhlobo »№ 68-FZ, yomhla we-21 12. 1994

Ukugximfizwa elandelayo yalo mthetho neziphumo ukwamkelwa kwe-RF kaRhulumente Ndiwise № 1113 ka-11.05.1995, "Kwi inkqubo karhulumente efanayo yothintelo kunye lomqhubi zeemeko zongxamiseko", nto leyo liphumeza imigaqo ngokunxulumene wano. Oku sizimisele uyayisombulula le akamcongi ingxaki, nemigaqo yokwakhiwa nkqubo ohlangeneyo, ukwakhiwa kweengongoma ezahlukileyo ze-asethi kunye inyanzela umyalelo impefumlelwano iimpawu zesakhiwo. Ngokubanzi, indawo ulawulo, inkqubo isebenza njenge elinye.

amagama angundoqo e asindisa

imeko kaxakeka - imeko ethile kwindawo ethile eliye lakhula ngenxa iingozi, iintlekele, isiganeko ezinobungozi imvelaphi yendalo, iintlekele zemvelo okanye ezinye, iziphumo leyo (aya kuba) umonakalo kwimpilo yoluntu okanye kwindalo esingqongileyo, idini yabantu, zonke iintlobo zokuphula ngokubhekiselele kwimiqathango ekufanelekeni ubomi abantu, ukulahleka izinto ezibalulekileyo.

Uthintelo zonxunguphalo - i iseti olubanzi lwemisebenzi pre-ezikhoyo ejolise ekunciphiseni ubungozi kwazo, ulondolozo impilo yabantu, ukunciphisa umonakalo kokusingqongileyo, ilahleko izinto ezibalulekileyo.

Lomqhubi neziphumo kwiimeko zongxamiseko - iintlobo zemeko kaxakeka imisebenzi nokuhlangula indalo, eziqhutyelwa kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo. Bona ingqalelo ulondolozo impilo yabantu, ukusindisa ubomi, ukunciphisa iilahleko eziphathekayo kunye nobungakanani umonakalo Okusingqongileyo kwendalo, kunye kwasendaweni iindawo (imimandla) likaxakeka.

indawo Disaster - indawo apho eyitwabulule kaxakeka, yaye kule meko iphantsi kolawulo rhoqo.

Iinjongo kunye neenjongo lingavimbi

Eyokuqala ngeendlela ezintathu:

• ekuthinteleni ukuvela kunye nophuhliso elandelayo zonxunguphalo;
• ukunciphisa umonakalo obangelwa ngabo;
• iseti amanyathelo ezijoliswe ekupheliseni zeemeko zongxamiseko.

Imisebenzi ephambili lingavimbi:

1. Uphuhliso kunye nokwenziwa efanelekileyo nemigangatho yezoqoqosho kunye zomthetho ezinxulumene ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko ngokupheleleyo abemi beli lizwe kunye nemimandla yayo kwimiphumo iintlekele.

2. Ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo lwenzululwazi, ezobugcisa kunye ekujoliswe ezithintela iimeko likaxakeka, nokuqinisa ukusebenza kwamaziko, amashishini kunye nemibutho (ngaphandle yereferensi ukuba iifom zazo sombutho kunye zomthetho), izibonelelo zazo ayamileyo zentlalo, ngeenjongo zemveliso unxunguphalo.

3. ukugxila kunye nohlahlelo nenkalo yezentlalo noqoqosho ngemiphumo likaxakeka.

4. Ukuqinisekisa ukulungela ngokupheleleyo ukwenza iintshukumo ezithile arhente zolawulo olungxamisekileyo, imali kunye nemikhosi enzelwe ngesicelo sabo ngokukhawuleza kunye ukumiswa kwe ngemiphumo ebangelwa ngabo.

5. International kuthakazelelwa kakhulu intsebenziswano yenu malunga ukukhuselwa labemi beli lizwe kunye nemimandla yayo kwimiphumo iintlekele.

6. Ukuphunyezwa amanyathelo ezintsonkothileyo efana nokuqokelela, ukusetyenzwa komsebenzi, exchange kunye ukukhululwa koko kolwazi malunga nokuba kusekwa kanjani na ukhuselo labemi kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo.

7. Ukulungiswa labemi iintshukumo ezithile ngokomgaqo-sikhokelo likaxakeka.

8. Yenza loovimba eziyimfuneko kwezibonelelo ezahlukeneyo eziya kuqinisekisa nokuphelisa lweziqhamo zeemeko zongxamiseko.

