I-physicist Faraday: i-biography, ukufumanisa

IsiFulentshi yefilosofi uMichael Faraday, owakhula kwintsapho ehluphekileyo, waba ngunye yenzululwazi enkulu kunazo zonke kwimbali yoluntu. Iziphumo zakhe ezivelele zenziwa ngexesha lokuba isayensi yayiyinxalenye yabantu abazalelwa kwiintsapho ezinelungelo. Ngozuko lwakhe, iyunithi yamandla kagesi ibizwa ngokuba yiFarad.

Faraday (physicist): i-biography emfutshane

UMichael Faraday wazalwa ngoSeptemba 22, 1791 kwinqununu yaseGreat Britain, eLondon. Wayengumntwana wesithathu kwintsapho kaYakobi noMargaret Faradeyev. Uyise wayengumsiki womnxeba owayenempilo embi. Ngaphambi komtshato, unina wayesebenza njengomkhonzi. Intsapho yayiphila kakuhle.

Ukufikelela kwiminyaka eyi-13, uMichael waya esikolweni sendawo apho wafumana khona imfundo yakhe eyintloko. Ukuze ancede intsapho, waqala ukusebenza njengomthunywa kwi-bookstore. Inzondelelo yenkwenkwe yatsho umqeshi wayo. Ngomnyaka kamva, waphakanyiswa kubafundi bebhokisi.

Ukubopha kunye nesayensi

UMichael Faraday wayefuna ukufunda ngakumbi ngehlabathi; Akazange agqibelele ekubuyiselweni kweencwadi. Emva kokusebenza ngokunyanisekileyo kwimihla ngemihla, wachitha yonke ixesha lakhe lokukhulula ukufunda iincwadi ezazibandakanya.

Kancinci, wafumanisa ukuba uthathe isayensi. Ngokukodwa wayebathanda iincwadi ezimbini:

• I-British Encyclopedia ngumthombo wolwazi lwakhe lombane kunye nangaphezulu.
• "Ingxoxo malunga neKhemistry" - amaphepha angama-600 malunga nekhemistri kwintetho efikelelekayo yobungqina bukaJane Mars.

Wathandwa gqitha kangangokuthi waqala ukuchitha inxalenye yemvuzo wakhe omncinci kwiikhemikhali kunye nezixhobo ukuqinisekisa inyaniso yento awayeyifunda.

Ukwandisa ulwazi lwakhe lwesayensi, weva ukuba isazi esaziwayo uJohn Tatum wayeza kunika iindidi zeentetho zentlanga ngefilosofi yemvelo (physics). Ukuya kwiintetho, kwakudingeka ukuhlawula umrhumo we-shilling-kakhulu kakhulu kuMichael Faraday. Umntakwabo omdala, umkhandi, umxhwele ngokuzinikela komzalwana wakhe kwisayensi, wamnika imali efunekayo.

Ukuqhelana noHumphry Davy

UFaraday wathatha enye inzululwazi kwisayensi xa uWilliam Dance, umthengisi weencwadi, ebuza uMichael ukuba unomnqweno wokufumana ithikithi yeenkulumo kwiRoyal Institute.

Umfundisi, uSir Humphry Davy, wayengomnye wabasosayensi abadumileyo kwixesha kwihlabathi. UFaraday wagijima ngeli thuba waza waya kwiintetho ezine kwenye yeengxaki ezintsha kwi-chemistry-ukuzimisela kwe-asidi. Wajonge uvavanyo lukaDavy olwenziweyo kwiintetho.

Kwakuyihlabathi apho wayefuna ukuhlala khona. I-Faraday ibhaliwe, kwaye yenze iinyanzelo ezininzi kumanqaku ukuba yavelisa umbhalo wesandla sephepha-300, apho wayesebenzisa khona kwaye wathumela uDavy njengomqondiso wokubonga.

Ngeli xesha kwindlu yangasese ye-bookstore uMichael waqala ukuqhuba iimvavanyo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukwenza ibhetri yegesi yamatshini obhedu kunye needkiki zincinci, ezahlukileyo ngamaphepha esetyu. Wawusebenzisa ukucola iikhemikhali, umzekelo, njenge-magnesium sulfate. Kule ndawo yechemistry, uHumphry Davy wayengumvulindlela.

Ngo-Oktobha 1812, ukufundela kukaFaraday kwagqitywa, kwaye waqala ukusebenza njengomqulu wencwadi kunye nomnye umqeshi, owamfumana engathandekiyo.

