Ithamo radiation kuvumelekile ukuba abantu

neziphumo into kwi eziphilayo, engaquki ukuzibona - imisebe. Nkqu abantu abanazo receptors ezikhethekileyo, nto leyo wavakalelwa ubukho radiation yangasemva. Iingcali ziye Sifunde ngocoselelo ifuthe radiation kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nobomi. Kokuba zidaliwe kwaye zixhobo apho intsebenzo ingalungiswa. agcwele inqanaba idosi radiation lwemitha, phantsi kwempembelelo apho loo mntu apha ekuhambeni konyaka.

Xa umlinganiselo radiation?

I-World Wide Web, unako ukufumana uncwadi oluninzi kwi kwimitha radioactive. Phantse yonke imithombo kukho izixa kwezithethe kwemitha kunye neziphumo obugqithisileyo yabo. Ukuze siqonde iiyunithi lusithe abakwazi kwaoko. Ngobuninzi lolwazi olwahlula ngokwemithamo eliphezulu ngokuvunywe kuluntu, ngokulula ukudida futhi nomntu onolwazi. Cinga ingqiqo isikali iphantsi eqondakalayo.

In nangomlinganiselo bokukhutshwa kwemitha? Uluhlu eziguquguqukayo kakhulu umxhelo: Curie, Rad, Grey, becquerel, rem - kuyinto nje iimpawu eziphambili ithamo yemisebe. Kutheni abantu abaninzi kangaka? Bona zisetyenziselwa kwiinkalo ezithile amayeza kunye nokhuselo lokusingqongileyo. Per unit radiation ukwenekwa into ezama wendele ithamo - 1 Grey (labefundisi) ka-1 J / kg.

Phantsi impembelelo radiation kwi eziphilayo sithetha idosi elingana. Kuyinto ilingane idosi wendele ancedisana emzimbeni, ngokusekelwe kwi iyunithi ubunzima, xa iphinda phindwe umlinganiselo umonakalo. Abehla yabelwe ilungu ngalinye lalo. Isiphumo ezifunyenwe yi computing inani yunithi kunye entsha - sievert (Sv).

Ngokusekelwe sele ziyifuneme data kwi ukusebenza radiation ukusuka izihlunu zomzimba umiselwa idosi olusebenzayo elilinganayo. Le parameter ibalwa phinda inani odlulileyo sievert yi inomlingani oluthathela ingqalelo ubuntununtunu ezahlukahlukeneyo izicwili ukuba kwimitha. ixabiso layo inikwa ukuvavanya impendulo bemvelo yesixa eziphilayo wamandla ithathe.

Yintoni na idosi avumelekile radiation kwaye xa ndifikile apho?

kwizazi zokuphepha Imitha ngenxa lwe data kwi isiphumo radiation impilo yabantu ziye bexabiso avumelekile amandla aokusetyenziswa zifunxwe ngumzimba izakhamzimba ngaphandle umonakalo. idosi iphezulu sivumelekile (PDD) ngeyakho zokukhanya elinye okanye kuyoluka. Kulo mzekelo, imigangatho yokhuseleko radiation uthathe ingqalelo iimpawu abantu ekucaca ukuba yintshukumo ngasemva radiation.

Ukwahlula ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

• A - Abantu abasebenza ionizing imithombo kwemitha. Ngethuba esenza umsebenzi wabo umsebenzi zibethwa kwimitha.
• iindawo kwabantu kuchazwa, abasebenzi zabo nemisebenzi abalindelekanga ezinxulumene kokufumana kwemitha - B.
• In - yabemi eli lizwe.

Phakathi abasebenzi ahluka amaqela amabini: basebenzi elawulwayo (radiation ulapha mkhulu 0.3 ye-SDA yonyaka) kunye nabasebenzi kukho ummandla onjalo (0.3 ye-SDA akugqithwa). Phakathi izilinganiso ezinkulu iintlobo 4 amalungu abalulekileyo, ngamanye amazwi abo kwinyama intshabalalo zigazi waligcina eli nani likhulu ngokunxibelelene radiation insimbi. Ukuqwalasela zigaba kuluhlu lwabantu kwinani labemi kunye nabasebenzi, kwakunye amalungu ezibalulekileyo, ukhuseleko radiation icwangcisa-SDA.