9. Ukwenza karhulumente kweliso, ulawulo kunye noviwo lwe nokhuselo labemi beli lizwe kunye nemimandla yayo kwimiphumo iintlekele.

10. Ukumiswa zeemeko zongxamiseko.

11. Ukufeza iseti amanyathelo (isenzo nokuzondelela amalungelo abantu) ngokumalunga nokhuseleko loluntu abemi abachatshazelwa yi le ntlekele.

12. Ukuphunyezwa yamalungelo oluntu kunye nezibophelelo phakathi sikhokelo ukukhusela abantu kunye nemimandla yalo kwimiphumo ebangelwa kaxakeka.

Iingxaki zisonjululwe onga, izinto eziphambili kuzo zonke iindawo. ingqalelo labo ngenyameko nokubulawa ngexesha zixhomekeke ubomi ezininzi, ngokunjalo mmandla, ukusilela ezinosenokuthabatha vuhlayiseki.

neenjongo okubulala kunye neenjongo kufuneka rhoqo silungiswe ngokungqinelana nemeko ekhoyo ngabantu kunye nomntu ezenziwe kweli lizwe. isilumkiso Emergency - kwicala ephambili yale nkonzo.

Uyamyeka: isakhiwo, imisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi

nesakhiwo sayo imelwe ezisezantsi sobummandla kunye ezisebenzayo, ochazwa mahlanu amanqanaba on-site, zasekuhlaleni, zendawo, yengingqi nokazwelonke.

ezisezantsi Territorial akhiwa ngaphakathi kummandla zifundo Russian Federation ukwenzela ukunqanda lomqhubi elandelayo zeemeko zongxamiseko. Ziqulethe iiyunithi ezithile bahambelana ukuya kwicandelo lolawulo le mimandla.

Njengoko ngenxa yeendlela ezisezantsi ezisebenzayo, bakha abasemagunyeni federal zabo ababelwe lwezoqoqosho amacandelo ukuze balungiselele imisebenzi ukukhuselwa labemi beli lizwe kunye nemimandla yayo kwimiphumo iintlekele.

kwinqanaba ngalinye nkqubo mibutho ilandelayo (unit yeya):

• ulungelelwaniso;
• ulawulo lwemihla ngemihla;
• Management of Civil wezoKhuselo kunye Emergency Iimeko;

Kwakhona, xa ngamnye equka: izinto eziyimfuneko kunye nemikhosi, ukuba oovimba bezibonelelo ezahlukeneyo, iinkqubo isilumkiso, unxibelelwano kunye neenkqubo zolwazi.

Security in likaxakeka

Inyathelo lokuqala ukuchaza lo mbono.

Safety in kaxakeka - ukuba ukudala ukhuseleko olwaneleyo ukuba bonke abemi, kwezolimo kunye indalo kuzo zonke iintlobo ngeengozi ngamaxesha kaxakeka. Kuyinto kwiintlobo ezininzi.

Iintlobo zokuvikeleka likaxakeka

It is:

• emlilweni;
• radiation;
• yokusingqongileyo;
• uzamazama;
• industrial;
• begazi;
• chemical.

Ukhuseleko zonxunguphalo kwakhona zihlelwe kwi projekthi:

• labantu;
• okusingqongileyo;
• ekujoliswe kwezoqoqosho.

Ukuphumeza olu hlobo ngonqabiseko kwenziwa yokuthintela, ukuthintela okanye ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi iintlekele.

Imbali Russian Ministry of Izimo Emergency

Oku ngokusondeleyo ukuya kwimbali Civil yoKhuselo (04.10.2010 - eyi-78). Ithuba lasungulwa kuthathwa 10.4.1932, xa USSR Council of Commissars Abantu yamkela i "Regulation emoyeni ukuziphendulela USSR", apho amanyathelo zaye zachongwa kuqala kunye neendlela ezithile malunga sokhuseleko olungxamisekileyo bonke abemi beli lizwe kunye nemimandla yayo. Eli lokuqala lophuhliso yenkqubo karhulumente kweli entsimini (lokuzalwa Local Air Defence). Ngowe-1961 kwagqitywa kwelokuba ukuguqula MoEHE e GO.