Bekungayi kubakho nwabe, kodwa uncedo lwanceda

Kwaye kwakukho umcimbi ovuyisayo kwiFaraday. Ngenxa yesiphumo esingaphumeleli, u-Humphry Davy walimala: okwethutyana ukukwazi ukubhala okwethutyana. UMichael wakwazi ukurekhoda iintsuku eziliqela uDavy, wachukunyiswa yincwadi ayithumele kuyo.

Xa ixesha elifutshane lomsebenzi njengomncedisi laphela, uFaraday wathumela inqaku kwenzululwazi emcela ukuba amqeshe njengomncedisi wakhe. Kungekudala emva koko, omnye wabasebenzi bakaLeby labathatyathwa ngecala lokuxhatshazwa, kwaye uHumphrey wabuza uMichael ukuba angathanda ukuthatha isihlalo esingenamntu.

Ngaba wayefuna ukusebenza kwiRoyal Institute ngenye yezinzulu ezidumileyo kwihlabathi? Kwakuyimibuzo yokuphendula.

Umsebenzi kwiRoyal Institute

UFaraday wenza umsebenzi wakhe ngoMatshi 1, 1813, eneminyaka engama-21.

Wayehlawulwa kakuhle kwaye wabelwa igumbi lokuhlala kwi-attic yaseRoyal Institute. UMichael wayevuyiswa kakhulu, kwaye ukuxhamla kwakhe kwesi sikhungo kwakungazange kuphazamiseke iminyaka engama-54, apho wakwazi ukuba nguprofesa wezakhempiki.

Umsebenzi waseFaraday wawubandakanya ukulungiselela izixhobo zokuqhuba iimvavanyo kunye neentetho kwi-Royal Institute. Ekuqaleni, wayejongene ne-nitrogen trichloride, ukuxhaphaza okwenzakalisa uDavide. UMikayeli, naye, ekuqhushulweni okwexeshana kuphelile, kwaye xa uHumphrey walimala kwakhona, ukuvavanywa kwesi siqendu kuyeka.

Emva kweenyanga ezi-7 zomsebenzi kwiRoyal Institute, uDavy wathatha uFadaday kunye nohambo lwaseYurophu, iinyanga ezili-18. Ngeli xesha, uMichael wakwazi ukudibana neengcali ezinzulu, ezifana no-Andre-Marie Amper eParis kunye no-Alessandro Volta eMilan. Ngomqondo othile, ityelelo ithathe indawo yakhe kwimfundo yunivesithi - Faraday yafunda ezininzi ngeli xesha.

Uninzi lwendwendwe, nangona kunjalo, lwaluvuyile, kuba ngaphezu kwenzululwazi nangobhala wenobhala, kwafuneka akhonze uDavy nomkakhe. Umfazi wenzululwazi akazange acinge ukuba uFaraday ulingana naye ngenxa yemvelaphi yakhe.

Ekubuyeni kwakhe eLondon, yonke into yawela. I-Royal Institute yavuselela isivumelwano sikaMichael kwaye yandise umvuzo wakhe. UDavy waqala ukukhankanya ukuncedwa kwakhe kwenzululwazi.

Ngo-1816, eneminyaka engama-24, uFaraday wayefunde inkulumo yakhe yokuqala kwiipropati zengxaki. Wadlulela kuMbutho weSixeko weFilosofi. Emva koko kwi-Quarterly Scientific Journal wapapasha inqaku lakhe lokuqala lenzululwazi malunga nokuhlaziywa kwe-calcium hydroxide.

Ngowe-1821, eneminyaka engama-29, i-Faraday yaphakanyiswa kwisithuba senhloko yezoqoqosho kunye nebhubhoratri ye-Royal Institute. Ngaloo nyaka watshata noSara Barnard. UMichael nomkakhe babehlala kwiziko leminyaka emininzi elandelayo, engabikho kwi-attic, kodwa kwindlu egqibeleleyo uHolphry Davy ayehlala kuyo.

Ngo-1824, i-biography yeFaraday (ifilosofi) ibhalwe ngokunyulwa kwakhe njengelungu leRoyal Society. Oku kwaziwa ukuba wayeyintsimi evelele.

Ngo-1825 i-physicist Faraday yaba ngumlawuli webhubhoratri.

Ngowe-1833, waba ngu-Fuller Professor of Chemistry kwi-Royal Institute yaseBritain. UFaraday wayebambe eli thuba de kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe.

Ngowe-1848 no-1858 wamenywa ukuba akhokhe iRoyal Society, kodwa wala.