Kuba ngqa imida exposure zaqaliswa ngo-1928. Imali yonyaka radiation Ukutsalwa imvelaphi ka-600 mSv (mSv). Yaye yasekwa ukuze abasebenzi bezempilo - radiologists. Ukufundwa ionizing ifuthe radiation ngobude kunye nomgangatho wobomi imimiselo ilukhuni. Sele 1956 zephetshana lancipha mSv-50, yaye ngowe-1996 kwayo kutsho ku-20 Commission International mSv kwi ukhuseleko kwimitha. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukusekwa imithetho yendlela musa ithathele ingqalelo ukufunxeka amandla endalo insimbi.

radiation yemvelo

Ukuba akuzenzi izinto radioactive nemitha yabo nangoku ngandlel kunokwenzeka, imvelaphi yendalo ayiyi kusinda. exposure Natural nganye kwezi ngingqi izikhombisi ngamnye. Kwaba njalo kule minyaka akayi nyamalala, kodwa oluhlala kuphela.

nomgangatho radiation kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi:

• ukuphakama ngaphezu kolwandle isalathisi (i ntsi iindawo ezincinane imvelaphi, and vice versa);
• umhlaba texture, amanzi kunye namatye;
• izizathu zokwenziwa (imveliso, izityalo amandla enyukliya).

Man ifumana radiation kukutya, umhlaba ukukhanya, ilanga, ngexesha loviwo lonyango. ke imithombo ezongezelelweyo sesichengeni lemveliso izityalo, izityalo amandla enyukliya, iziza uvavanyo kunye zokuchopha izindululi.

Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba sesichengeni ifanelekileyo, ongadluli mSv 0.2 ngeyure nganye. Kunye nelona qondo liphezulu kwezithethe radiation echazwe microsieverts 0.5 ngeyure nganye. Emva kwexesha ezinye sesichengeni ngokuqhubekayo izinto insimbi radiation idosi kuvumelekile ukuba abantu lanyuka ukuya kwi-10 mSv / h.

Ngokutsho oogqirha, ubomi bakhe bonke umntu ukufumana imitha ngeqondo engekho ngaphezulu kwe-100-700 mSv. Eneneni, abantu abahlala kwimimandla yeentaba, abakhuselekanga radiation yandile eziliqela enkulu. Umyinge ukufunxeka yokusebenza amandla insimbi kunyaka imalunga 2-3 mSv.

Ngqo indlela radiation kuchaphazela iiseli?

A Inani anemichiza isakhiwo radiation. Ingaba i atom ngokucandeka zenyukliya esebenzayo, nto leyo ekhokelela nokukhululwa izixa ezikhulu amandla. Le mandla iyakwazi ngokoqobo kume elektroni kwiiseli atom iziyobisi. Le nkqubo ngokwawo ibizwa ngokuba ionization. Atom, nto leyo ithe inkqubo enjalo, litshintsha iimpawu zayo, nto leyo ekhokelela utshintsho kubume yonke into. Kuba atom kwemolekyuli zitshintshiwe, kuba molecule iimpawu ngokubanzi kwithishyu ophilileyo. Ngenxa yokwanda inqanaba exposure kuyenyuka, inani leeseli elungisiweyo, nto leyo utshintsho lwehlabathi. Kule meko, yaye ibalwa idosi radiation kuvumelekile abantu. Inyaniso yokuba itshintsha iiseli eziphilayo kuchaphazela molecule DNA. Amajoni omzimba ngononophelo ibuyisela ancedisana nkqu ubuchule "ukulungisa" i-DNA yonakele. Kodwa kwiimeko sesichengeni ebalulekileyo okanye ukwaphula zokuzikhusela zomzimba baphuhlisa esi sifo.