Uyamyeka (imisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi esinokucinga) - kusisiphumo kuhlaziywe iimbono endala ngokukhuselwa labemi beli lizwe kunye nemimandla yawo kuzo zonke iintlobo iintshaba (kuquka ukusetyenziswa enokubakho izixhobo ezibulala mass).

NgoDisemba 27, 1990 yabalasela ulwamkelo RSFSR iBhunga labaPhathiswa isiGqibo № 606 "Ngomhla ukuyilwa angaphathi Russian of abahlanguli kwi namaLungelo iKomiti kaRhulumente RSFSR." Lo mhla - imini xa Ministry of Iimeko zikaxakeka of Russia yasekwa (kamva - umhlanguli Usuku Russian Federation).

January 10, 1994 Russian EMERCOM kuguqulwa ube Russian Ubulungiseleli yanamhlanje for Civil woKhuselo, likaxakeka kunye Ukupheliswa Iziphumo Iintlekele Natural, leyo wamiselwa nguMphathiswa Sergei Shoigu.

Kwaye ngoDisemba 9, 1992 owayesakuba izifundo senior wokhuselo civil central zaguqulwa kwi Academy yangoku ka EMERCOM of Russia wokukhuselwa Civil (iziko unitary engenamandla analogue ehlabathini).

Ngoko ke, sinokutsho uMenzi ngemingeni ekhoyo ngoku nezinto lingavimbi isakhiwo sivela kwixesha MoEHE.

Imali kunye nomzamo lingavimbi

Iinjongo eziphambili yeya, ethe ezidweliswe ngasentla, ziquka igatya malunga nokuqinisekisa ukulungela ngokupheleleyo ukuphumeza uthotho nezenzo arhente zolawulo olungxamisekileyo, imali kunye nomzamo eyenzelwe ukukhusela impahla yawo zokusebenza nangenxa ngemiphumo ebangelwa ngabo.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini iindlela ngasentla kunye nemikhosi:

1. Ukufunda kweliso:

• iisuphavayiza (ngokuba boilers karhulumente, amandla enyukliya, imibhobho zombane kunye negesi, iibhulorho, njalo-njalo ...);
• Control and Ukuhlolwa Service (Ministry of Environment);
• amaziko kunye arhente yenkonzo, iliso impilo izinto ezinokuba yingozi, kwindalo;
• Service Veterinary;
• elibukhali nawolawulo laboratory network (SNLK);
• umgangatho ukutya iliso elebhu, izinto ukutya;
• inkonzo Isilumkiso iintlekele zemvelo.

2. Ukungabikho iimeko zikaxakeka;

• Ministry of zonxunguphalo, amapolisa kunye MO (iiyunithi zabo, iindawo, kunye nonxibelelwano);
• Iziseko non-yomkhosi wokhuselo yoluntu;
• iindlela kunye nemikhosi ngoweqela namanye amasebe kunye nabaphathiswa, amagunya karhulumente (kummandla we-Russian Federation).

Iprofayili imisebenzi yenkqubo

Siyaqhubeka ukujonga lingavimbi. Isakhiwo, imisebenzi kunye umsebenzi wayo yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwinkqubo sibiza. Ukhuseleko lwe Russian Federation.

imigca ezinkulu ishishini zayo:

1. Izindululo Development ngokuphathelele kumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente malunga ukukhuselwa labemi beli lizwe kunye nemimandla yayo kwiimeko zongxamiseko, ukuphunyezwa ngexesha. Lo msebenzi wenza ulawulo kunye imikhosi kunye neendlela zelizwe (ngaphambili, le ngxaki isonjululwe ngabo ngeziqingatha ezilingeneyo).

2. Ulawulo zihlandlo ukusebenza kwenkqubo. Ibhunga lolawulo wabathetheli Russian likaxakeka loMphathiswa, alungelelanisa umsebenzi amaqumrhu karhulumente wengingqi self-government ngaphakathi sikhokelo le ngxaki. Ukwenzela ukuphucula ukusebenza izinto ezinjalo, urhulumente Russian umisele iqumrhu lolawulo lonxibelelwano - iKomishoni Inter-yoMphathiswa ejongene nokuthintela kunye nokupheliswa zeemeko zongxamiseko, ojongene ummiselo cross-nangokukrola kule ndawo. izigqibo zayo ziyabophelela phezu federal imizimba igunya lolawulo kwezi zifundo RF. Izinto noshowo i yeya, lo msebenzi wenziwa ngabasemagunyeni Civil wezoKhuselo kunye neKomishoni kwi Iimeko zikaxakeka.