Impumelelo yesayensi

Ukuchaza izinto ezifumaneka kuFaraday kwi-physics, kuya kuthatha ngaphezu kweyodwa incwadi. Akuyona ingozi ukuba u-Albert Einstein eofisini yakhe igcinwe iifoto zenzululwazi ezintathu kuphela: uIsake Newton, uJames Maxwell noMichael Faraday.

Okumangalisayo kukuba, nangona ebudeni bokuba usosayensi baqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "physicist", yena ngokwakhe akayithandi, yaye wayehlala ebiza ngokuba ngumfilosofi. Faraday wayeyindoda eya kwizinto ezifunyenwe ngolu vavanyo, kwaye wayaziwa ngokuba akazange alahle imibono evela kwi-intuition yesayensi.

Ukuba wayekholelwa ukuba le ngcamango ibalulekile, waqhubeka nokuzama, nangona ehluleka kakhulu, ade afikelele kulindeleke okanye ade aqiniseke ukuba ubunzima bomama abubonakalise engalunganga, obunqabile kakhulu.

Ngoko uFaraday wafumanisa ntoni kwi-physics? Nazi ezinye zeempumelelo zakhe eziphawulekayo.

1821: ukufumanisa ukujikelezwa kwe-electromagnetic

Yaba yinto ehamba phambili yeyona nto ekugqibeleni eyakhokelela ekudalweni kweenjini zombane. Ukufumanisa kwakusekelwe kwingcamango ye-Oersted yeempawu eziphezulu ze-wire ngokusebenzisa i-electric power passes.

1823: ukunyuka kwegesi kunye nokupholisa

Ngo-1802, uJohn Dalton wachaza uluvo lokuba zonke iigesi ziyakuncitshiswa kwiqondo eliphantsi okanye ukunyanzela okukhulu. I-physicist Faraday yabonisa oku ngamava. Waqala ukuguqula i-chlorine kunye ne-ammonia ibe ngumbane.

I-ammonia yobisi yayinomdla ngakumbi kuba, njengoko uMichael Faraday wathi, i-physics yenkqubo yokukhuphuka kwamanzi yabangela ukupholisa. Umgaqo wokupholisa ngokufuduka kwamanzi owabonakalisa uwonke uWilliam Cullen e-Edinburgh ngo-1756. Inzululwazi, esebenzisa ipompo, yanciphisa uxinzelelo kwi-flask kunye ne-ether, okubangelwa ukuphuma kwamanzi ngokukhawuleza. Oku kwabangela ukupholisa, kunye neqhwa elenziwe ngaphandle kwebhubri ekungcoleni komoya.

Ukubaluleka kokufumanisa iFaraday kukuba iimpompo zamatshini zingenza i-gas ibe ngumbane kwindawo yokushisa. Emva koko i-liquid evaporated, ipholisa yonke indawo, i-gas ekhuphayo ingaqokelelwa kwaye icinezelwe yimpu kumanzi kwakhona, iphinda iphinda iphetshana. Yile ndlela iifriji zanamhla kunye nefrijiza zisebenza ngayo.

Ngomnyaka we-1862, kwiMiboniso ye-World London, uFerdinand Carre wabonisa umshini wokuqala weqashiso lomhlaba. Kwimoto, i-ammonia yayisetyenziselwa njengendawo yokupholisa, kwaye yavelisa iqhwa kwizinga le-200 kg ngeyure.

1825: Ukufumanisa i-benzene

Ngokomlando, i-benzene iye yaba enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kwiikhemistri, zombini ngendlela engokoqobo, oko kukuthi, isetyenziswe ekudalweni kwezinto ezintsha, kunye nokufunda - ukuqonda ukubophelela kweekhemikhali. Inzululwazi ifumene i-benzene kwiindawo ezinamafutha omhlaba wokuvelisa i-gas ukukhanyisa eLondon.

1831: Umthetho waseFaraday, ifomu, i-physics ye-electromagnetic induction

Oku kwakubaluleke kakhulu kwixesha elizayo lezesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe. Umthetho weFaraday (i-physics) ithi enye indawo eyenziwa ngumbane idala amandla kagesi kwisiphaluka, kwaye amandla okuvelisa i- electromotive ahambelana ngokuthe ngqo kumlinganiselo wenguqu ye- magnetic flux. Enye yeengxelo zayo ezinokwenzeka i-| E | = | dΦ / dt |, apho i-EM i-EM, kwaye "i-magnetic flux.