Phezulu ukucebisa amathuba sifo ezenzeka kwinqanaba yeselula, kwi ukufunxeka eqhelekileyo radiation nzima. Ukuba ithamo olusebenzayo (malunga 20 mSv ngonyaka ngamnye kubasebenzi kwishishini) kune amanani acetyiswayo kumakhulu amaxesha, impilo ngokubanzi yehliswe kakhulu. Amajoni omzimba ephela, obuquka uphuhliso zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

ngeedosi amakhulu radiation, leyo zingafumaneka ngenxa iingozi xa izityalo amandla enyukliya okanye ukuqhushumba atom, ayisoloko ehambelanayo nobomi. Tissue phantsi kweempembelelo iiseli etshintshiweyo kufela amanani amakhulu yaye bamane nje ixesha ukuze, obuquka lunyhasho imisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Ukuba yinxalenye esiqwini igcinwa, ngoko ke umntu kufuneka ithuba kuphila.

Iimpawu kuvumelekile lidle radiation

Ngokutsho kwimitha imigangatho yokhuseleko ukuseta ubuninzi ubuninzi avumelekile ionizing radiation ngonyaka ngamnye. Qwalasela amanani inikwe kule theyibhilie.

Njengoko kubonakala etafileni, idosi kuvumelekile ngonyaka ngamnye ukuze abasebenzi bamashishini ezinobungozi kunye nezityalo amandla enyukliya yahluke gqitha ukusuka amanani eyenziwe lwamimandla zoluntu sanitary-DRM. Eyona nto kukuba kunye nokufunxwa elide radiation ionizing wavumela umzimba ukumelana recovery kwangethuba iiseli ngaphandle umonakalo kwimpilo.

ngeedosi ongowohlobo sesichengeni kwabantu

Ukwanda kakhulu radiation yangasemva kukhokelela umonakalo ezimandundu ku-tissue, yaye ngoko ke aqale kahle okanye ukwala imizimba. Le engaginyisi mathe kwenzeka kuphela xa efumana isixa omkhulu ionizing amandla. A excess kancinane lwe ngokwemithamo ecetyiswayo kunokukhokelela kwizifo ezininzi zinokunyangeka.

ixesha-Enye kokufumana isixa esikhulu radiation kuchaphazela ngokungalunganga imeko umzimba: iseli ibhuqiwe ngokukhawuleza, akukho xesha ukululama. Kukokona sesichengeni, kokukhona kukho le izilonda.

Uphuhliso isifo radiation: Oonobangela

isifo Imitha ibizwa imeko jikelele lomzimba, zibangelwa impembelelo radiation kungaphezu kwe-SDA. Amanxeba baqondisiswa zonke iinkqubo. Ngokwe ngxelo yi-International Commission on zeradiyoloji Protection, ithamo zokukhanya, ebangela ukugula radiation, aqala ukusebenza mSv 500 ngexesha okanye mSv ngaphezulu kwe-150 ngonyaka ngamnye.

imiphumela ekonakaleni kwelona nqanaba eliphezulu (500 mSv elilodwa-time) kuvela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, uvavanyo kwabo iintlekele ezenziwe ngabantu, i unyango zokukhanya olunzulu kwi unyango somhlaza, izifo samathambo kunye nezifo egazini.

Uphuhliso bezifo isifo radiation ngokuxhomekeke iingcali zonyango abo kwisebe unyango radiation kunye uxilongo, kwakunye izigulane kuba asoloko phantsi X-reyi kunye nezifundo radionuclide.

isifo radiation zokuHlela, kuxhomekeke umthamo radiation

Esi sifo sizibonakalisa ngokusekelwe nohlobo ionizing radiation umthamo isigulane ezifunyenweyo kwaye beluqhubekeka ixesha elingakanani na. sesichengeni Abangatshatanga ekhokelela imeko etsolo, kwaye rhoqo, kodwa ngaphantsi omkhulu - inkqubo esinganyangekiyo.