3. Ulawulo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa olufanelekileyo kunye nezenzo ezifanelekileyo zomthetho, imithetho eyahlukileyo, imimiselo nemigangatho kwicandelo wokhuseleko ngokuchasene likaxakeka imizimba elilawulayo federal, imizimba yalo izifundo RF, imibutho kunye noorhulumente beengingqi. Kwinqanaba federal, lo msebenzi wenziwa le Iimeko zikaxakeka loMphathiswa.

4. umsebenzi Production, eliza ukuphumeza amanyathelo othintelo ejoliswe ekuthinteleni zeemeko zongxamiseko, ukunciphisa ubungakanani babo, ukuze ukunciphisa umonakalo nelahleko neziphumo zazo kunye nolwalathiso imisebenzi engxamisekileyo yohlangulo ukuphelisa le uhlobo lweziqhamo.

5. Zonke iintlobo ukugcinwa umsebenzi ingqalelo inkqubo enye (amalungiselelo, imali, njl njl). Amalungiselelo efunekayo ukuze kupheliswe ifuthe kwezibonelelo eziphathekayo olungxamisekileyo ziquka izinto ukutya ekrwada, ukutya, ubunjineli, impahla yokunxiba kunye nepropati zonyango, iindlela zonxibelelwano kunye ngezithuthi, amayeza, amafutha, izixhobo zokwakha, imichiza ngamnye kunye ukhuseleko kwimitha, etc ...

6. Intsebenziswano International. Oku kubonakaliswa ngokuphandle ukuba amalungu Russian ukuhlanganiswa kwindlela olusathukuzayo lwehlabathi yothintelo kunye lomqhubi ekujoliswe yalandela likaxakeka. Intsebenziswano iphunyezwa ngokusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano kunye nezinye izixhobo ngamazwe, uphuhliso sikhokelo esemthethweni ngokuphathelele kwimiba enenjongo efanayo okanye ngokuhlanganyela, kwakunye nemisebenzi amaziko ezikhethekileyo zezizwe ngezizwe kunye nemibutho ezidibeneyo.

EMERCOM of Russia: Iinjongo nemisebenzi

Oyiyekileyo imisebenzi ephambili eyabelwe oku loMphathiswa, iziinxalenye kwiindawo ezimbini:

1. Development of iziphakamiso nkqubo karhulumente ngaphakathi DPP, kunye nokuthintela kunye nokuphelisa zonxunguphalo bamlandela.
2. Iliso nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo (yeya) zonxunguphalo kuphela lemfazwe kodwa loxolo.

Aliyi kuba akufuneki ukuba kwakhona ukugxininisa ukuba iinjongo ezingundoqo kunye nesakhiwo akamcongi kuchazwe ngokucacileyo umthetho federal okhankanywe ngaphambili ngokumalunga nokhuseleko labemi Russia kunye nemimandla yayo kwimiphumo iintlekele.

Imigaqo indalo le nkqubo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo imeko ekhoyo kweli lizwe

Okokuqala, oko kukuthi, Kakade ke, kufuneka athobele indlela ebanzi kwinkqubo lokusekwa kwenkqubo (accounting of anthropogenic kunye zendalo imvelaphi yentlekele, amabanga yabo yophuhliso kunye neziphumo, zokumelana kubo inani elifunekayo-nxaxheba).

Okwesibini, ukuqatshelwa, ukuze ndithethe, "a non-zero umngcipheko" (into yokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba kupheliswe iingozi intlekele-sikhokelo nobungozi ezahlukeneyo ezinokuba).

Okwesithathu, isekela kumgaqo osisiseko yothintelo malunga nokhuseleko (isilumkiso) (ukwehla kunokwenzeka ubuninzi kwi amathuba yentlekele kunye nemilinganiselo ecwangcisiweyo lokunqanda).