Umzekelo, ukuhambisa umbane wamashishini kunye nomnxeba kuvelisa umbane wamandla, ekubeni ukuhamba kweemethini kubangele insimu yamagnetic. Ngaphambi kwaloo nto, umthombo wodwa wokungoku iibhetri. UMichael Faraday, onokufumanisa kwakhe kwi-physics uye wabonisa ukuba ukunyakaza kungenziwa ngumbane, okanye, ngokubanzi kwenzululwazi, amandla e-kinetic angatshintshwa abe yombane, ngoko kuthethwa ukuba ininzi yamandla kumakhaya ethu namhlanje akhutshwa ngokuchanekileyo kule Siseko.

Ukujikeleza (amandla ekinetic) aguqulwa ngumbane ngokufakelwa kwamagetsi. Ukujikeleza kwakhona kuveliswa yintsebenzo kwiimvane ze-high-pressure steam eziveliswa ngamandla amalahle, i-gesi okanye i-athomu, okanye ngoxinzelelo lwamanzi kwizityalo zamanzi, okanye ngoxinzelelo lomoya kumandla omoya.

1834: Imithetho ye-Electrolysis

I-Faraday i-physicist yenze igalelo elikhulu ekudalweni kwesayensi entsha ye-electrochemistry. Ichaza oko kwenzekayo kwi-interface phakathi kwe-electrode kunye ne-ionized substance. Siyabulela kwi-electrochemistry, sisebenzisa iibhetri ze-lithium-ion kunye neebhetri ezibonelela ngezixhobo zeselula zamanqaku. Imithetho yaseFaraday ibalulekile ekuqondeni kwethu ukuphendula kwe-electrode.

1836: Ukwakhiwa kwekamelo elikhuselekileyo

I-physicist Faraday ibone ukuba xa umqhubi wombane ehlawuliswa, umthwalo ogqithisileyo uqokelela ngaphandle. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphakathi kwegumbi okanye iseli eyenziwe ngesinyithi, inkokhelo eyongezelelweyo ayibonakali. Ngokomzekelo, umntu ogqoke isambatho seFaraday, oko kukuthi, ngesinyithi sesinyithi, akabonakali kumbane wangaphandle. Ukongezelela ekukhuseleni abantu, i- faraday cage ingasetyenziselwa ukuqhuba iimvavanyo zombane okanye ze-electrochemical ezinokubangela ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle. Iinkhamera ezikhuselekileyo nazo zinokudala imimandla efile yokunxibelelana ngomnxeba.

1845: ukufunyanwa kwefuthe le-faraday-effect magneto-optical

Olunye uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwimbali yesayensi yilo luvavanyo olwalubonisa okokuqala ukuxhamla phakathi kobane-electromagnetism kunye nokukhanya, okuye ngo-1864 kwachazwa ngokupheleleyo ngokulingana kukaJames Clerk Maxwell. I-physicist Faraday isungula ukuba ukukhanya ngumbane oshukumisayo: "Xa izibonda eziphambene nombane zazikho kwicala elifanayo, zenza umphumo kwi-boram, okuyinto eqinisekisa ukuba uxhumano phakathi kwamandla amakhulu kunye nokukhanya ...

1845: Ukufumanisa i-diamagnetism njengepropati yonke into

Uninzi lwabantu luyaqhelana ne-ferromagnetism ngumzekelo wamagesi aqhelekileyo. I-Faraday (i-physicist) yafumanisa ukuba zonke izinto zinezinto ezidakisayo, zininzi zibuthathaka, kodwa zinamandla. I-Diamagnetism yinto echaseneyo nesalathiso se-magnetic field. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ubeka iNxweme yaseNyakatho kwizinto ezinamandla kakhulu, ziza kugxotha. I-Diamagnetism kwizinto eziphathekayo, ezibangelwa yimagnet ezinamandla kakhulu, zingasetyenziselwa ukuphumeza ukuhamba. Nokuba izinto eziphilayo, ezinjengamaxoxo, zininzi kwaye zikwazi ukuphuma kwiindawo ezinamandla.

Ukuphela

UMichael Faraday, owazifumanayo kwi-physics yaholela ekuguquleni kwisayensi, wafa ngoAgasti 25, 1867 eLondon eneminyaka engama-75 ubudala. Umkakhe uSara waphila ixesha elide. Esi sibini sasingabantwana. Ubomi bakhe bonke wayengumKristu ozinikeleyo kwaye wayehlala kwihlelo elincinane lamaProthestani lamaSandemani.

Nangona ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, uFaraday wanikelwa ingcwaba eWestminster Abbey, kunye nookumkani kunye namakhosikazi eBritani nabaphengululi, njengo-Isaac Newton. Wenqaba ngenxa yomcimbi othobekileyo. Ingcwaba lakhe, apho uSharm wangcwatyelwa khona, inokufumaneka kwiMangcwaba yase-Highgate eLondon.