Cinga uhlobo esisiseko isifo radiation, ngokutsho ukufumana sesichengeni eyodwa:

• ukwenzakala radiation (ngaphantsi kwe-1 Sv) - utshintsho ingathityazwa kwenzeka;
• ifomu wamathambo (1 ukuya 6 Sv) - elithile ezine, kuxhomekeke idosi ezifunyenweyo. Kwanokufa oku, ngaphezu kwama-50%. iiseli bahlukunyezwe wamathambo. Le meko ukuze kuphuculwe abohlukeneyo. sokubuyisa ixesha ekuphulukenwe elide;
• emathunjini (10-20 Sv) luphawulwa imeko kakhulu, nokudumba, ukopha zesisu;
• Yegazi (20-80 Sv) - waphawula ukuphazamiseka hemodynamic kunye ukunxila okanye kakhulu;
• ebuchotsheni (80 Sv) - ukubulala iintsuku 1-3 ngenxa nokudumba lobuchopho.

Chance ukubuyiselwa kunye nokuvuselelwa kwezigulane lomongo wethambo kufuneka ifom (isiqingatha ixesha). iimeko kakhulu ngeke ngayo. Ukufa kwenzeka kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa okanye iiveki.

Ukugula radiation oyingozi

Emva umthamo eliphezulu radiation kunye idosi radiation kufikelela 1-6 Sv ukuphuhlisa isifo radiation oyingozi. Oogqirha uwahlule karhulumente, leyo Balandela ndawonye ngezigaba-4:

1. reactivity Primary. Senzeka kwiiyure yokuqala emva zokukhanya. It luphawulwa ubuthathaka, wegazi, isicaphucaphu nokugabha. Zokukhanya kwe 10 Sv uyaqhubeka ngokukhawuleza kwisigaba sesithathu.
2. Ithuba angasebenzi. Emva kweentsuku 3-4 emva kokuba sesichengeni ukuya kwi imeko kwinyanga enye kuphucula.
3. iimpawu eYandisiweyo. Ehamba yi ezosulelayo, zobuthathaka begazi lakho, isisu, ukopha syndrome. imeko yakhe engcwabeni.
4. Recovery.

imeko Acute iphathwa ngokuxhomekeke kubunjani umfanekiso lwezonyango. Kwiimeko jikelele eyabelwe unyango ezigulela ngabaphethe-arhente leyo Nokwethisa izinto radioactive. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, wenza ukutofelwa igazi, lomongo wethambo abohlukeneyo.

Izigulane ezisindayo kwiiveki zokuqala 12 lika-isifo radiation ludlule, kufuneka ngokubanzi kukho abantu abane kakuhle. Kodwa ekubuyiselweni epheleleyo yabantu abanjalo kwandisa umngcipheko somhlaza, kwakunye ukuzalwa wenzala kunye ukungaqheleki yemfuza.

isifo radiation Chronic

Nangokuvela rhoqo ukuba imitha apha iingedosi ephantsi, kodwa esingadlulanga ezingama mSv 150 ngonyaka ngamnye (hayi kuquka imvelaphi zendalo), iqala luhlobo ezingapheliyo sisifo radiation. uphuhliso yayo iya kwizigaba ezintathu: ukwakheka, isiphumo recovery.

Inqanaba lokuqala luthatha indawo kwisithuba seminyaka eliqela (ukuya ku-3). Ebukhulwini imeko kumiselwa ukusuka ngobulali esiqatha. Xa uzahlula isigulana ukusuka kwindawo zokufumana radiation, ngoko iminyaka emithathu iza kwisigaba ekuphulukenwe nalo. Emva koko, mhlawumbi bachache ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuchasene noko, kunye ngokukhawuleza ukuqhubela phambili isifo esibulalayo.

radiation insimbi unako ukutshabalalisa iiseli kuloo maxesha okuba singazi umzimba usigcine Asinakusebenziseka. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukungqinelana umda amathamo kwemitha yeyona kwingongoma ebalulekileyo ukusebenza ezindaweni eziyingozi abahlala kufutshane izityalo amandla enyukliya, kunye sites uvavanyo.