Iindlela yokusebenza ingqalelo inkqubo eyodwa

Kuxhomekeka imeko yangoku kukho iindlela ezintathu:

1. Imisebenzi Ukuqhubeka (logama nje bonke oorhulumente kunye lingavimbi amandla ekhoyo ukusebenza ngesantya oqhelekileyo):

• ukufunda imeko yangoku yemo engqongileyo kunye uqikelelo olubanzi lobubi;
• ucwangciso, umbutho kunye nolondolozo lwezenzo ezimbaxa akamcongi imikhosi kunye nabasemagunyeni xa kuthe kwakho imeko kaxakeka;
• ukuqokelelwa, ukwenziwa kunye exchange esilandelayo ngolwazi malunga ukukhuselwa labemi beli lizwe kunye nemimandla yayo kwiimeko zongxamiseko, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko emlilweni epheleleyo;
• nokukhuthazwa kolwazi malunga ukukhuselwa labemi beli lizwe kunye nommandla wayo xa kuthe likaxakeka;
• umbutho wesiseko, ukubekwa, ukugcinwa, ngexesha nizalise oovimba ezikhoyo kufuneka lokuphelisa nya neziphumo odalwe ziintlekele.

2. ukulungela Ukwanda (usongo yangoku intlekele)

• retaining ulawulo phezu utshintsho kwimo engqongileyo, okubonisa kokuqala kunye nobungakanani umonakalo ukusuka intlekele;
• yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokuqokelela, inkqubo kunye ukudluliselwa imikhosi amalungu kunye lulawula ulwazi malunga ntlekele kwangaphambili, ukwazisa abemi malunga neendlela kunye neendlela zokhuseleko kwezi meko;
• Ukuphendula (ekuthinteleni ukwenzeka kunye nophuhliso likaxakeka);
• Hlaziya izicwangciso kunye namanye amaxwebhu ngokunxulumene nokuthintela kunye nokupheliswa neziphumo okubangelwa kwiimeko zongxamiseko;
• ekuqhubeni (xa libona kuyimfuneko) amanyathelo ngobungxamo.

3. Emergency (intlekele okuhlaselayo engadliwanga zokusebenza):

• esweni okokoko imeko yangoku yemo engqongileyo, ukuphunyezwa okubonisa ngesidanga usongo;
• Abemi Alert kunye neenkokheli lwenzeke likaxakeka;
• Ukuqhubekeka kokuqokelelwa, processing (analysis) kunye nokwabelana kweenkcukacha ngokuphathelele kwimeko egqubayo kwindawo olungxamisekileyo, kunye neendlela ukuphelisa imiphumela yayo;
• a oluntsonkothileyo amanyathelo malunga abemi beli lizwe kunye nemimandla yayo kwiimeko zongxamiseko;
• umbutho kunye nokuqhubeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke oogunyaziwe ekhoyo ngokuphathelele kwimiqathango ethile ukuze kupheliswe iziphumo zemeko kaxakeka;
• amalungiselelo ayimfuneko ngokhangelo kwi zokuziphilisa ngokupheleleyo ngaphakathi zikaxakeka ezikhoyo.

Ucalulo zonxunguphalo ngokusekelwe ukwanda kunye ubungakanani beziphumo zeentlekele

Wagqiba ukuba ama:

• Namanyathelo athathwa kwingingqi kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo (nefuthe imiba otshabalalisayo eziko ES uhlala ngaphakathi kwesiza yokuvelisa, nto leyo inqandwe bayiyeka kusho kunye namandla);
• zendawo (nemiphumela yeemeko yonakalisa kunye Iziko likaxakeka isaqhubeka ngaphakathi elalini);
• indawo (nefuthe imiba otshabalalisayo Iziko ES engaphakathi isifundo esithile: indawo Republic umngcipheko ukubunjwa ezimeleyo);
• zemimandla (nemiphumela yeemeko yonakalisa kunye Iziko olungxamisekileyo ziquka izifundo ezininzi Russian Federation);
• Federal (nefuthe imiba otshabalalisayo Iziko ES kumaqweqwe ezine okanye izifundo ezingaphezu RF);
• jikelele (nemiphumela yeemeko yonakalisa kunye ezingxamisekileyo iziko liye ngaphaya urhulumente nje).

Ngoko ke, ukushwankathela kungentla, bekuya kuba kuhambe ukuya kwakhona ukugxininisa ukuba kakuhle oluyilwe amalungu imisebenzi esisiseko nesemgangathweni nako ukusebenzisa kwangaphambili ukunqanda imiphumela emibi kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ngexesha likaxakeka, ngokunjalo, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ngokukhawuleza ukuphelisa neziphumo zazo.